Nyama yonga Doe (lat. Dama) ndi a banja la agwape. Chifukwa chake, palibe chodabwitsa chifukwa chakuti nthawi zina mumatha kudziwa za iye osati za agwape aku Europe okha, komanso agwape aku Europe. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti iyi ndi nyama yomweyo. Ndipo mawu oti "European" akuwonjezeredwa chifukwa chakuti mbawala zogwirira ntchito zimapezeka masiku ano ku Europe. Ngakhale nyamayi imakhala ku Asia Minor.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Lan
Poyamba, malo okhala agwape, monga asayansi amanenera, anali ochepa ku Asia kokha. Koma popita nthawi, osachita popanda kutenga nawo mbali anthu, artiodactyl iyi idayamba kuwonekera kumadera ena. Malinga ndi magwero ena, mtundu uwu udayamba kufalikira kuchokera ku Mediterranean. Kuyambira pamenepo adafika ku Central ndi kumpoto kwa Europe.
Kanema: Doe
Koma posachedwa, asayansi ambiri sagwirizana ndi izi, chifukwa ku Pleistocene, komwe kuli Germany lero, kunali kazikazi, komwe sikungafanane ndi mitundu yamakono. Ndipo izi zikusonyeza kuti poyamba malo okhala nyamayi anali otakata kwambiri.
Nthawi zina zimasokonezedwa ndi mtundu uliwonse wa nswala zofiira, Caucasus kapena Crimea. Koma izi sizolondola, chifukwa mbawala zamtundu wina ndizosiyana ndi banja la nswala.
Pali zinthu ziwiri zapadera za nyama iyi zomwe zikuwonekera nthawi yomweyo:
- nyanga zazikulu, makamaka zikafika kwa amuna okhwima;
- Mitundu yowala, yomwe imawonekera kwambiri nyengo yotentha.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ya Dama Frisch sichinafotokozeredwe kwathunthu ndi asayansi. Koma pakadali pano malingaliro omwe alipo ndikuti iyi ndi imodzi mwamagawo amtundu wa Pliocene, womwe umatchedwa Eucladocerus Falc. Kodi mphalapala ndi ziti, nanga nyamayi imadziwika bwanji pakati pa banja lonse la agwape?
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Zazikazi zazing'ono
Ngati tilingalira za mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa kazikazi, titha kunena izi: artiodactyl iyi ndi yayikulu kuposa achibale ake ena onse, mbawala yamphongo. Ndipo ngati mungayerekezere ndi nswala zofiira, ndiye kuti sizingokhala zazing'ono zokha, komanso zopepuka.
Mutha kuloza pamakhalidwe akulu awa:
- kutalika kwa masentimita 135 mpaka 175;
- pali mchira wawung'ono, mkati mwa 20 cm;
- kukula pakufota kumatha kufikira 90-105 cm;
- kulemera kwa amuna kuchokera 70 mpaka 110 kg;
- kulemera kwazimayi kumachokera makilogalamu 50 mpaka 70;
- zaka zamoyo nthawi zambiri sizipitilira zaka 25.
Koma ngati tikulankhula za azimayi achi Irani, ndiye kuti chinyama ichi chimafikira kutalika kwa 200 cm, ndipo nthawi zina kuposa pamenepo.
Poyerekeza ndi nswala zofiira, mbawala yamphongo imasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lake laminyewa. Koma miyendo yake ndi yayifupi, komanso khosi. Nyama zaku Europe zasiyana ndi achibale ake aku Mesopotamiya munyanga zake, chifukwa amatha kutenga mawonekedwe ofanana ndi spatula, okongoletsedwa ndi zitunda m'mphepete mwake. Koma zonsezi zimagwira ntchito kwa amuna okhaokha, chifukwa akazi amakhala ndi nyanga zazing'ono ndipo samakula. Ndi mwa iwo kuti mutha kudziwa msinkhu wa nyama, popeza ndi yayikulu, makamaka "chokongoletsera" ichi pamwamba pamutu.
Masika akabwera, amuna akale amayamba kutulutsa nyanga zawo. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri mu Epulo. Pambuyo pake, nyanga zazing'ono zimawoneka pamalo omwewo, zomwe zimakula pakapita nthawi. M'nyengo yozizira, nyamazi ndizofunikira, chifukwa ndi chithandizo chawo mutha kulimbana ndi adani. Koma mu Ogasiti amayamba kupakira tizilomboti pa mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo. Pochita izi, amakwaniritsa zolinga ziwiri: khungu lakufa limachotsedwa, komanso kukula kwa nyanga kumathandizanso. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala, afika kale kukula kwawo.
Mwa njira, mwa amuna, amayamba kukula kuyambira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Ndipo amazitaya kale mchaka chachitatu cha moyo. Ndipo izi zimachitika chaka chilichonse.
Mtundu wa mphalapala uyeneranso kudziwika, chifukwa umasintha chaka chonse. M'chilimwe, gawo lakumtunda la nyama limasanduka lofiirira, ndipo limakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga oyera. Koma mbali zonse zakumunsi ndi miyendo ndizopepuka, pafupifupi zoyera. Ikafika nthawi yachisanu, mutu ndi khosi zimakhala zofiirira.
Nthawi zina, gawo lakumtunda limapezanso mtundu womwewo. Koma nthawi zambiri m'nyengo yozizira mutha kuwonanso kalulu wamkazi wakuda. Ndipo pansi pake pamakhala phulusa. Zowona, nthawi zina pamakhala kusiyanasiyana ngati kondozi woyera. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazosiyana ndi nswala zofiira, zomwe sizimasintha mtundu wake.
Kodi gwape amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Gwape akugwa m'nkhalango
Malo okhala akaziwa amasintha pakapita nthawi. Ngati poyamba zitha kupezeka mdera la Central, komanso Southern Europe, lero zasintha kwambiri. Maderawa mumakhala anthu, chifukwa chake nyamazi zimangobweretsedwa mokakamiza. Chifukwa chake madera aku Mediterranean monga Turkey, Greece ndi gawo lakumwera kwa France asiya kukhala kwawo kwa gwape.
Koma zonsezi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe gwape masiku ano amapezeka nthawi zambiri ku Asia Minor. Kusintha kwanyengo kudathandizanso izi. Zagonazo zidatumizidwa ku Spain ndi Italy komanso Great Britain. Zomwezo sizigwiranso ku South America kokha, komanso North America. Ziweto zakutchire za nyama izi tsopano zimapezeka ngakhale ku Australia ndi New Zealand. Ngati tizingoganizira za lero, ndiye kuti ziyenera kudziwika kuti, poyerekeza ndi XIII-XVI, nyama iyi yasowa kumadera ambiri: Latvia, Lithuania, Poland. Nyama iyi simudzaipeza kumpoto kwa Africa, kapena ku Greece, kapena ku Sardinia.
Pali kusiyana pakati pa agwape aku Europe ndi Irani osati mawonekedwe okha, komanso ziweto zambiri. Mitundu yoyamba masiku ano ikuyerekeza mitu 200,000. Malinga ndi magwero ena, chiwerengerochi ndichokwera pang'ono, komabe sichipitilira mitu 250,000. Koma momwe zinthu ziliri ndi mbawala zaku Iran ndizowopsa kwambiri, mtundu uwu uli ndi mitu mazana ochepa okha
Amadyera chiyani?
Chithunzi: Gwape wamkazi wamkazi
Gwape amakonda kugonera m'nkhalango, koma kungoti pakhale malo otseguka ngati kapinga wamkulu. Nyama iyi imafuna zitsamba, nkhalango, udzu wambiri. Ndi ya mtundu wambiri wonyezimira, chifukwa chake, imagwiritsa ntchito chomera chokha chokha ngati chakudya. Izi siziphatikizapo udzu wokha, komanso masamba ndi nthambi za mitengo, komanso makungwa. Koma khungwa la gwangwala limatafunidwa ngati njira yomaliza, pomwe nthawi yachisanu sizotheka kufikira mbewu zina.
M'nyengo yamasika, gwape agalu amagwiritsa ntchito matalala, corydalis, ndi anemone ngati chakudya. Nyama imakondanso mphukira zazing'ono za thundu ndi mapulo. Nthawi zina amatha kusiyanitsa zakudya zake ndi mphukira za paini. Koma nthawi yotentha, mwayi wazakudya umakulirakulira, ndipo gwape angagwiritse ntchito bowa, zipatso ndi zipatso monga chakudya. Komanso, si tirigu yekha, komanso nyemba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuphatikiza pa chakudya, nyama iyi imafunikiranso mchere. Pachifukwa ichi, gulu la mphalapala zimatha kusamukira kukapeza malo omwe ali ndi mchere wambiri.
Nthawi zambiri sichitha popanda kuthandizidwa ndi anthu, chifukwa nyamazi zimayenera kupanga zopangira zamchere. Ndipo ngati matalala ambiri amagwa mdera lomwe lapatsidwa, udzu uyenera kukonzekera. Pofuna kudyetsa, osaka nyama nthawi zambiri amapanga odyetsa ndi tirigu. Izi zimachitika kuti madambo amakhazikitsidwa, omwe amafesedwa makamaka ndi udzu wosatha wosiyanasiyana monga clover ndi lupine. Zonsezi zimachitika kuti gwape asasamukire kumadera ena.
Makhalidwe ndi moyo
Chithunzi: Mphalapala za m'nkhalango
Moyo wamatsenga amasintha ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama zimatha kupatukana. Koma nthawi zina amatayika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Izi ndizowona makamaka pakakhala kuti palibe vuto ndi chakudya. Ana azaka chimodzi amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo, kuyesera kuti asachoke kulikonse. Nyama zimakhala zolimbikira m'mawa komanso madzulo, nyengo ikakhala kuti sikutentha kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amadyetsako msipu, nthawi ndi nthawi amapita kubowo lakuthirira.
Khalidwe la mphalapala za ku Europe ndizosiyana pang'ono ndi nswala zofiira. Mphalapala si yamanyazi kwambiri, ndipo siyosiyana mosamala mosamala. Koma potengera kuthamanga ndi kupupuluma, chinyama ichi sichotsika kwenikweni kuposa mbawala. Kutentha masana, ma artiodactyls amayesa kubisala penapake mumthunzi. Nthawi zambiri amayala mabedi awo m'tchire lomwe lili pafupi ndi madzi. Makamaka komwe kulibe udzudzu wambiri. Amathanso kudyetsa usiku.
Amuna amakonda kukhala patokha pafupifupi chaka chonse, ndipo amalowa nawo gulu lokhalo kugwa. Kenako yamphongoyo imakhala mtsogoleri wa gululo. Gulu la agwape ali ndi akazi angapo omwe amakula pang'ono. Nyama izi sizimasamuka kwenikweni, zimayesetsa kukhala gawo limodzi lokha. Kawirikawiri muzolowera kupezeka kwa munthu mwachangu kwambiri. Amadziwika ndi chidwi chawo, chifukwa chake, nthawi yomweyo amapeza chakudya chomwe chili ndi nyengo yozizira.
Amatha kulowa momasuka ngakhale pansi pa denga. Koma chinyama ichi sichiyenera kwathunthu kuweta, sichitha kupilira. Mwa ziwalo zonse, kumva kumapangidwa bwino, chifukwa chake ndikotheka kumva kayendedwe kena patali.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Cub of deow deer
Popeza amuna ndi akazi amakhala padera kwa nthawi yayitali pachaka, kukwatirana pakati pawo kumayamba kugwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika mu Seputembala kapena mzaka khumi zoyambirira za Okutobala. Nthawi imeneyi m'moyo wa agwape amaonedwa kuti ndi zochitika zosangalatsa kwambiri, chifukwa chake, mfundo zazikulu zingapo ziyenera kufotokozedwa.
- amuna okhwima azaka zisanu azithamangitsa mbawala zazing'ono zazing'ono kuchokera pagulu la agwape kuti apange "harem" awo:
- Amuna omwe amafunitsitsa kuberekanso amakhala osangalala kwambiri kuti madzulo komanso m'mawa amayamba kugunda, akumenya ziboda zawo pansi;
- Pakati pa amuna achisangalalo pali masewera owopsa achikazi omwe samangotaya nyanga zawo, komanso amathyola makosi;
- Pambuyo pake, chochitika chodabwitsa chimayamba - ukwati wa mphalapala, pomwe amuna onse azunguliridwa ndi akazi angapo.
Masewera amatha kukhala achiwawa kwambiri, chifukwa palibe amene akufuna kuvomereza. Ndipo nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti onse omwe amatsutsana nawo amafera pankhondo. Amagwa pansi, atakumanizana ndi nyanga zawo.
Ngati tikulankhula za mapaki, ndiye kuti payenera kukhala amuna 7 kapena 8 azimayi 60, osatinso. Atakwatirana, atasewera "ukwati", amphongo amachoka ndikuyesa kudzipatula. Amatha kubwera limodzi pokhapokha nthawi yachisanu ikakhala yovuta kwambiri. Nthawi ya masewera ndi "maukwati" imakhalabe nthawi yayitali - mpaka miyezi 2.5. Mbawala zapakati zapakati zimasunga gulu. Koma atangotsala pang'ono kubereka, amusiya, ndikupatukana.
Mimba imakhala miyezi 8. Ndipo m'nyengo yotentha yokha, ikatuluka ng'ombe imodzi kapena ziwiri, wamkazi amabwerera nazo m'gulu. Mwana wamphongo amadyetsa mkaka pafupifupi miyezi 5-6, ngakhale ali kale ndi milungu inayi yakubadwa amayamba kudzaza udzu pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe a agwape
Chithunzi: Gwape wamphongo ndi mwana
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mbawala zakutchire ndi herbivorous artiodactyl, chifukwa chake, nyama zosiyanasiyana zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo m'moyo wake. Komabe, sitiyenera kuiwala kuti nyama zamtunduwu sizimasunthika, ngati zitachoka m'dera lake, ndizosowa. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri timakambirana za adani omwewo.
Zowopsa zingapo zitha kuzindikirika zomwe zimakhala adani achilengedwe:
- chipale chofewa, pomwe mbawala sizingasunthe chifukwa cha miyendo yake yayifupi;
- kuyenda m'njira yomweyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti abisalire;
- kusawona bwino, chilombo, kudikirira, kumenya msanga mosabisalira;
- mitundu ingapo ya nyama zolusa zomwe zimasaka agwape.
Mwa zolusa, mimbulu, ma lynx, nguluwe zakutchire, komanso zimbalangondo zofiirira zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zoopsa kwambiri pamtundu uwu wa mbawala.
Doe amasambira bwino m'madzi, komabe yesetsani kuti musapite kumeneko. Ndipo nyamazi zikaukira pafupi ndi dziwe, zimayesa kuthawa pamtunda. Ngakhale ndizosavuta kuthawa m'madzi.
Koma musaiwale zazing'ono, zomwe zimaopsezedwa osati ndi adani awa okha. Ana a Doe, makamaka omwe atuluka posachedwa, amatha kuukiridwa osati nkhandwe zokha, koma ngakhale akhwangwala. Amuna amatha kulimbana ndi adani ndi nyanga zawo. Koma ana ndi akazi samadziteteza kotheratu. Njira zokhazo zopulumukira ndikuthawa. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kulumpha zopinga ngakhale mita ziwiri. Mwa adaniwo, munthu amathanso kutchula munthu yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka nyama iyi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Lan
Chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za anthu, palibe chiwopsezo chilichonse chakutha kwa agwape aku Europe lero. Nyama zokoma zimapangidwira nyama. Pali malo ambiri osakira kumene gwape atha kukhala moyo wapabanja. Ziweto zakutchire zimakhalanso zofala, zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango ndi madera akuluakulu. M'mapaki akulu, mulibe chowopseza, kuphatikizapo nyama zolusa. Pali zinthu zabwino kwambiri pazinyama zoterezi.
Kuti tisunge zachilengedwe, m'malo ena momwe ziwombankhanga zimayamba kupitilira zomwe zimaloledwa, amaloledwa kuziwombera. Komanso zimachitika kuti nyama zowonjezera zimangosamukira kumadera ena.
Mayiko ena akuyesera kuchulukitsa ziweto zaku Europe. Izi ndi zoona makamaka ku France, komwe kunali nyama zambiri kale. Vuto lalikulu ndiloti mitundu iyi ndiyosatheka kuwoloka ndi mitundu ina ya banja la nswala. Kangapo asayansi ayesapo kuthetsa vuto la kusakanizidwa, koma alephera. Koma palinso mbali yabwino pa izi, chifukwa mawonekedwe ake amasungidwa.
Nthawi zonse, agwape amaonedwa ngati amodzi mwamitundu yayikulu ya nyama zomwe zimasakidwa. Koma tsopano akuyesera kukulitsa m'minda yapadera. Mwachitsanzo, ku Poland kuli minda yayikulu ingapo yomwe agwape amapangidwira nyama ndi khungu. Mwa ziweto zomwe zafalikira kwambiri, yakhala imodzi mwamalo otsogola mdziko muno kuyambira 2002.
Mbawala
Chithunzi: Doe Red Book
Mphalapala imatha kusintha moyo wawo mosiyanasiyana. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuswana. Mwachitsanzo, imapezeka ngakhale pachilumba cha Norderney, chomwe chili ku North Sea. Ndi zosiyanasiyana za ku Europe, zonse ndizosavuta, popeza pali ziweto zambiri pano. Pakadali pano palibe funso lokhudza chitetezo chamtunduwu. Koma mbawala zaku Iran zidaphatikizidwa mu Red Book. Koma izi zitha kukhudza anthu aku Turkey posachedwa.
Pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, ziweto zaku Iran zidatsika mpaka anthu 50. Choopsa chachikulu pamtunduwu chinali kuwononga nyama mopanda chilolezo. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri Kummawa, kusaka nyama zamatondo kunkachitika, ndipo zimawonedwa ngati chizolowezi chokonda osati cha olemekezeka okha. Tithokoze pulogalamu yachitetezo, popeza nyamazi zakhala zikutetezedwa ndi mayiko ena, tsopano ziweto zaku Iran zachuluka mpaka mitu 360. Zowona, nambala inayake imapezeka m'malo osungira osiyanasiyana. Koma mu ukapolo mtundu wa mbawala zamtunduwu zimabereka bwino.
Ngakhale kuwombera kwa mphalapala za ku Europe kumangololedwa nthawi zina, kupha nyama mosayenera sikuyenera kuiwalika. Kupatula apo, ziweto zambiri zimapezeka m'malo akuthengo. Ndipo nthawi zambiri nyama izi zimaphedwa osati pakhungu kapena nyama, koma kuti zingochotsa nyanga, zomwe zimakhala zokongoletsa mkati. Koma zambiri zasintha posachedwa. Ndipo ngakhale aku Iran okha ndi omwe akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book DoeMitundu yaku Europe imatetezedwanso ndi malamulo aboma.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 pa 22:16
