Izi makoswe ang'onoang'ono, kunja kofanana ndi mtanda pakati pa hamster ndi mbewa, amakhala mumtunda wamtunda ndi nkhalango za Eurasia ndi North America. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo, amatchedwanso akambuku a polar. Ali ndi malaya amitundumitundu okhala ndi zipsera zazing'ono zotuwa. Lemming imagwira ntchito ngati chakudya chachikulu cha nyama zambiri zakumtunda, koma chifukwa chobalana kwambiri, imadzaza mwachangu anthu awo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Lemming
Lemmings ndi a dongosolo la makoswe, banja la hamsters. Makoswe a pied ali pafupi kwambiri ndi nyama zazing'onozi, chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha kufanana kwa mandimu, nthawi zina amatchedwa ma polar pied. M'magulu asayansi apano, ma lemmings onse adagawika m'magulu anayi, lililonse limakhala ndi mitundu ingapo. Pali mitundu isanu ya mandimu ku Russia, ndipo malinga ndi ena - mitundu isanu ndi iwiri.
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi izi:
- Siberia (aka Ob) kulira;
- Kulima nkhalango;
- Wokhotakhazikika;
- Amursky;
- Lemming Vinogradov.
Magulu awo ndi asayansi mosamalitsa, ndipo kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu yapakati pa nyama sikungokhala kwenikweni. Nyama zokhala kuzilumbazi, pafupifupi, ndizazikulu pang'ono kuposa anthu ena akutali. Palinso kutsika pang'onopang'ono kwa kukula kwa ma lemmings omwe amakhala ku Russia, kulowera kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka kummawa.
Kanema: Lemming
Zotsalira zakale za makolo amakono akudziwika kuyambira pomwe adamwalira Pliocene. Ndiye kuti, ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 3-4 miliyoni. Zakale zakufa zakale nthawi zambiri zimapezeka ku Russia, komanso ku Western Europe, kunja kwa malire amakono a mandimu, omwe, mwina, amakhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.
Zimadziwikanso kuti pafupifupi zaka zikwi 15 zapitazo panali kusintha kwam'mimba mwa nyama izi. Izi zikugwirizana ndi chidziwitso kuti nthawi yomweyo panali kusintha kwakukulu kwa zomera m'zigawo za tundra zamakono ndi nkhalango-tundra.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Lemamm nyama
Pafupifupi mandimu onse ali ndi thupi lolimba komanso lopatsa thanzi, mosasamala kanthu komwe amakhala komanso kuti ndi amtundu wanji. Lemming wamkulu amakwana masentimita 10-15 m'litali ndipo amakhala ndi kulemera kwa magalamu 20 mpaka 70. Amuna amalemera pang'ono kuposa akazi, pafupifupi 5-10%. Mchira wa nyama ndi wamfupi kwambiri, kutalika kwake sikupitilira masentimita awiri. Miyendo ndiyofupikiranso. Chifukwa chokhala osungulumwa nthawi zonse, nyamazo zimayamba kunenepa kwambiri.
Mutu wa lemming uli ndi mawonekedwe otambasana pang'ono ndi mphuno yopepuka yopindika, yofanana kwambiri ndi hamster. Pali mtedza wamkati wamtali. Maso ndi ang'ono ndipo amawoneka ngati mikanda. Makutu ndi amfupi, obisika pansi pa ubweya wakuda. Mwa njira, ubweya wa nyama izi ndi wofewa, koma nthawi yomweyo ndi wandiweyani. Tsitsi ndilotalika, koma m'malo mwake limakhazikika, kotero malaya amtundu wa polar ndi ofunda kwambiri. Ndi iye amene amathandiza mandimu kuti apulumuke ku Far North.
Mtundu wa ubweya wa nyama ndiwosiyanasiyana ndipo zimadalira nyengo. M'nyengo yotentha, zikopa za mandimu zimakhala zobiriwira, kutengera mtundu wa subspecies ndi malo okhala, mwina wolimba beige kapena utoto wofiirira, kapena amakhala ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana wachikaso wokhala ndi mawanga akuda kumbuyo, wokhala ndi mimba yofiira mchenga. M'nyengo yozizira, utoto umasinthika kukhala imvi yoyera, osatinso koyera.
Kodi lemming amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Lemming mu tundra
Makoswewa amakonda kukhala m'malo okhala ndi tundra komanso nkhalango. Amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic. Amakhala kumadera akumpoto kwa Eurasia ndi North America, mwachitsanzo, ku Russia amagawidwa kudera lonse lakumpoto, kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula mpaka ku Chukotka.
Anthu ambiri a mandimu amapezeka m'malo ena amphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic, makamaka m'mbali mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu ya ku Siberia. Nyamazo zimapezekanso pachilumba cha Greenland, chomwe chili kutali kwambiri ndi makontinenti, ndi ku Spitsbergen.
Komwe lemming amakhala, nthawi zambiri kumakhala madambo ndi chinyezi. Ngakhale zimalimbana ndi nyengo yozizira, zimakhalabe zosasangalatsa nyengo ndi kutentha kwa nyamazi ndizowopsa. Koma zimasinthidwa mokwanira kuthana ndi zopinga zazing'ono zamadzi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pamakona a peat okhala ndi masamba obiriwira mkati mwa madambo.
Nyama sizimasamukira kwakanthawi, zimakhala m'malo awo. Koma mzaka za njala, ndulu pofunafuna chakudya zimatha kuchoka kumadera kwawo ndikusamukira kutali. Nthawi yomweyo, ndizodziwika kuti kusamuka si chisankho chokhacho, ndipo munthu aliyense amayesetsa kuti apeze chakudya chokwanira yekha. Koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyama panthawi yomwe ikusamuka, amafanana ndi gulu limodzi lalikulu.
Kodi lemming amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Polar lemming
Lemmings ndi zodyera. Amadyetsa mitundu yonse ya zipatso, mizu, mphukira zazing'ono, mbewu. Nyama izi zimakonda kwambiri ndere. Koma chakudya chochuluka cha makoswe a kum'mwera ndi utoto wobiriwira ndi ndere, zomwe ndizofala tundra.
Kutengera ndi subspecies yeniyeni, zakudya zawo zitha kukhala:
- Sedge;
- Mabulosi abuluu ndi lingonberries;
- Mabulosi abuluu ndi mabulosi akuda;
- Bowa wina.
Makoswe nthawi zambiri amadya masamba kapena masamba amitengo yobiriwira ndi zitsamba zomwe zimakhala pachimake, komanso nthambi zawo komanso makungwa ake. M'nkhalango, nyama zimadyera mphukira zazing'ono za birch ndi msondodzi. Nthawi zambiri, mandimu amatha kudya tizilombo kapena zipolopolo zomwe zagwa pachisa cha mbalame. Palinso milandu yomwe amayesa kukukuta nyerere zomwe zagwetsedwa ndi nswala. M'nyengo yozizira, mizu yazomera imadyedwa.
Lemamm amadyetsa usana ndi usiku ndikumapuma tulo. M'malo mwake, munthawi yokwanira m'maola 24, amatha kudya chakudya chambiri chambiri kotero kuti kulemera kwake kumayamba kupitirira kulemera kwake kwa nyama kuposa kawiri. Chifukwa cha izi, makoswe sangakhale m'malo amodzi nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake amakakamizidwa kuti azisuntha posaka chakudya chatsopano.
Pafupifupi, ndimu yayikulu imamwa pafupifupi makilogalamu 50 azomera zosiyanasiyana pachaka. Pamwambamwamba mwa kuchuluka kwawo, nyamazi zimakhudza kwambiri zomera zomwe zimakhala, zomwe zimawononga pafupifupi 70% ya phytomass.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Northern Lemming
Lemmings amakhala okha. Sapanga banja, ndipo abambo satenga nawo gawo pakulera. Ma subspecies ena amatha kuphatikizidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, koma mgwirizanowu umangokhalira limodzi. Kuchulukana kumakhala kofanana m'nyengo yozizira. Koma nyamazi sizimathandizana wina ndi mnzake mkati mwa njuchi.
Nthawi yopanda chipale chofewa, mandimu achikazi amawonetsedwa bwino kudera. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna alibe gawo lawo, koma amangoyendayenda paliponse pofunafuna chakudya. Nyama iliyonse imakonza malo okhala patali ndi mzake, chifukwa sizimalekerera wina aliyense pafupi nawo, kupatula nthawi yokwatirana. Maubwenzi amkati amtundu wa lemmings amatha kudziwika ndi kusalolera pakati pa anthu komanso nkhanza.
Lemmings amakhala m'mabowo nthawi yotentha komanso yopanda nyengo. Sali mabowo athunthu, ndipo ndizolondola ngakhale kuwayitanira kuti indent. Amagwiritsanso ntchito malo ena achilengedwe - malo pakati pa miyala, pansi pa moss, pakati pa miyala, ndi zina zambiri.
M'nyengo yozizira, nyamazo zimatha kukhazikika pansi pa chipale chofewa mwazinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangidwa chifukwa cha nthunzi yotuluka panthaka yotentha ikangophimbidwa ndi chisanu choyambirira. Lemmings ndi imodzi mwazinyama zochepa zomwe sizimagona. Pansi pa chipale chofewa, amatha kukumba ngalande zawo. M'misasa yotereyi, makoswe am'madzi amakhala m'nyengo yozizira yonse komanso amatha kuswana, ndiye kuti amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. M'nyengo yozizira, oyandikana ndi mandimu m'nyumba zawo ndi ma polarges, omwe amakhalanso ndi malo achisanu.
Zochita zamtunduwu ndizowzungulira nthawi ndi polyphasic. Nyimbo ya moyo wa lemmings ndiyokwera kwambiri - gawo lawo la ntchito ndi maola atatu, ndiye kuti tsiku la kalendala ya anthu limafanana ndi masiku asanu ndi atatu a ola limodzi la nyama. Amatsatira zochita zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku momveka bwino. Kudyetsa kumatenga ola limodzi, kenako maola awiri kugona. Kuzungulirako kumabwereza mosasamala kanthu komwe kuli dzuwa ndi kuwala kozungulira. Komabe, m'mikhalidwe yamadzulo ndi usiku wa polar, tsiku la maola 24 limataya tanthauzo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Forest Lemming
Ma lemmings amakhala pang'ono, chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri zokha, ndipo samwalira chifukwa cha ukalamba, koma makamaka ndi adani. Koma chilengedwe chawasinthira kwakanthawi kochepa kuti abweretse ana abwino. Ena mwa iwo amatha kubereka ana maulendo 12 m'moyo wawo wonse, koma izi zili m'malo abwino kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, kubereka kumachitika katatu kapena kanayi pachaka. Nthawi iliyonse kubadwa ana asanu kapena asanu ndi mmodzi, nthawi zina mpaka asanu ndi anayi. Mimba imatenga msanga, masiku 20-21 okha.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti nyama izi zimayamba kuberekana molawirira kwambiri - kuyambira mwezi wachiwiri wamoyo ndikuchita miyezi iwiri iliyonse. Amuna amathanso kuthira feteleza azimayi molawirira kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe nyengo yomwe imalepheretsa kuswana kwa mandimu, atha kuchita izi nyengo yabwino komanso chisanu, pokhala pansi pa chipale chofewa. M'mabowo omwewo a chisanu, ana otsatirawa amatha kuwonekera ndikudikirira kuti amasulidwe.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nyama zina zodya nyama zikuyang'ana kuswana kwa mandimu, chifukwa ndiwo chakudya chawo. Mwachitsanzo, akadzidzi amatha kusankha kuti asaikire mazira akaona kuti ndimu ndizocheperako kuti athe kuzipezera okha ndi ana awo nkhomaliro nthawi iliyonse.
Zachidziwikire, ma lemmings alibe zokonda pakusankha abwenzi ogonana nawo, moyo wawo ndi wawufupi, amakwatirana ndi woyamba kukumana nawo ndikuchita pakati pakudya ndi kusokera. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka kuti moyo wawo umabwera mwachangu, momwe zingathere kubweretsa ana ndipo nthawi yonseyi imakhala ndi chakudya ndi pogona. Ana sakhala ndi amayi awo kwanthawi yayitali mdera lawo, koma posakhalitsa amakhala okhwima mwauzimu ndipo amathamanga kuti akwaniritse ntchito yawo yofunikira.
Zachidziwikire, anthu ambiri amafa kumayambiriro kwa moyo wawo kuchokera kuzilombo, chifukwa chake amafunikira ana ambiri kuti asadye kwathunthu.
Adani achilengedwe a mandimu
Chithunzi: Lemming ku Russia
Lemmings ali ndi adani ambiri - nyama zolusa. Kwa nzika zaku polar zomwe zimadya nyama, zimakhala chakudya chachikulu: nkhandwe, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, mapiri, komanso mbalame:
- Mitundu yakuda;
- Skuas;
- Krechetov.
Zowonongekazi zimagwirizanitsa kukhalapo kwawo ndi chakudya ndi kuchuluka kwa mandimu. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mbewa zitha kugwa, ndiye kuti olusa amatha kuchepetsa dala kubereka kwawo ngati atasowa ndulu munthawi inayake. Chifukwa chake, chilengedwe chonsechi ndichabwino.
Kuphatikiza pa kufa mkamwa mwa chilombo, mbewa imatha kufa munjira ina. Lemm akasamuka, zochita zawo zimakhala zowononga mokhudzana ndi iwo eni: amalumphira m'madzi ndikumira, ndikudziika pachiwopsezo. Amayendetsanso mosalekeza pamalo otseguka opanda chobisalira. Pambuyo pa kusamuka koteroko, matupi amadzimadzi omwe amira nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati chakudya cha nsomba, nyama zam'nyanja, mbalame zam'madzi, ndi mitundu ina yodya nyama. Onsewa amayesetsa kubwezeretsa malo osungira magetsi m'malo owopsawa.
Kuphatikiza pa odyera wamba, omwe mandimu amakhala maziko azakudya, nthawi zina, nyama zodyetsa zamtendere zitha kuwonetsa chidwi pa chakudya. Chifukwa chake, zidadziwika kuti, mwachitsanzo, mbawala imatha kudya mandimu kuti iwonjezere mapuloteni mthupi. Zachidziwikire, izi ndizosawerengeka, koma zimachitika komabe. Komanso atsekwe adawonedwa akudya makoswewa, ndipo amawadyera chimodzimodzi - chifukwa chosowa mapuloteni.
Lemmings amasangalalanso ndi agalu omata. Ngati akugwira ntchito apeza miniti kuti agwire nyamayo ndikukhala ndi chotukuka, ndiye kuti adzagwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu. Izi ndi zabwino kwambiri kwa iwo, chifukwa cha zovuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa ntchito yawo.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti mukakumana ndi abambo ndi nyama zina zambiri, ndimu zambiri sizithawa, koma nthawi zambiri zimalumphira mbali yawo, kenako nkuyimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, ndikuchemerera, kuyesa kuwopseza mdani.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kulima nyama
Ma lemmings, ngakhale amakhala ndi moyo wawufupi wamunthu payekha, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo, ndi banja lokhazikika la makoswe. Chiwerengero cha zolusa, kutengera kuchuluka kwa ndimu, zimasinthidwa mwachilengedwe chaka ndi chaka. Chifukwa chake, sawopsezedwa kuti atha.
Chifukwa chobisika kwa nyama komanso kuyenda kwawo pafupipafupi pofunafuna chakudya, kuchuluka kwa mandimu kumakhala kovuta kuwerengera, koma malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosadziwika, kumawonjezeka zaka makumi angapo. Chokhacho chingakhale nthawi yazaka zingapo zapitazi, pomwe chiwerengerocho, ngati chinalipo, sichinali chofunikira.
Amakhulupirira kuti kuchepa kukadatha kukhudzidwa ndi nyengo yotentha yakumpoto, yomwe idathandizira kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka chipale chofewa. M'malo mwa chipale chofewa chofewa, ayezi adayamba kupanga padziko lapansi, zomwe sizinali zachilendo kwa mandimu. Izi zidawathandiza kuti achepetse.
Koma kuchepa mobwerezabwereza kwa kuchuluka kwa ziwengo m'mbiri kumadziwikanso, monganso kuchira kwa anthu. Pafupipafupi, kusintha kwakachulukidwe kumakhala kozungulira nthawi zonse, ndipo pambuyo pachimake panali kuchepa komwe kumakhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya. Kwa zaka 1-2, chiwerengerocho chakhala chikubwerera mwakale, ndipo kuphulika kumachitika zaka 3-5 zilizonse. Lemming amadzidalira kuthengo, kotero tsopano wina sayenera kuyembekezera zovuta zake.
Tsiku lofalitsidwa: 17.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 21:35
