Gyurza

Gyurza - imodzi mwa njoka zowopsa kwambiri komanso zosaoneka bwino, yomwe poyizoni yake ndi yachiwiri kwa poizoni wa mphiri, ndi ya banja la mphiri, ndi yayikulu kwambiri, chifukwa imakhudzana ndi mtundu wa mphiri zazikulu. Tiyeni tiyese kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe ake, zizolowezi zake, mawonekedwe ake kuti tipeze ngati alidi wobisalira komanso wowopsa monga akunenera za iye?

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Gyurza

Gyurza ndiye njoka yoopsa kwambiri, njoka yapoizoni, woyimira wamkulu wamabanja amanjoka. Gyurza ali ndi mayina ambiri ndi mayina awo, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Levant njoka. Liwu loti "gyurza" limachokera ku chilankhulo cha Persian ndipo potanthauzira kuchokera pamenepo limatanthauza "mace" kapena "chibonga chachitsulo". Dzinali limazika kumbuyo kwa njokayo, chifukwa cha thupi lake lamphamvu, lofanana ndi chibonga chenicheni.

Kuchokera ku Chilatini dzina lanjoka limamasuliridwa kuti "njoka yamabokosi". Anthu aku Uzbek adatcha njoka yobiriwira, ndipo anthu aku Turkmen amaitcha kavalo. Ziribe kanthu momwe amatchulidwira komanso komwe, chinthu chimodzi ndichowonekeratu - ndi chowopsa, chakupha ndipo chili ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa.

Kanema: Gyurza

M'madera omwe kale anali Soviet Union, iyi ndi njoka yowopsa kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri, abale ake onse a mphiri ndi owopsa, koma gyurza ndiye wowopsa kwambiri mwa iwo, amadziwika ngati osati mdziko lathu komanso mayiko akale a USSR, koma padziko lonse lapansi. Tsopano asayansi-herpetologists amasiyanitsa magawo 6 a chokwawa choopsa ichi, koma chimodzi mwa izo chimakayikirabe. Mitundu yonse imasiyanasiyana osati m'malo awo okha, komanso kukula kwake, zina zakunja.

Pofotokoza gyurza, titha kudziwa kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imatha kutalika mpaka 2 mita (ndi gawo la mchira), ndikulemera pafupifupi 3 kg. Thupi la gyurza ndilolimba komanso lamphamvu, makulidwe ake mu girth akhoza kukhala okulirapo kuposa dzanja la munthu. Mtundu wa khungu ndi wosiyana ndi ma subspecies osiyanasiyana, zimatengera malo okhala njoka.

Mphesa ya gyurza ndi yoopsa komanso yamphamvu kwambiri moti imakhala ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi za mamba wa ku Asia. Kamodzi m'magazi a anthu, poyizoni amayamba kuwononga maselo ake ofiira. Ndipo kuchedwa kulikonse kumakhala koopsa.

Chosangalatsa: Pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya kulumidwa ndi ghurza imapha pokhapokha itapatsidwa mankhwala. Monga mankhwala, madokotala amalowetsa seramu yapadera mthupi, nthawi iliyonse akuchenjeza kuti kudzichiritsa sikuyenera kutulutsidwa, chifukwa kumatha kupha.

Chaka chilichonse, anthu zikwizikwi padziko lonse lapansi amadwala kuluma kwa gurza, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kudziwa mawonekedwe a njoka yamabokosi kuti asavutike nayo.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Snake Gyurza

Ngakhale kuti pali mitundu ya njoka yomwe imatha kutalika mamita awiri, kutalika kwa thupi la gyurza ndikotsika pang'ono mita ndi theka. Mutu wa gyurza uli ndi mawonekedwe a kansalu, ndipo thupi lonse ndi lamphamvu kwambiri komanso laminyewa. Masikelo ang'onoang'ono amawonekera pamwamba pa gyurza, izi zimasiyanitsa ndi abale ake. Mitundu ina ya goyukov imakhala ndi zishango zazing'ono pamutu pawo, ndipo mamba yoyala imaphimba mitu yawo. Mwana wa reptileyo amakhala mozungulira, ndipo mphuno yake ndi yozungulira pang'ono.

Mtundu wa mutu wa njoka ndi monochromatic, palibe mtundu uliwonse. Mtundu wa thupi lonse ukhoza kukhala wosiyana, zimatengera mitundu ndi malo omwe njokayo imakhala.

Mtundu wonse wa khungu ukhoza kukhala:

• Imvi yoyera;
• Bulauni bulauni;
• Brown;
• Imvi beige;
• Mdima wakuda;
• Wakuda (nthawi zina buluu).

Mtundu pakhungu la thupi umasiyanasiyana m'magulu osiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri awa ndi mabanga amtundu wakuda, womwe umakhala kumbuyo ndi mbali. Mawanga awa ali ndi khungu lofiirira ndi kukhudza kwa dzimbiri; pambali pa njokayo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa m'mphepete mwake.

M'mimba mwa njoka nthawi zonse mumakhala mthunzi wowala, womwe umakhalanso ndi zokongoletsa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mawanga omwe amakongoletsa thupi la njoka siosiyana kwambiri, chifukwa chake mawonekedwe pakhungu siowala kwambiri. Sikuti njoka zonse za Levantine zimakongoletsedwa ndi mtundu, pali njoka zamtundu umodzi, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofiirira komanso zakuda.

Kodi gyurza amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Animal gyurza

Malo ogawa a gyurza ndi otakata kwambiri. Njokayo imakhala m'maiko aku North Africa monga Tunisia, Morocco ndi Algeria. Njoka ya Levant inakhazikikanso kuzilumba zina m'nyanja ya Aegean. Gyurza amakhala kum'mawa kwa Asia Minor, ku Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Iran, Arabia. Republic of Transcaucasia ndi malo okhala zokwawa zonse, kupatula Abkhazia, komwe simudzapeza gyurza.

Njokayo idatenganso chidwi ku Central Asia, Afghanistan, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. A Transcaucasian gyurza amakhala m'dziko lathu. Anakhazikika kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Dagestan, adaphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of Russia. Chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha ma gyurz adatsalira ku Kazakhstan.

Gyurza amasangalala ndi malo awa:

• Zipululu;
• Semi-chipululu;
• Mapiri;
• Lamba wapansi wamapiri.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Levant njoka imatha kukwera mapiri mpaka 2.5 km (Pamirs).

Gyurza imabisala m'miyala, pansi pamiyala ikuluikulu. Mutha kukumana ndi chokwawa chowopsa m'madambo amtsinje, nkhalango zaminda yamphesa, pafupi ndi mitsinje yamapiri. Simuyenera kuopa kukumana ndi gyurza m'nkhalango, amakonda malo otseguka.

Gyurza saopa anthu, motero amatha kuwoneka m'minda, mavwende, nthaka yolimidwa, yomwe siili yofanana ndi abale ake ena amanjoka. Zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kusankha malo okhala njoka ndi kupezeka kwa madzi pafupi ndi chakudya chochuluka.

Kodi gyurza amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Gurza Poizoni

Menyu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya gyurza imasiyana, chifukwa madera okhalamo amakhalanso osiyana, komanso kupezeka kwa cholengedwa chimodzi kapena china m'deralo. M'madera ena, mndandanda wa njoka umakhala ndimitundu yonse yamakoswe, m'malo ena - mbalame. Mbalamezi zimadyedwa ndi zokwawa zomwe zakhazikika ku Central Asia.

Pazosankha za gyurza mutha kuwona:

• Mbewa wamba;
• Gerbil;
• Mbewa Vole;
• Jerboas;
• Khomyakov;
• Hares achichepere;
• Zikopa;
• Akamba ang'onoang'ono;
• Makutu;
• Abuluzi osiyanasiyana;
• Tizilombo;
• Polozov;
• Achikasu;
• Ana a nungu.

Umu ndi momwe zakudya za njoka yoopsa kwambiri zimasiyanasiyana. Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti gyurza wanjala yekha yemwe amapha zokwawa, amachita izi pomwe sangapeze nyama ina. Gyurza amasaka mbalame pamalo obisalira omwe ali pafupi ndi madzi. Mbalame zomwe zimapita kukamwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala njoka, yomwe imawomba liwiro la mphezi ndikumuluma woluma ndi mano akuthwa. Nthawi zina mbalameyo imathawa, gyurza sathamangitsa wolakwayo, yemwe posachedwa amagwa yekha, amenyedwa pomwepo ndi poyizoni wamphamvu.

Chochititsa chidwi: atameza nyama yawo yonse, gyurza ili pogona kuti gawo la thupi lomwe nyamayo ilipo likhale pansi pa kunyezimira kwa dzuwa. Njoka yodyetsedwa bwino imagona osasunthika kwa masiku angapo kuti chakudya chomwe chamezedwa chikugayidwa bwinobwino.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti gyurza yomwe yakhazikika panthaka yolimidwa imapindulitsa kwambiri anthu, kuwononga makoswe ambiri - tizirombo.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Snake Gyurza

Gyurza imachokera ku tchuthi mu Marichi-Epulo, pomwe kutentha kozungulira kumadutsa madigiri khumi ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera. Oyamba kutuluka m'dzenjemo ndi amuna, ndipo patatha sabata akazi amatuluka panja. Pakusaka, njoka zodzutsidwa kutulo sizikuthamangira kuti zisunthire mtsogolo, choyamba zimasamba dzuwa. Munthawi ya Meyi, zokwawa nthawi zambiri zimatsika kuchokera kumapiri pafupi ndi madambo onyowa ndi madera otsika.

Nthawi zambiri, ma gyurz ambiri amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi akasupe, njoka zimakonda kusambira, zimawononga madzi ambiri. Ndi kutentha kwa chilimwe, gyurza imasinthira mpaka madzulo, panthawiyi maulendo ake osaka amayamba, kusaka kumatha kuchitika usiku komanso mbandakucha. Maso akuthwa ndi fungo labwino zimathandiza kupeza nyama mumdima wodutsa. Kutentha, njoka zimabisala pansi pamiyala, mumthunzi waudzu, m'zigwa. M'ngululu ndi nthawi yophukira, kusaka kumachitika masana.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pakubwera kwa Novembala, ma gyurzas amakwawa kupita kumaenje awo achisanu kuti azibisalanso, amachita izi okha kapena gulu lonse (pafupifupi anthu khumi ndi awiri).

Pali mphekesera zambiri zonena zachinyengo za gyurza. Mwina zikudalira kuti iye samachenjeza za kuponyera kwake kwakupha, kudzawayipitsa modzidzimutsa. Ngati njoka yam'mimba imakwiyitsa nyumbayo ndikuwopseza, ndiye kuti gyurza siziwonetsa komaliza, kubisalira, kenako ndikuponyera mwamphamvu. Zachabechabe, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu, ndizovuta, ngakhale okoka njoka zodziwika bwino nthawi zina analibe nthawi yopewa kuponya kwawo mwachangu, mtunda womwe umafikira kutalika kwa thupi la gyurza womwewo.

Gyurza ali ndi matalente ambiri - amanyamula bwino mitengo, amathamanga pansi, amadziwa kulumpha kwambiri, ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Sikuti aliyense wogwira njoka amatha kugwira cholengedwa ichi mmanja mwake, chifukwa amatsutsa mwamphamvu. Gyurza ikaphulika, amatha kuperekanso nsagwada yake yakumunsi, ndikuluma, komwe amayesa kukopa munthu.

Payokha, tiyenera kutchula molting gyurza, amene ali katatu pachaka. Ana obadwa kumene amayamba molt patangopita masiku ochepa atabadwa, ndipo achichepere amawola pafupifupi kanayi pachaka. Zinthu zachilengedwe monga chinyezi ndizofunikira kuti zisungunuke bwino, ndichifukwa chake njoka zimakonda kusungunuka m'mawa kapena pambuyo pa mvula.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: ngati sipakhala mvula kwa nthawi yayitali, gyurza iyenera kuti ilowerere mame, m'nthaka yonyowa, kapena kukwera m'dziwe kuti ifewetse sikeloyo ndikuiponya mosavuta mthupi.

Pakadali pano, njokayo imayesetsa kwambiri kuchotsa khungu lakale. Amayesa kukwawa pakati pamiyala. Pamapeto pa izi, chokwawa chimakhala pafupifupi tsiku limodzi, osasunthika, mwachiwonekere, kupeza mphamvu.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Gyurza

Njoka zokhwima pogonana Levant zimayandikira zaka 3-4 za moyo. Nyengo yawo yokwatirana imayamba munthawi zosiyanasiyana, zimatengera nyengo ya dera linalake, koma nthawi zambiri limagwera pa Epulo-Meyi.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: musanakwatirane ndi gyurz, china chake ngati masewera achikondi chimachitika, pamene njoka ziwiri, zolukanikana, zimakankhira ndikunyamula kumtunda.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti si ma gyurza onse omwe ali ndi oviparous, palinso zokwawa za ovoviviparous. Njoka nthawi zambiri zimayikira mazira mu Julayi kapena Ogasiti, zowalamulira zimatha kukhala mazira 6 mpaka 43, izi zimakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwazimayi. Unyinji wa dzira limodzi ndi magalamu 10 mpaka 20, ndipo m'mimba mwake imatha kufikira 20 mpaka 54 mm. Mazira amaikidwa m'mabowo omwe wina wasiya, m'ming'alu yamiyala, nthawi yolumikizira imatha masiku pafupifupi 50. Pofuna kukula kwa mazira, payenera kukhala chinyezi chochepa, ndiye kuti kulemera kwa mazira kumawonjezeka. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumatha kuvulaza, kuyambitsa nkhungu ndi kufa kwa fetal.

Nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Ogasiti kapena koyambirira kwa Seputembala kumachitika. Njoka zazing'ono zimabadwa kale ndipo zimadziyimira pawokha. Kutalika kwawo kumafikira masentimita 28, ndipo makanda amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 12. Choyamba, makanda amadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana mitundu yonse, pang'onopang'ono amayamba kuvutikira kwambiri. Mwachilengedwe, gyurza nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka zosaposa khumi, ndikumangidwa - kawiri bola.

Adani achilengedwe a gyurza

Chithunzi: Gyurza wochokera ku Red Book

Gyurza ali ndi miyeso yambiri, othamanga kwambiri, mphezi mwachangu, owopsa komanso owopsa, nyama zambiri zimapewa kulumikizana naye, makamaka ziwombankhanga, koma palinso ena omwe amakonda gyurza. Mwa iwo, mdani wowopsa kwambiri wa gyurza m'chilengedwe ndi buluzi wowunika.

Chomwe chimachitika ndichakuti poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wa poizoni wa gyurza alibe tanthauzo lililonse, buluzi woyang'anira sangatengeke nawo, chifukwa chake saopa kuwukira njoka ya Levant. Nthawi zina nkhandwe, mphaka wa m'nkhalango, nkhandwe, nkhandwe imatha kuukira gyurza. Inde, nyama zoyamwitsa izi zimaika miyoyo yawo pachiswe, chifukwa zilibe mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri ziweto zimaukira nthawi yovuta, yanjala pomwe sizipeza nyama ina.

Kuphatikiza pa nyama zakutchire, mbalame zina zimasakanso gyurza, ndikuwombera kuchokera kumtunda, pomwepo. Mbalame monga odyera njoka ndi ma buzzards nthawi zambiri amachita izi. Achinyamata, omwe sanakwanitse chaka chimodzi, nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi ziweto zina (sandy ef, Central Asia cobra). Njoka zosadziŵa bwino zimapambanitsidwanso ndi buluzi woyang'anira m'chipululu.

Amathanso kulimbana ndi mbalame monga Buzzard ndi Black Kite. Ngati achinyamata a gyurza awona zoopsa zilizonse, amayesetsa kubisala, kuthawa. Pakatha kuthawa, zokwawa zimayamba kuukira, ndikupanga ziwopsezo, zopitilira mita. Nthawi zambiri zimathandiza kuthawa, chifukwa njoka za Levant sizowopsa chabe, koma zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zamphamvu.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Gyurza ku Russia

Malo okhala njoka za Levant ndizotakata komanso zosiyanasiyana. Pakadali pano, mabungwe osiyanasiyana omwe akuteteza nyama ndi chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi akuti palibe chomwe chikuwopseza anthu a gyurz, pali njoka zambiri pafupifupi m'malo onse omwe ali ndi chilolezo chokhazikika. Izi zikugwirizananso ndi kuwerengera kwa digito komwe asayansi amapanga.

Amawonetsa kuti m'malo omwe nthawi zonse amakhala osunthika pali anthu anayi pa hekitala, ndipo nthawi yotentha, mpaka makumi awiri mwa magawo awiri a hekitala imodzi amasonkhana pafupi ndi madzi osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha izi ndi maphunziro ena, palibe mantha pakukula kwa anthu aku Gyurza, palibe zowopseza kutha, koma sizili choncho kulikonse.

M'mayiko ena, anthu a Gyurza ndi ochepa kwambiri. Izi zidachitika chifukwa chakukula kwa ntchito zaulimi mwachangu komanso kugwidwa kwa njoka zazikulu. Si chinsinsi kuti poyizoni wa gyurza amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, ndikupanga mankhwala ena omwe amathandizira rheumatism, radiculitis, hemophilia.

Zochita zosaganiziridwa bwino za anthu zapangitsa kuti ku Russia ndi Kazakhstan gyurza idalembedwa mu Red Book. Ndibwino kuti dziko laling'ono lotere lili m'deralo, koma m'malo ena gyurza imamva bwino ndipo sichiwopsezedwa kuti chiwonongeko.

Chitetezo cha Gyurza

Chithunzi: Gyurza wochokera ku Red Book

Monga tanena kale, sikuti kulikonse zinthu zikuyenda bwino ndi mamba a Levan, m'malo ena zokwawa izi zikuchepa. M'dziko lathu, gyurza ili mu Red Book. M'dera la Russia, mtundu uwu wa njoka umakhala ku Dagestan, kutanthauza kum'mwera chakum'mawa. Ndizotheka kunena kuti tili ndi njoka zoopsa kwambiri izi. Gyurza, yemwe amakhala ku Dagestan, amatchedwa Transcaucasian, mawonekedwe ake apadera ndi kupezeka kwamanyazi ambiri pamimba komanso kusapezeka kwake (kwakung'ono kwambiri) katsitsi kakang'ono pamenepo.

Anthu a gyurza wa Transcaucasian ndi ochepa kwambiri. Kuwerengetsa komwe kunachitika zaka zingapo zapitazo kunawonetsa kuti sizinapitirire 1000 za njokazi. Izi zachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala chinyama ndi anthu: kulima nthaka, kudyetsa malo otsetsereka m'mapiri ndi malo otsika, kulowererapo mu mitsinje yamapiri yothirira.

Kuphatikiza pa zonsezi, kugwidwa kwa njoka sikunayendetsedwe kale mwanjira iliyonse, kotero pafupifupi zokwawa pafupifupi 100 zimagwidwa pachaka pazosowa zamankhwala, kukula kwake kunali kopitilira 70 cm, ndipo awa ndi anthu obereka kwambiri.Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti osati m'dziko lathu lokha, komanso ku Kazakhstan, kuli njoka zochepa za Levant zomwe zatsala, chifukwa chake njoka iyi ilinso mu Red Book pamenepo.

Pamapeto pake, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti kukula kwa gyurza, mphamvu yake, ngozi yomwe imayambitsa, poyizoni wamphamvu kwambiri komanso malingaliro ake obisika amakupangitsani kuti musafulumire kulingalira za cholengedwa choopsa ichi. Koma musaiwale kuti zimabweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa anthu, kuwononga magulu ambiri a tizirombo ta makoswe m'minda yolimidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, oddly mokwanira, poyizoni wa gyurza ali ndi machiritso ofunikira.

Tsiku lofalitsidwa: 17.04.2019

Idasinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 21:42