Saiga Ndi nyama yosasunthika yomwe ndi membala wa antelope subfamily. Izi ndi mitundu yokhayo ya antelope yomwe imakhala ku Europe. Mkazi wamkazi wa nyamayo amatchedwa saiga, ndipo wamwamuna amatchedwa saiga kapena margach. Poyamba, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunali kwakukulu, lero nyama zodabwitsa izi zatsala pang'ono kutha.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Saiga
Saigas ndi nyama zolemetsa. Nyamazo ndizoyimira dongosolo la artiodactyls, banja la bovids, logawanika kukhala mtundu wamtundu wa saiga.
Saiga ndi nyama yakale kwambiri. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti nthawi ya Pleistocene amakhala m'chigawo chonse cha Eurasia chamakono kuchokera ku Briteni Isles kumadzulo kupita ku Alaska kum'mawa. Pambuyo pa glaciation wapadziko lonse lapansi, malo okhala kwawo adasungidwa m'malo okhawo aku Europe. Akatswiri ena a zinyama amati ziwetozi zimadya ndi mammoth. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, nyama sizinasinthe konse, zidasungabe mawonekedwe awo apachiyambi.
Kanema: Saiga
Mu Chirasha, dzina ili lidawonekera pamawu achi Turkic. Idawonekera m'mawu apadziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha ntchito zasayansi za wofufuza komanso wasayansi waku Austria Sigismund von Herberstein. M'malemba ake, adalongosola za moyo ndi mikhalidwe ya nyama iyi. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa nyama yotchedwa "saiga" kudalembedwa mu ntchito yake yasayansi "Notes on Muscovy", yomwe wofufuzayo adalemba mu 1549.
Popanga dikishonare yake yotanthauzira, Dahl adanenanso kuti munthu wamkazi amatchedwa saiga, ndipo wamwamuna amatchedwa saiga.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal saiga
Saiga ndi mphalapala yaying'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi masentimita 115 - 140. Kutalika kwa nyama ikamafota ndi masentimita 65-80. Kulemera kwa nyama imodzi yayikulu ndi makilogalamu 22-40. Ma saigas onse ali ndi mchira wawufupi, womwe kutalika kwake sikupitilira masentimita 13-15. Nyamazi zatchulanso zakugonana.
Amuna amaposa akazi kulemera ndi kukula kwake. Mutu wamphongo umakongoletsedwa ndi nyanga zomwe zimakula mpaka masentimita makumi atatu. Amayang'ana molunjika mmwamba, ali ndi mawonekedwe opunduka. Nyangazi zimakhala zowonekera bwino, kapena zachikasu, ndipo zili ndi mizere yopingasa.
Nyama zimakhala ndi matupi otalikirana, komanso osati mikono yayitali, yolimba.
Tsitsi la nyama ndi lamchenga wokhala ndi utoto wofiyira kapena wofiirira. Malo am'mimba ndi opepuka, pafupifupi oyera. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya wa nyama umadetsa, umapeza khofi, utoto wakuda. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya wa saiga umangosintha utoto, komanso umakhala wonenepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupirira mphepo yamphamvu komanso chisanu chosaletseka. Molting kumachitika kawiri pachaka - mchaka ndi nthawi yophukira.
Nyamayo imadziwika kwambiri pakati pa mitundu ina ya antelope yokhala ndi mphuno yapadera. Kunja, amafanana ndi thunthu lofupikitsidwa.
Mphuno ya nyamayo ndi yayitali komanso yoyenda kwambiri. Kapangidwe kake ka mphuno kamalola kuti igwire ntchito zingapo zofunika komanso zofunikira. Imathandizira kutentha mpweya m'nyengo yozizira ndikusunga fumbi komanso kuipitsidwa kocheperako mchilimwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kake ka mphuno kamalola amuna kuti azimveka pang'ono kuti akope akazi nthawi yamasiku, komanso kuwonetsa mphamvu kwa omenyera. Chinyama chili ndi makutu afupikitsa komanso otakata, ndi maso owonekera, amdima omwe ali kutali kwambiri ndi anzawo.
Kodi saiga amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Saigas ku Kazakhstan
Anthu osungulumwawa amasankha malo athyathyathya okhala ndi zomera zochepa ngati kwawo. Saigas amakhala makamaka m'mapiri kapena m'zipululu. Amayesa kudutsa zigwa, mapiri, kapena nkhalango zowirira.
M'mbuyomu, ma saigas anali ofala kwambiri ku Eurasia kwamakono. Lero ali pafupi kutha, ndipo malo awo achepetsedwa kwambiri.
Malo okhala nyama:
- Dera la Astrakhan la Russian Federation;
- Republic of Kalmykia;
- Altai;
- Kazakhstan;
- Uzbekistan;
- Kyrgyzstan;
- Mongolia;
- Turkmenistan.
Saigas amakonda zigwa chifukwa chakuti kudumpha kumakhala kovuta kwa iwo. Pofika nyengo yozizira komanso nyengo yozizira, amakonda kusamukira kumalo ochepa okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa, chifukwa kukwera kwambiri chipale chofewa kumapangitsa kuti kuyenda kuyende. Saigas amayesetsanso kupewa kupezeka pamulu wa mchenga, chifukwa mdera lomweli zimakhalanso zovuta kuti asamuke, komanso makamaka kuthawa nyama zolusa. Nyama zimayandikira kumapiri m'nyengo yozizira, pakagwa mvula yamkuntho ndi mphepo yamphamvu.
Oimira awa osatulutsa apanga mayendedwe achilendo - amble. Mwanjira imeneyi, amatha kukhala ndi liwiro lokwanira - mpaka 70 km / h. Saigas imatha kukhala m'chigwa komanso malo okwera kwambiri. Ku Kazakhstan, nyama zimakhala pamtunda wa mamita 150 mpaka 650 pamwamba pa nyanja. Ku Mongolia, malo awo amakhala ndi maenje pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
M'nthawi yachilala chachikulu, nyama zikakumana ndi zovuta ndipo zimawavuta kupeza gwero la chakudya, zimatha kulowa m'malo olimapo ndikudya chimanga, rye, ndi mbewu zina zomwe zimamera m'minda. Pofika nyengo yozizira, nyama zimasankha malo omwe zimakhala zosavuta kuti zizipeza chakudya ndikuyesera kukhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
Kodi saiga amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Saiga Red Book
Nyama izi ndi artiodactyls, chifukwa chake, ndizodyetsa. Akatswiri a zinyama amati saigas amadya mitundu yambiri yazomera, kuposa 100 yonse. Zakudya ndi mndandanda wazomera zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pazakudya za nyama zimadalira dera lokhalamo, komanso nyengo.
Mwachitsanzo, kudera la Uzbekistan, chakudya cha saiga chimaphatikizapo mitundu pafupifupi khumi ndi itatu yazomera, ku Kazakhstan, pafupifupi mitundu makumi asanu. Osatengera dera lomwe nyama zimakhala, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yazomera yomwe ili yoyenera kudya nthawi imodzi sikadutsa makumi atatu.
Kodi chakudya cha saiga chingakhale chiyani:
- dzinthu;
- nthambi;
- hodgepodge;
- mafoloko;
- ephemera;
- ephedra;
- chowawa;
- ndere zoyenda;
- mtundu wobiriwira;
- mortuk;
- moto;
- Kinoya;
- rhubarb;
- licorice;
- astragalus;
- masamba a tulip, ndi zina.
M'nthawi yamvula yamkuntho yamkuntho ndi mafunde, ungulates amabisala m'nkhalango zamatchire ndikukhalabe komweko mpaka nyengo yoipa itadutsa. Munthawi imeneyi, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njala, kapena amadya mitundu yovuta, youma yaudzu - bango, zitsamba, tamarik, ndi mitundu ina.
M'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Volga, anthu okhala kumeneko amadyetsa makamaka tirigu, camphor, nthambi ndi ndere. M'nyengo yozizira, chakudyacho chimachokera ku chowawa, ndere, udzu wa nthenga.
Nyama zimawerengedwa kuti sizosankha zilizonse pankhani yazakudya, zimatha kudya mitundu yonse yazomera zomwe zimapezeka komwe zimakhala. Kufunika kwa madzi kumachitika makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, pamene amadya mitundu youma ya zomera ndi zitsamba. M'nyengo yotentha, pomwe amadyera owundula amapezeka pachakudya, zosowa zamthupi zimadzazidwa ndi chinyezi chomwe chilimo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Saiga nyama
Saigas ndi nyama zoweta; sizimachitika zokha mwachilengedwe. Amasonkhana m'magulu angapo, motsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri wamphamvu, waluso. Chiwerengero cha anthu amodzi mwa ziweto zimatha kuyambira pa munthu mmodzi mpaka asanu kapena asanu ndi mmodzi mwa anthu. Ndi zachilengedwe kuti ziweto zimakhala moyo wosakhazikika. Amasamukira kumadera osiyanasiyana kukafunafuna chakudya, kapena kuthawa nyengo yoipa. Nthawi zambiri amasamukira kuzipululu ndikuyamba kwa dzinja ndi nyengo yozizira, ndikubwerera ku steppe ndi masiku ofunda oyamba.
Pofika nyengo yozizira, atsogoleri a magulu osiyanasiyana azinyama nthawi zambiri amachita ndewu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatha kumwalira. Moyo wosamukasamuka umakhudzanso mayendedwe a anthu. Kuthamanga kwa mayendedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake kumayikidwa ndi mtsogoleri wamphamvu. Si anthu onse m'gulu lomwe angafanane nawo. Chifukwa chake, nyama zambiri sizifika komwe zikupita, zikufera panjira.
Nyama zimasinthika mikhalidwe yazachilengedwe. Amatha kukhala kumadera okhala ndi chakudya ndi madzi ochepa, ndipo mumkhalidwe wotere amatha kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Mukuyenda, nyama zimatha kuyenda mwachangu kwambiri, nthawi zina zimafika mpaka 80 km / h. Vutoli likayandikira, gulu lonse limathawa. Nyama zodwala komanso zofooka zimatsalira m'mbuyo mwa ziwetozo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimamwalira chifukwa cholumidwa ndi adani.
Nyama ndizomwe zimasambira mwachilengedwe, chifukwa zimatha kuthana ndi madzi ang'onoang'ono komanso apakatikati popanda vuto. Mwachilengedwe, nyama zimapatsidwa kumva kwakukuru, zomwe zimawalola kusiyanitsa ziphuphu zowopsa pamtunda wamakilomita angapo. Kuphatikiza pa kumva bwino, nyama zimamva kununkhiza, zomwe zimalola kuti zizindikire kusintha kwa nyengo, momwe mvula imagwa kapena matalala.
Kutalika kwa nyama kumakhala kotsika, ndipo kumadalira mwachindunji jenda. Amuna m'malo achilengedwe amakhala osapitilira zaka zinayi kapena zisanu, chiyembekezo chamoyo cha akazi chimafika zaka 10-11.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Saiga cub
Saigas mwachibadwa nyama zamitala. Nyengo yakuswana ndi nyengo yake ndipo imakhala kuyambira Novembala mpaka koyambirira kwa Januware. Nthawi imeneyi imadalira dera lokhalamo. Kudera la Kazakhstan, nyengo yokhwima imakhala kuyambira Marichi mpaka Epulo. Nthawi yoswana ya nyama imatenga masiku 10 mpaka 25. Nyama iliyonse yokhwima pogonana imadzipangira yokha, ikumenyera pakati pa akazi asanu mpaka khumi, omwe amatetezedwa ndi amuna kuchokera pakulowetsedwa kwa amuna akunja.
Ma harem omwe amapangidwa amapezeka mdera lina, okhala ndi malo a 30-80 mita lalikulu. Munthawi imeneyi, amuna amakhala achiwawa, nthawi zambiri amamenyera ufulu wolowa m'banja ndi wamkazi kapena wamkazi. Nkhondo zotere nthawi zambiri zimatha ndi zilonda zazikulu ndi imfa.
Pogonana, amuna amatulutsa chinsinsi china kuchokera kumatumbo a infraorbital ndi m'mimba. Kukhathamira nthawi zambiri kumachitika usiku; masana, amuna nthawi zambiri amapuma ndikulimba. Ndi munthawi imeneyi pomwe amuna amadya pang'ono, mphamvu ndi thupi zimatayika. Pakadali pano, panali milandu yolembetsedwa yakuukira kwa anthu.
Amayi amakula msinkhu pogonana mwezi wachisanu ndi chitatu, amuna patatha chaka chimodzi. Mimba imakhala pafupifupi miyezi isanu. Zazikazi, zomwe zimabereka ana, zimasonkhana pamalo amodzi, makamaka pamalo athyathyathya okhala ndi zomera zochepa. Kulemera kwa thupi la mwana wakhanda ndi 3-3.5 kilogalamu.
Patsiku loyamba, makanda amangogona osayenda. Anawo akabadwa, mayi amapita kukafunafuna chakudya ndi madzi, koma amabwera kudzaona mwana wake kangapo patsiku. Ana obadwa kumene amakula ndikulimba msanga, kale pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chimodzi kapena lachisanu ndi chiwiri amatha kutsatira amayi awo.
Adani achilengedwe a saigas
Chithunzi: Saigas mu steppe
Mofanana ndi nthumwi iliyonse ya osatulutsa, ma saigas nthawi zambiri amakhala ogwidwa ndi adani omwe amakhala m'malo omwe amapezeka.
Adani achilengedwe a osatulutsa:
- mimbulu;
- mimbulu;
- nkhandwe;
- agalu osochera.
Kawirikawiri olusa amadikirira nyama zawo akasonkhana pagulu kuti amwe. Akatswiri a zamoyo amati akagwidwa pa nthawi yosayembekezereka kwambiri, gulu la mimbulu limatha kuwononga gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a gulu la nyama zosatuluka. Kuopsa kwakukulu kwa ziweto kumaimiridwa ndi anthu ndi ntchito zawo. Mochuluka, saigas adaphedwa ndi opha nyama mosaka nyama omwe amasaka ubweya wamtengo wapatali, nyama yokoma komanso yathanzi, komanso nyanga zaminyama.
Nyanga za nyama izi ndizofunika kwambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala ena ku China. Ufa amapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, ndi mankhwala oyeretsera thupi. Komanso, ochiritsa achi China amagwiritsa ntchito ufa uwu ngati mankhwala a matenda a chiwindi, migraines, matenda am'mimba.
Mumsika waku China, ndalama zambiri zimalipidwa chifukwa cha nyanga ngati izi, kufunika kwa nyanga za saiga kumakhala kwakukulu nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake opha nyama mosakonzekera amafuna kudzaza matumba awo pakupha nyama zodabwitsa izi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Saigas m'chilengedwe
Pakadali pano, nyamayo idalembedwa pamayiko ena, mu Red Red Book wokhala ndi mtundu wa nyama yomwe ili pafupi kutheratu. Ofufuzawo awona zomwe zikuchitika pakuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziweto kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazi.
Nthawi yomweyo, njira zina zamankhwala zidayamba kupezeka ku China ndipo msika udayamba kupereka ndalama zochulukirapo panyanga za nyama, pomwe ufa wamachiritso udapangidwa pambuyo pake. Kuphatikiza apo, zikopa za nyama ndi nyama yake, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri, inali yamtengo wapatali. Chiwerengero cha anthu opha nyama mopanda chilolezo chinayamba kukula mofulumira, ndipo nyama zinaphedwa mopanda chifundo.
Nthawi yomwe ziweto zinachepa modetsa nkhawa, aboma anayamba kuganiza zopanga malo osungirako zachilengedwe apadera momwe kuchuluka kwa nyamazi kungabwezeretsedwe. Komabe, zoyesayesa zoyambazo sizinatheke. Zoologists amati ichi chakuti zinthu mulingo woyenera kukhalapo ndi kubereka sizinapangidwe, komanso kuti akatswiri anali asanayambe kale mapulogalamu kubwezeretsa anthu saiga.
Kusunga Saiga
Chithunzi: Saiga Red Book
Pofuna kuteteza nyama kuti zisawonongedwe, zisungidwe komanso kuti ziwonjezeke, adatchulidwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse ngati mitundu yomwe ili pafupi kutha. Kuphatikiza apo, adaphatikizidwa m'ndandanda wa zinyama zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndi oimira zomera ndi zinyama, kusaka komwe kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kapena kuletsa.
Dipatimenti Yosaka ya Russian Federation ikukhazikitsa malamulo okonzekera kukhazikitsa ziwopsezo ndi zowongolera zowononga nyama zosawerengeka, komanso kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu apadera oteteza ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa nyamazi.
Akatswiri a zinyama ndi ofufuza akufuna kuti pakhale malo osungira zachilengedwe ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe omwe amafunikira kuti apange malo oyandikira pafupi ndi malo achilengedwe a saiga. Kokha m'malo otere, ndi chakudya chokwanira, ndi pomwe zotsatira zoyambirira zingapezeke. Saiga ndi nthumwi yakale kwambiri ya zomera ndi zinyama, yomwe yasungabe mawonekedwe ake oyambira pomwe dziko lapansi lidayamba. Lero, watsala pang'ono kutha kwathunthu, ndipo ntchito ya munthu kukonza zolakwitsa zake ndikuletsa chiwonongeko chake chonse.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 18.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 pa 21:47
