Nyama yakuthwa - kukwera amadziwika kwa pafupifupi aliyense kuyambira ali mwana, ayenera kukumbukira nkhani yokhudza Emelya. Ambiri angafune kutenga chithunzi chamatsenga chomwe chimakwaniritsa zofuna zawo. M'dziko lathu, nsomba iyi siichilendo konse; imasankha madzi amadzi oyera. Koma kuwonjezera pa pike wamba, palinso mitundu ina. Tidzaphunzira zonse za nsomba zowonazi mwatsatanetsatane, titasanthula zizolowezi zake, kayendedwe ka moyo ndi zina zofunika.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Pike
Pike ndi nsomba zomwe zimadya nyama ya pike, nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray komanso dongosolo la pike. Kuti mupitirize kufotokoza nsomba iyi, muyenera kufotokoza mitundu yake, chifukwa imasiyana pakati pawo osati malo ogawa okha, komanso mawonekedwe akunja. Mtundu wa pike uli ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya nsombayi. M'dera la dziko lathu, mitundu iwiri ya pike amakhala - wamba ndi Amur, ndipo ena asanuwo amalembedwa ku North America.
Pike wamba ndiochuluka kwambiri; yakhazikika ku North America ndi ku Eurasia. Tikhala pazosiyanazi mwatsatanetsatane mtsogolo, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chake tilingalira za nsomba zakunja.
Pike wofiira wofiira (American) amakhala kwamuyaya kum'maŵa kwa North America kumtunda ndipo amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: kumpoto kwa nsonga zofiira ndi udzu (kumwera). Kutalika kwa subspecies kumatha kufika 45 cm, ndipo misa ndi pafupifupi kilogalamu. Mbali yapadera ya ma pike awa ndi mutu wamfupi. Pike waudzu alibe mtundu wa lalanje pamapiko ake.
Kanema: Pike
Masiki a pike ndi osowa. Ndiye wamkulu kwambiri m'banja lake. Dzinalo mchilankhulo cha amwenye limatanthauza "pike woyipa". Amatchedwanso chimphona, chifukwa zitsanzo zokhwima zitha kukhala zoposa mita imodzi ndi theka, ndikulemera pafupifupi 32 kg. Mtunduwo umakhala wa siliva, wobiriwira, wabulauni, ndipo mbali mwake nsombayo imakhala yamizeremizere kapena yamawangamawanga.
Piki yamizeremizere (yakuda) kunja ikufanana kwambiri ndi pike wamba, kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumatha kufikira masentimita 60, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 2 kg, ngakhale kulinso zitsanzo zolemera makilogalamu anayi. M'mbali mwake mwa chombocho muli kamangidwe kofanana ndi kameneka, ndipo kansalu kakang'ono pafupifupi kakuda kamadutsa m'maso mwa nsombazo.
Pike ya Amur ndi yotsika poyerekeza ndi pike wamba, zitsanzo zazikulu kwambiri zimatha kutalika pang'ono kuposa mita, ndikulemera pafupifupi 20 kg. Masikelo a nsomba ndi ochepa ndipo amakhala ndi golide wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira; mawanga ofiira amapezeka mthupi lonse la pike, zomwe zimapangitsa mtundu wake kukhala wofanana ndi wa taimen.
Palinso mitundu ina ya ziweto zopangidwa ndi anthu. Anthu oterewa sanasinthidwe kuti athe kuberekana kuthengo, chifukwa chake sianthu odziyimira pawokha.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Pike
Tidzalongosola mawonekedwe a pike ndi mawonekedwe ake onse pogwiritsa ntchito pike wamba, omwe kuchuluka kwake kumasiyana makilogalamu 25 mpaka 35, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumafika mita imodzi ndi theka. Chiwerengero cha piki chimakhala ngati torpedo, mutu wa nsombayo ndiwokulirapo, ndiyotalikirana pang'ono, chifukwa ali ndi nsagwada zazitali. Nsagwada zakuthwa zimafewetsedwa kunsi kwake, kenako zimatulukira kutsogolo. Ichi ndiye gawo lapadera la chilombo chodwalacho. Patsaya lakumunsi, mano amakhala ndi miyeso yosiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwira wozunzidwayo.
Kuchokera pamwamba, mano ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo amayang'ana molunjika kukhosi kwa nsombayo. Chifukwa cha izi, wovutitsidwayo amamezedwa mosavuta, koma ndizosatheka kuti apulumuke. Kusintha mano kumakhala kofanana ndi ma piki, koma mano sasintha nthawi imodzi, izi zimachitika pang'onopang'ono. Maso a nyamayi ndi yayikulu kwambiri ndipo amakhala ataliatali, izi zimathandiza kuti igwire malo akulu ndikuyang'ana osatembenuka.
Ngati timalankhula za mtundu wa pike, ndiye kuti imapezeka m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zimatengera posungira komwe nsomba zidakhazikika, pazomera zomwe zimakhalapo pamenepo komanso pazaka zakudyazo.
Kulira kwakukulu kwa nsomba kungakhale:
- imvi yobiriwira;
- wachikasu imvi;
- imvi bulauni;
- silvery (yomwe imapezeka m'nyanja).
Kumbuyo kwake, chiphalacho chimakhala ndi utoto wakuda, ndipo mbali za nsombazo pali mabala ofiira kapena obiriwira kapena mikwingwirima yomwe ili mozungulira. Zipsepse ziwiri za piki zimakhala zamtundu wa lalanje, ndipo zipsepse zopanda utoto zitha kukhala zofiirira kapena zotuwa ndi chikasu. Zipsepse zonse zili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, kuphatikiza caudal.
Zikuwoneka kuti azimayi achikopa amakhala akulu kuposa amuna kukula, matupi awo sali otalikirapo ndipo chiyembekezo cha moyo chimakhala chotalikirapo.
Kutseguka kwa genitourinary mwa amuna ndi akazi ndizosiyana. Mwa amuna, ndi yopapatiza, yopyapyala, imakhala ndi mtundu wa chiberekero, ndipo mwa akazi imawoneka ngati kukhumudwa kozungulira, komwe kumawonekera chitunda cha pinki.
Mtundu wosiyanasiyana wa pike poyerekeza kukula kwake ulipo pakati pa asodzi.
Amasiyanitsa:
- udzu waudzu womwe umakhala m'mitsinje yaying'ono ndi m'nyanja, kutalika kwake nthawi zambiri kumafika theka la mita, ndipo kulemera kwake sikupitilira ma kilogalamu awiri;
- pike yakuya, yomwe imapezeka mumitsinje yamadzi akuya komanso nyanja zazikulu, pomwe kuya kwake kumatha kupitirira mamita asanu. Anthu otere amakula mita imodzi ndi theka kutalika ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 35 kg, koma nthawi zambiri amapezeka kuti akulemera makilogalamu awiri mpaka asanu.
Kugawikaku kwa nsomba kumakhala kovomerezeka ndipo mwasayansi sikuthandizidwa mwanjira iliyonse. Mwachidziwikire, achichepere amakhala m'madzi osaya kuti asakhale chakudya chamadzulo cha abale awo akulu, ndipo pali chakudya china pafupi ndi gombe. Ma pike achikulire amapita kumtunda, amakonda mafunde amphepo zam'madzi ndi maenje apansi pamadzi.
Kodi pike amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Pike nyama
Pike ndi wokhala m'madzi osungira madzi abwino omwe amapezeka ku Eurasia ndi North America. Amatha kusankha madera onse a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, omwe ali ndi udzu wandiweyani, mabango, ndi maiwe akuya ndi maenje.
Pike waudzu (kumwera) amakhala mumtsinje wa Mississippi ndi mitsinje ina yomwe ikudutsa mu Nyanja ya Atlantic. Pike wakuda (wamizere) amakonda kukhazikika m'madzi ndi mitsinje yodzaza ndi madzi, yomwe ili kumwera kwa Canada mpaka boma la US ku Florida, malo ake amafikira Nyanja Yaikulu ndi Mtsinje wa Mississippi. Amur pike amakhala m'madamu a Sakhalin Island, komanso mumtsinje wa Amur. Pike waku Italiya wasankha madzi akumpoto ndi pakati pa Italy.
Pike imasangalalanso pagawo lamadzi amchere. Mwachitsanzo, ku mapiri a Chifinishi, Curonia, Riga a Baltic, mu Taganrog Bay ya Nyanja ya Azov.
M'dera la dziko lathu, pike wamba amakhala pafupifupi gawo lililonse lamadzi. Amakhala m'mitsinje yayikulu komanso yaying'ono, malo osungira, mayiwe, nyanja. Chombochi chimakhala chodzichepetsa posankha malo okhalamo, pano titha kufananizidwa ndi carp wamba.
Nyanja, Pike achinyamata amakhala pafupi ndi gombe muubweya wouma, pansi pa ma snag, mabwato omizidwa. Kukula mpaka makilogalamu atatu kapena anayi, amasunthira m'nyanja yakuya, athawira m'maenje ndi m'madzi. M'mitsinje, achinyamata komanso achikulire amakhala pafupi ndi magombe.
Anthu ambiri molakwika amakhulupirira kuti pike akhoza kukhala ndi moyo kwa zaka mazana angapo, izi siziri choncho ayi. Nthawi zambiri pics amakhala zaka 18 mpaka 20, pali zitsanzo za anthu omwe apulumuka mpaka 30, koma ndizosowa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, madzi akasowa mpweya, pike amaundana, nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira m'madamu ang'onoang'ono otsekedwa.
Kodi pike amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Pike m'madzi
Nthawi yodyetsera ma pike m'mawa ndi madzulo, masana nyama yolusa imagwira ntchito yopuma, kupumula m'malo obisika. Pike amakhala ndi malungo katatu pachaka, kenako amadya usana ndi usiku. Zhor yoyamba imachitika isanakwane (makamaka mu Marichi-Epulo), yachiwiri imachitika pambuyo pobala (mu Meyi-Juni), ndipo yachitatu imachitika mu Ogasiti-Seputembara, nthawi zina mu Okutobala.
Menyu ya nyama yolusa yakuthwa kwambiri ili ndi nsomba zambiri, zomwe zimadya pike:
- roach;
- nsomba;
- zonyoza;
- zokwawa;
- wandiweyani;
- gobies;
- minda;
- malowa;
- kukwera.
Musadabwe kuti nsombazi zimadya azibadwa ake mosangalala. Kulephera kudya kumakula mu malo a pike, kotero munthu wamkulu amadya pike yaying'ono ndi chisangalalo, chifukwa chake nsombazi zimakhala zokhazokha, zimakhala zosiyana. M'ngululu kapena koyambirira kwa chilimwe, pike amatha kudya achule ndi nsomba zazinkhanira pakasungunuka.
Pali nthawi zina pamene pike adagwira ndikukoka bakha ang'onoang'ono, makoswe, agologolo, mbewa, mbalame zam'madzi, akusambira pamtsinje pansi pamadzi.
Pike yayikulu imatha kuukira abakha, izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri mbalame zikawomba molt ndipo sizimatha kuwuluka mlengalenga. Komanso, zilombo zazikulu zimatha kugwira nsomba, zomwe kukula kwake ndi theka la osaka mano kwambiri kapena kupitirirapo. Asayansi omwe akuphunzira za zakudya za pike apeza kuti mndandanda wazakudya zapakatikati zimakhala ndi nsomba, zomwe zilibe phindu ndipo ndizambiri, chifukwa chake pike ndiyofunikira kwambiri m'minda yambiri ya nsomba, chifukwa imalepheretsa nsomba kusungika.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Pike
Monga tanenera kale, ma piki amakonda kukhala okha, sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa nthawi zonse amakhala pachiwopsezo chokhala achibale awo. Nthawi zina ndimasamba ang'onoang'ono okha omwe amatha kusaka, ndikupanga timagulu tating'ono. Pamadzi aliwonse, Pike amayang'ana nkhalango zowirira, komwe amaundana, kudikirira wotsatira wina. Ataona chotupitsa chake, nyamayo amaukira mwachangu kamodzi kokha.
Nsomba za sing'anga zimakhala ndi gawo lawo, kuyambira kukula kwake kuchokera pa 20 mpaka 30 mita mita, ndipo anthu akuluakulu amakhala ndi ziwembu mpaka 70 square metres. Zinyama zingapo zitha kukhala patsamba limodzi nthawi imodzi. Amasaka mosinthana, pomwe wokhutira akuchita zimbudzi, winayo akudikirira nyamayo. Sikuti maso awo owoneka bwino okha ndi omwe amathandiza kuti pike apange ziwonetsero zabwino, komanso mzere wotsatira, womwe umathandizira malo owonekera (seismosensory orientation).
Pike nthawi zonse amameza nyama yake, kuyambira pamutu, ngakhale atagwidwa mthupi lonse.
Nyengo ikakhala bata komanso dzuwa, ngakhale ma piki akuluakulu amawoneka m'madzi osaya kuti apserere dzuwa, ndiye nthawi zina mumatha kuwona masango onse a nsomba zazikuluzikulu zotere. Kukhathamira kwa madzi ndi mpweya wa pike ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa nsomba imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chizindikirochi ndipo imatha kufa ikasowa, monga momwe zimachitikira m'madzi ang'onoang'ono nthawi yachisanu.
Mwambiri, Pike ndi nyama yozizira yozizira. Zadziwika kuti nsomba zomwe zimakhala kumadera akumpoto zimakula kwakanthawi ndipo zimakhala zazitali kwambiri kuposa pike yemwe amakhala m'madzi akumwera, chifukwa chake chilengedwe chimakonza.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Pike
Akazi okhwima ogonana amakhala pafupi zaka zinayi za moyo, ndipo amuna - ndi asanu. Kutentha koyenera koyambira ndi madigiri 3 mpaka 6 okhala ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera. Kusamba kumachitika nthawi yomweyo madzi oundana akasungunuka, pafupi ndi gombe, pomwe kuya kwamadzi sikupitilira mita imodzi. Pakadali pano, pike amatha kuwona m'madzi osaya, pomwe kumamveka zachiwawa. Kawirikawiri, zitsanzo zazing'ono zimayamba kutulutsa, kenako nsomba zolemera zimalumikizana nawo.
Ngakhale kuti pike mwachilengedwe amakhala wosungulumwa, munyengo yokhwima, nsombazi zimapanga masukulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amakhala ndi amuna angapo (kuyambira zidutswa zitatu mpaka zisanu) ndi wamkazi m'modzi. Mkaziyo, monga mtsogoleri, amasambira kutsogolo, ndipo amuna amamutsatira, akukankhira kumbali yake kapena kukhala pamwamba pake. Ma piki obala amatha kupukuta pamitengo yolowera, mizu, bango ndikumenyetsa mapesi, chifukwa chake imabala. Mbalame ikatha, nthawi zambiri pamakhala ziphuphu zamphamvu, ndipo ma pike ena amalumpha.
Mwachangu amakhala kuchokera sabata limodzi mpaka masabata awiri, ndipo mndandanda wa achinyamatawo umaphatikizapo ma crustaceans ang'onoang'ono, ndipo pang'ono pang'ono - mwachangu nsomba zina.
Pike imodzi imatha kuyala mazira 17 mpaka 215,000, omwe m'mimba mwake ndi pafupifupi 3 mm. Chiwerengero chawo chimatengera kukula kwazimayi. Amayamba kumamatira kuzomera zam'madzi. Pakatha masiku angapo, mazirawo amasiya kukhala omata ndikumira pansi, kutalikirana ndi mbewuzo, pomwe amapitilizabe kukula. Ngati, pambuyo pobereka, madzi amayamba kuchepa, mazira ambiri amafa.
Izi zimachitika kuti mazirawo amamatira pamiyendo ya mbalame zomwe zimawadya, motero, amasamutsidwira ku matupi ena amadzi, komwe pike sikunawonedwepo kale.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti m'madamu omwe zinthu zimakhala zovuta ndi chakudya, mwachangu pike, mpaka kukula kwa theka la sentimita, amayamba kudyerana kale akadali achichepere.
Adani achilengedwe a pike
Chithunzi: Pike nyama
Ngakhale kuti pike yokhayo ndi yolimba kwambiri, yopanda mano komanso yokhetsa magazi, ili ndi adani omwe safuna kudya nawo. Anthu omwe safuna kukhala ngati Pike amaphatikizapo otters ndi ziwombankhanga, zomwe zimakonda kudya nsomba zamitundumitundu, kuphatikizapo mphalapala. M'mitsinje ya Siberia, taimen amapikisana ndi pike, yomwe imatha kulimbana bwino ndi chilombo chofanana, chifukwa chake, m'malo amenewo, pike nthawi zambiri imafika pamiyeso yayikulu kwambiri.
Pike yemwe amakhala m'madzi akummwera akuyembekeza munthu wina wopanda nzeru - mphamba wamkulu. Ngati nsomba zazikulu zili ndi adani, ndiye kuti zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti nyama zachangu ndi zazing'ono zipulumuke, nthawi zambiri zimasandulika zazingwe ndi ma rotan, nsomba zazikuluzikulu. Musaiwale kuti Pike imadya anzawo, osasamala kwenikweni za ubale wapabanja.
M'nyanja zina zakumpoto, anthu amadya nyama zawo. Chakudya chimawoneka chonchi m'malo awa: mwachangu mumadya tizinyama tating'onoting'ono, mwachangu timadyedwa ndi ma congener apakatikati, ndipo chomalizachi chimakhala chotupitsa kwa abale olemera kwambiri.
Munthu amathanso kudziwika kuti ndi mdani wa chilombo chodabwitsachi, chifukwa ndichopatsa ulemu kwa asodzi ambiri omwe amasaka. M'madera ena, nsomba sizimayendetsedwa mwanjira iliyonse ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zambiri zimafa chifukwa chofa nthawi yozizira, yomwe imakonda kupezeka m'madzi ang'onoang'ono.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Pike pansi pamadzi
Pakadali pano, pike, monga mtundu wa nsomba, sikubweretsa nkhawa iliyonse pamanambala ake. Malo okhalapo nyamayi ndi ochulukirapo; pafupifupi m'madzi onse ndi chinthu chamalonda chamtengo wapatali. Mu Russia, Pike ndi ponseponse. Ku Urals, ndiye woyimira wamba wazinyama zam'madzi.
Asayansi awona kuti tsopano pali pike wocheperako. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuti pakati pa zaka zana zapitazi, panali nsomba zambiri zazikulu, zomwe zinapangitsa kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka anthu. Pike yaying'ono imayesera kubala ali mwana kwambiri, motero kuchuluka kwa nsomba zing'onozing'ono zikuwonjezeka mwachangu, ndipo chachikulu chikusowa.
Pike ndi yofunika kwambiri pamalonda, imapangidwa m'madziwe ambiri, pomwe imamva bwino. Nyama ya nsombayi imawerengedwa kuti ndi ya zakudya komanso yothandiza kwambiri. Kusodza konse pamasewera komanso masewerawa sikungalingalire kukhalako kopanda pike, yomwe ndi chikho chodziwikiratu kwa msodzi aliyense. Ndizabwino kuti nsombazi ndizofala ndipo kuchuluka kwake pakadali pano sikubweretsa nkhawa iliyonse. Chinthu chachikulu ndikupitiliza motere.
Pamapeto pake ndiyenera kuwonjezera izi kukwera ndiwothandiza osati kokha kwa munthu amene amaigwiritsa ntchito pophika komanso ngati chinthu chowedza pamasewera, komanso malo osungira nyama yolusayo, ndiyopindulitsa, kudya nsomba zazing'ono komanso zingapo, potero amateteza malo amadzi kuti asasungidwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 20.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi ya 22:03
