Nkhandwe yakuda Ndi chilombo chaching'ono cha canine. Dzina la sayansi la mtunduwo - Urocyon adapatsidwa ndi wasayansi waku America Spencer Bird. Urocyon cinereoargenteus ndiye mitundu ikuluikulu mwa mitundu iwiri yomwe ilipo ku Continental America.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Grey fox
Urocyon amatanthauza galu wa mchira. Nkhandwe imvi ndi nyama ya banja la Canidae yaku North, Central ndi Northern South America. Wachibale wake wapafupi, Urocyon littoralis, amapezeka ku Channel Islands. Mitundu iwiriyi ndi yofanana kwambiri, koma nyama za pachilumba ndizocheperako, koma zimafanana pakuwoneka komanso zizolowezi.
Ma canine awa adapezeka ku North America nthawi ya Middle Pliocene, pafupifupi zaka 3,600,000 zapitazo. Zotsalira zakale zimapezeka ku Arizona, Graham County. Kufufuza kwa Fang kunatsimikizira kuti nkhandwe imvi ndi mtundu wosiyana ndi nkhandwe wamba (Vulpes). Chibadwa, nkhandwe imvi ili pafupi ndi mizere ina iwiri yakale: Nyctereutes procyonoides, galu waku East Asia raccoon, ndi Otocyon megalotis, nkhandwe yayikulu kwambiri yaku Africa.
Kanema: Nkhandwe yaimvi
Kupezeka kumatsalira m'mapanga awiri kumpoto kwa California atsimikizira kukhalapo kwa nyamayi kumapeto kwa Pleistocene. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti nkhandwe zotuwa zidasamukira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa United States pambuyo pa Pleistocene, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, komwe kumatchedwa kutentha kwanyengo zakale. Palinso kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana koma yokhudzana ndi nkhandwe zotuwa kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa North America.
Ankhandwe a Channel Islands amakhulupirira kuti adachokera ku nkhandwe zakuda. Mwachiwonekere, iwo anafika kumeneko mwa kusambira kapena pa zinthu zina, mwina iwo anabweretsedwa ndi anthu, chifukwa zilumbazi sizinali mbali ya dzikoli. Adawonekera kumeneko pafupifupi zaka 3 zikwi zapitazo, kuchokera kosiyana, osachepera 3-4, oyambitsa mzere wa amayi. Mtundu wa ankhandwe otuwa amawerengedwa kuti ndi canine wamoyo kwambiri, komanso nkhandwe (Canis) ndi nkhandwe zina (Vulpes). Kugawikaku kunachitika ku North America pafupifupi zaka 9,000,000 zapitazo, nthawi ya malemu Miocene.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya nkhandwe imvi
Nkhandwe imvi imawoneka ngati achibale ofiira akutali, koma malaya ake ndi otuwa. Dzina lachiwiri lodziwika bwino ndi cinereoargenteus, lotanthauzidwa ngati siliva wa phulusa.
Kukula kwa chinyama kuli pafupifupi kukula kwa mphaka woweta, koma mchira wautali wautali umapangitsa kuti uzioneka wokulirapo kuposa momwe uliri. Nkhandwe imvi imakhala ndimiyendo yayifupi, yomwe imawoneka yolimba. Thupi lokhala ndi mutu wake limakhala pafupifupi masentimita 76 mpaka 112, ndipo mchirawo ndi wa masentimita 35 mpaka 45. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi masentimita 10-15, kutalika pakufota ndi masentimita 35, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 3.5-6.
Pali kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwakukula kwamadera ndi kwamunthu. Ankhandwe akuda kumpoto kwa mndandandawo amakhala okulirapo kuposa kumwera. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala 5-15% kuposa akazi. Amakhulupirira kuti anthu ochokera kumadera akumpoto kwamtunduwu amakhala owoneka bwino kuposa anthu akumadera akumwera.
Subpecies of the gray fox ochokera mdera lazilumba - Urocyon littoralis ndiocheperako kuposa mainland. Kutalika kwawo ndi masentimita 50, kutalika ndi masentimita 14 pofota, mchira ndi masentimita 12-26. Mitundu iyi imakhala ndi mafupa ochepa pamchira. Yaikulu kwambiri imapezeka pachilumba cha Santa Catalina, ndipo yaying'ono kwambiri pachilumba cha Santa Cruz. Iyi ndi nkhandwe yaying'ono kwambiri ku United States.
Thupi lakumtunda limawoneka lotuwa, chifukwa chakuti tsitsi lililonse limakhala lakuda, loyera, imvi. Gawo lakumunsi la khosi ndi pamimba ndi loyera, ndipo kusinthaku kumawonetsedwa ndi malire ofiira. Pamwamba pa mchira ndi imvi ndi mzere wakuda wonyezimira, ngati mane, tsitsi loyenda kumapeto. Mapiko ndi oyera, otuwa ndi mawanga ofiira.
Pakamwa pake pamakhala imvi pamwamba, chakuda kwambiri pamphuno. Tsitsi pansi pa mphuno ndi m'mbali mwa mphuno ndi loyera, mosiyana ndi ndevu zakuda (vibrissa pads). Mzere wakuda umayambira mbali kuchokera m'diso. Mtundu wa iris umasintha, mwa akulu umakhala wotuwa kapena wotuwa, ndipo mwa ena umatha kukhala wabuluu.
Kusiyana pakati pa nkhandwe:
- mumutu wofiira kumapeto kwa mchira ndi koyera, pamvi ndikuda;
- imvi ili ndi chisu chachifupi kuposa chofiira;
- ofiira atema ana, ndipo otuwa ali ndi chowulungika;
- imvi zilibe "masokosi akuda" pamapazi awo, monga ofiira.
Kodi nkhandwe yakuda imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe yakuda ku North America
Izi zitha kufalikira m'nkhalango, zitsamba ndi malo amiyala m'malo otentha, ouma kwambiri komanso otentha aku North America komanso madera akumpoto kwambiri ku South America. Nkhandwe imvi imapezeka kwambiri pafupi ndi nyumba yomwe munthu amakhala, ngakhale kuti ndi yamanyazi kwambiri.
Nyama zimayambira kumalire akumwera pakati ndi kum'mawa kwa Canada kupita ku Oregon, Nevada, Utah ndi Colorado ku United States, kumwera mpaka kumpoto kwa Venezuela ndi Colombia. Kuyambira kumadzulo mpaka kum'mawa, imapezeka kuchokera pagombe la Pacific ku United States mpaka kugombe la Atlantic. Mtunduwu sapezeka kumpoto kwa Rocky Mountains ku United States kapena m'malo am'madzi a Caribbean. Kwa zaka makumi angapo, nyama zakutchire zakulitsa malo awo okhala ndikukhala madera omwe anali asanakhaleko kapena komwe anawonongedwapo kale.
Kum'mawa, Kumpoto. Amereka nkhandwe izi zimakhala nkhalango zowuma, za paini, komwe kuli minda yakale ndi nkhalango. Kumadzulo kwa kumpoto, amapezeka m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, m'nkhalango zowirira (nkhalango chaparral), m'mphepete mwa malo osungira nkhalango. Amasinthira nyengo yachigawo chouma kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa United States ndi kumpoto kwa Mexico, komwe kuli zitsamba zambiri.
Zilumba zisanu ndi chimodzi za Channel ndizanyumba zazing'ono zisanu ndi chimodzi za nkhandwe zotuwa. Amazolowera anthu mosavuta, nthawi zambiri amakhala oweta zoweta, amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa tizilombo.
Kodi nkhandwe imvi imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe yakuda pamtengo
Mwa odyetsa omnivorous awa, chakudyacho chimasintha kutengera nyengo ndi kupezeka kwa nyama, tizilombo ndi zida za mbewu. Kwenikweni, amadyetsa nyama zazing'ono, kuphatikiza mbewa, ma shrew, ma voles.
M'madera ena, kalulu waku Florida komanso kalulu waku California ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya. M'madera ena kumene kulibe akalulu kapena kuli ochepa, kalulu wabuluu ndiye maziko a nyama zolombazi, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira. Ankhandwe akuda amadyanso mbalame monga grouse grouse, zokwawa ndi amphibians. Mtundu uwu umadyanso zovunda, mwachitsanzo, mbawala zophedwa m'nyengo yozizira. Tizilombo monga ziwala, kafadala, agulugufe ndi njenjete, invertebrates awa ndi gawo la chakudya cha nkhandwe, makamaka chilimwe.
Ankhandwe aimvi ndiwo mayini opatsa chidwi kwambiri ku America, omwe amadalira kwambiri zomerazo kuposa nkhandwe zakummawa kapena nkhandwe zofiira chaka chonse, koma makamaka chilimwe ndi kugwa. Zipatso ndi zipatso (monga ma strawberries wamba, maapulo ndi mabulosi abulu), mtedza (kuphatikiza ma acorn ndi mtedza wa beech) ndi gawo lalikulu lazitsamba zomwe zili pamenyu.
M'madera ena akumadzulo kwa United States, nkhandwe zotuwa ndizambiri zomwe zimadya tizilombo. Zomwezo zitha kunenedwa za ma subspecies omwe amakhala.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Grey fox
Zinyama izi zimagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Monga mitundu ina ya ankhandwe aku North America, msuwani wakimayo amakhala akugwira ntchito usiku. Nyama izi, monga lamulo, zimakhala ndi malo opumulirako masana mumtengo kapena malo okhala ndi masamba owirira, omwe amawalola kuti azidya madzulo kapena usiku. Zowononga zimatha kusakanso masana, ndipo zochitika nthawi zambiri zimachepa kwambiri m'mawa.
Ankhandwe otuwa ndiwo ma canids okha (kupatula agalu achi raccoon aku Asia) omwe amatha kukwera mitengo mosavuta.
Mosiyana ndi nkhandwe zofiira, nkhandwe zotuwa ndizokwera msanga, ngakhale sizolondola ngati ma raccoon kapena amphaka. Ankhandwe akuda amakwera mitengo kukasaka chakudya, kupumula, ndi kuthawa adani. Kukhoza kwawo kukwera mitengo kumadalira zikhadabo zawo zakuthwa, zopindika komanso kuthekera kwawo kusinthasintha miyendo yakutsogolo ndi matalikidwe akulu kuposa ma canine ena. Izi zimawapatsa kugwira bwino pamene akukwera mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo. Nkhandwe imvi imatha kukwera mitengo ikuluikulu yolumpha ndikudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi mpaka kutalika kwa 18 mita. Nyama imatsika pamtengo, mwachitsanzo, monga amphaka oweta, kapena kulumpha nthambi.
Khola la nkhandwe limapangidwa, kutengera malo okhala komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya. Zimakhala zachilendo kuti nyamazi zizisindikiza nyumba zawo ndi mkodzo ndi ndowe posonyeza kuti ali mderalo. Pobisa nyama yake, nyamayo imayika zipsera. Nyamayo imabisala m'mitengo, zitsa kapena ziboo. Zipinda zogona zoterezi zimatha kupezeka mamita asanu ndi anayi kuchokera pansi.
Ofufuza ena amati nkhandwe izi zimakhala zobisika komanso zamanyazi kwambiri. Ena, m'malo mwake, akuti nyama zimawonetsa kulolerana kwa anthu ndipo zimayandikira pafupi ndi nyumba, kusintha machitidwe awo, kusinthira chilengedwe.
Ankhandwe aimvi amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana, awa ndi awa:
- kubangula;
- kukuwa;
- kugwedeza;
- kulira;
- kudandaula;
- kukuwa.
Nthawi zambiri, akulu amatulutsa khungwa, pomwe achinyamata - kukuwa, kukuwa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Cub wa nkhandwe imvi
Nkhandwe zotuwa zimaswana kamodzi pachaka. Ali ndi akazi okhaokha monga ankhandwe ena aku North America. Kwa ana, nyama zimapanga malo obisalamo makungwa a mitengo yopanda pake kapena mitengo yazipilala, komanso pamiyala yamiyala, tchire, ming'alu yamiyala, pansi pamiyala. Amatha kukwera nyumba zosiyidwa kapena zomangika, komanso kulowa m'mayenje a nyongolotsi ndi nyama zina. Amasankha malo oti aponyedwe m'nkhalango zodetsedwa, pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
Ankhandwe otuwa amakwatirana kuchokera kumapeto kwa dzinja mpaka koyambirira kwa masika. Nthawi imasiyanasiyana kutengera kutalika kwa malo okhala ndi kutalika kwa nyanja. Kuberekana kumachitika koyambirira kumwera kenako kumpoto. Ku Michigan, atha kukhala koyambirira kwa Marichi; ku Alabama, kukwera mapiri mu February. Palibe kafukufuku pa nthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati, ndi pafupifupi masiku 53-63.
Zitsamba zimapezeka kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena Epulo, kukula kwa zinyalala ndi ana agalu anayi, koma zimatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa zisanu ndi ziwiri, kulemera kwawo sikuposa 100 g.Amabadwa akhungu, amawona tsiku lachisanu ndi chinayi. Amadyetsa mkaka wa amayi okha kwa milungu itatu, kenako amasinthana ndi zakudya zosakaniza. Amasiya kuyamwa mkaka milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Pakusintha kupita ku chakudya china, makolowo, nthawi zambiri amakhala amayi, amabweretsa anawo chakudya chosiyana.
Ali ndi miyezi itatu, achinyamatawo achoka pakhomopo, ndikuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito luso lawo lokulumpha ndi kutsatira, ndikusaka ndi amayi awo. Pakadutsa miyezi inayi, nkhandwe zazing'ono zimakhala zodziyimira pawokha. Kuyambira nyengo yoswana mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe, makolo omwe ali ndi ana aang'ono amakhala ngati banja limodzi. M'dzinja, nkhandwe zazing'ono zimakhala pafupifupi achikulire. Pakadali pano, ali ndi mano osatha, ndipo amatha kusaka okha. Mabanja amatha. Amuna achimuna amakula msinkhu. Amayi amakula pakatha miyezi 10. Kubereka kwa amuna kumatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa akazi.
Banja likasweka, anyamata achichepere amatha kupuma pantchito kukafunafuna gawo laulere la 80 km. Bitches amakonda kwambiri komwe adabadwira ndipo, monga lamulo, samapita mtunda wopitilira makilomita atatu.
Nyama zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito phanga nthawi iliyonse pachaka kupuma masana, koma nthawi zambiri, pobereka ndi poyamwitsa. Ankhandwe aimvi amakhala kuthengo kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Nyama yakale kwambiri (yolembedwa) yomwe imakhala kuthengo inali ndi zaka khumi panthawi yomwe imagwidwa.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhandwe zotuwa
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe ya imvi
Mtundu uwu wa nyama uli ndi adani ochepa kuthengo. Nthawi zina amasakidwa ndi mphalapala zikuluzikulu zakum'mawa, amphaka ofiira aku America, akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga zaamwali, ziwombankhanga zagolide, nkhwangwa. Kukhoza kwa nyama iyi kukwera mitengo kumapangitsa kuti ipewe kukumana ndi ziweto zina, zomwe zimatha kuchezeredwa nkhomaliro. Nyumbayi imathandizanso nkhandwe imvi kuti izikhala m'malo omwewo monga amphaka akum'mawa, osagawana nawo gawo lokhalo, komanso chakudya. Ngozi yayikulu imayimiriridwa ndi mbalame zolusa zomwe zikuukira kuchokera kumwamba. Ziphuphu zimakonda kusaka ana.
Mdani wamkulu wa mdani uyu ndi munthu. Kusaka ndi kutchera nyama kumaloledwa m'malo osiyanasiyana ndipo m'malo ambiri ichi ndi chomwe chimayambitsa kufa. Ku New York State, nkhandwe imvi ndi imodzi mwazinyama khumi zomwe zimasakidwa chifukwa cha ubweya wake. Kusaka kumaloledwa kuyambira Okutobala 25 mpaka February 15 nthawi iliyonse yamasana kapena usiku pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti, mauta kapena uta, koma chiphaso chofunira chimafunika. Alenje omwe amasaka ankhandwe otuwa satumiza malipoti a zotsatira, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zaphedwa sikuwerengedwa mwanjira iliyonse.
Matenda ndiosafunikira kwenikweni kuposa kufa kwa anthu. Mosiyana ndi nkhandwe zofiira, nkhandwe imvi imatha kulimbana ndi mange (matenda owononga khungu). Matenda achiwewe nawonso ndi osowa pakati pa mitunduyi. Matenda akulu ndi canine distemper ndi canine parovirus. Mwa majeremusi, ma trematode - Metorchis conjunctus ndi owopsa kwa nkhandwe imvi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Grey fox
Mitunduyi imakhazikika m'malo ake onse. Nthawi zambiri, nkhandwe zimangodyerera osaka, chifukwa ubweya wawo siwofunika kwenikweni. Mayiko omwe nkhandwe imvi imapezeka: Belize, Bolivar, Venezuela, Guatemala, Honduras, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United States, El Salvador. Izi ndi mitundu yokhayo yomwe chilengedwe chake chimakwirira kumpoto ndi gawo la South America. Chiwerengero cha anthu chimagawidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana osagwirizana, pali madera omwe ali ndi zochuluka kwambiri, makamaka momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zimakondera izi.
Nyama zili paliponse potengera malo okhala. Ndipo amatha kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, koma amakonda nkhalango kuposa matsamba ndi malo ena otseguka. Nkhandwe yotuwa imati ndi yosasamala, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kwawonjezeka mzaka zapitazi za 50.
Chifukwa chakusowa kwa malipoti pazosaka, ndizovuta kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe zakuda zomwe zaphedwa ndi osaka. Komabe, kafukufuku waku 2018 ku New York State osaka nyama zakutchire adapeza kuti nkhandwe zakufa zidaphedwa 3,667.
Mwa mitundu yazilumba, anthu okhala m'zigawo zitatu zakumpoto akuchepa. Pachilumba cha San Miguel, pali anthu angapo, ndipo mu 1993 panali mazana angapo (pafupifupi 450). Ziwombankhanga zagolide ndi matenda azinyama zidathandizira kwambiri kuchepa kwa anthu, koma sizikulongosola bwino zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa manambala. Kuti apulumutse mitundu iyi, padachitidwa njira zoweta nyama. Pachilumba cha Santa Rosa, pomwe mu 1994 nkhandwe zinali zoposa 1,500, pofika 2000 zidatsika mpaka 14.
Pachilumba cha San Clement, pamtunda wa makilomita 200 kumwera kwa Sao Miguel, oyang'anira zachilengedwe ku US atsala pang'ono kufafaniza ziweto zina za nkhandwe zotuwa. Izi zidachitika mwangozi, kwinaku akumenya nyama zina zolusa zomwe zimasaka nyama zamtundu wa magpie zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Chiwerengero cha nkhandwe chidatsika kuchoka pa akulu 2,000 mu 1994 mpaka ochepera 135 mu 2000.
Kuchepa kwa anthu makamaka chifukwa cha ziwombankhanga zagolide. Chomwe chimatchedwa chiombankhanga chagolide chidalowa m'malo mwa dazi kapena mphungu pazilumbazi, chakudya chake chachikulu chinali nsomba. Koma idawonongedwa koyambirira chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito DDT. Chiwombankhanga chagolide choyamba chinasaka nkhumba zamtchire, ndipo chitatha, chinafikira ku nkhandwe zotuwa. Zigawo zinayi za ankhandwe pachilumba zatetezedwa ndi malamulo aku US ngati ali pachiwopsezo kuyambira 2004.
Izi ndi nyama zochokera kuzilumba:
- Santa Cruz;
- Santa Rosa;
- San Miguel;
- Santa Catalina.
Njira tsopano zikuwonjezekera kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikubwezeretsanso zachilengedwe za Channel Islands.Kutsata nyama, makola amawu amamangirizidwa kwa iwo, omwe amathandiza kudziwa komwe kuli nyama. Khama limeneli labweretsa chipambano china.
Nkhandwe yakuda Mwambiri, ili ndi anthu okhazikika ndipo sikuyimira chifukwa chodandaulira, ndikofunikira kusamala kuti mitundu yazinyama yocheperako yamtunduwu imasamalidwa ndipo mphamvu ya anthropogenic siyingabweretse tsoka.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 19.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 21:52
