Za ife tonse kadzidzi amadziwika kuyambira ali mwana, chifukwa nkhani zambiri, nthano za nazale, ndakatulo zalembedwa za iye, ndiye ngwazi yamakatuni osiyanasiyana, opatsa nzeru komanso otchuka. Mbalame yodabwitsayi imawoneka ngati yolimba komanso yayikulu, koma yokongola komanso yokongola. Kuyang'ana kadzidzi, munthu sangakhalebe wopanda chidwi, chifukwa mawonekedwe ake ndi okongola kwambiri. Kodi alidi wanzeru komanso wokwiya ngati momwe zimawonekera koyamba?
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Owl
Chiwombankhanga chachikulu ndi nyama yayikulu yamphongo yochokera ku banja la kadzidzi, yomwe ili m'gulu la akadzidzi. Mpaka pano, sizinthu zonse zomwe zimadziwika pa moyo wa mbalame zodabwitsazi. Kuyambira kalekale, kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga wakopa chidwi cha anthu ndi kukongola kwake, poyambira komanso chinsinsi chake. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa kadzidzi wamkulu, zomwe sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kadzidzi ndi wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa kadzidzi.
Kanema: Owl
Makhalidwe omwe amadziwika ndi kadzidzi ndi malamulo ake olimba, thupi la mbalameyo limafanana ndi mbiya. Kadzidzi amasiyanitsidwa ndi mbalame zina ndi maso ake akulu opanda malire, ofanana ndi miyezi iwiri ya lalanje. Pamwambapa pali makutu a nthenga, okumbutsa za nsidze zamphamvu zowuma. Nthenga zokongola zokongola za kadzidzi zimasiyana m'mitundumitundu, zimadalira malo okhalamo ndipo zimakhala ngati zobisalira bwino. Tidzafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe amitundu ina ya akadzidzi.
Kadzidzi wamba ndi wokulirapo, kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumatha kufikira 75 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 4 kg. Nthawi zina mapiko a kadzidzi amafikira pafupifupi mita ziwiri. Kujambula ndizosiyana, zimatengera malo omwe nyama zimakhazikika. Ikhoza kukhala yofiirira, yowala beige, yofiira. Chiwombankhanga chafalikira kumadera akumpoto a Asia, Europe ndi Africa, komanso kudera lonse la Eurasia.
Kadzidzi wa nsomba akhoza kukhala wokulirapo kuposa wakale uja, ali pachiwopsezo cha chiwonongeko. Mapiko a mbalameyi amafika mamita 2.5. Mtundu wa chilombocho ndi bulauni, wopanda ziphuphu, monophonic, palibe nthenga ku zala ndi Tarso. Amakhala m'mapanga a mitengo yovunda, amadya nsomba, ndichifukwa chake adadziwika.
Madera a kadzidzi a chiwombankhanga:
- Kum'mawa Kwambiri;
- Manchuria;
- Japan.
Kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga cha ku Nepal ndi mbalame yapakatikati. Kutalika kwa thupi nthawi zina kumakhala kopitilira masentimita 50. Zolira za kadzidziyu ndizofanana kwambiri ndi za anthu, chifukwa chake nthano zambiri zachinsinsi zalembedwa zakunyumba kwawo. Mtundu wa mbalameyi ndi wotuwa, koma anawo ndi owala kwambiri. Amakhala makamaka m'maiko aku Asia.
Virginia owl ali ndi dzina ili chifukwa koyamba kuti apezeke ndi atsamunda ku US state of Virginia. Kutalika kwa thupi lamtunduwu ndi pafupifupi masentimita 63. Mtundu wa nthenga umatha kukhala wofiirira, wakuda ndi woyera komanso wakuda wolimba. Ndilo lalikulu kwambiri ku America.
Chiwombankhanga cha ku Africa chitha kutchedwa chaching'ono kwambiri, kukula kwake kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 45. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mabanga, chifukwa nthenga zake zofiirira zofiira zimasungunuka ndi mabala owala. Amapezeka kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Arabia Peninsula.
Kadzidzi wa mphungu wa Bengal ndi wamkulu pakati, thupi lake limakhala lalitali pafupifupi theka la mita kapena kuposerapo, ndipo kulemera kwake kumapitilira kilogalamu imodzi. Mbalameyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wonyezimira wa beige wokhala ndi bulauni wonyezimira.
Chiwombankhanga cha Bengal amakhala:
- Burma;
- Pakistan;
- Nepal;
- India.
Mitunduyi imatetezedwa ndi akuluakulu aku India. Inde, pali mitundu ina ya akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga zomwe sizikutchulidwa pano.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Owl
Ngakhale kuti mtundu uliwonse wa kadzidzi uli ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera, komabe tiwunikanso mawonekedwe akulu a mbalame zodabwitsa izi. Tazindikira kale kuti kukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pa 40 mpaka 75 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kwakukulu kwambiri kumafikira makilogalamu 4.5, ngakhale kuti kulemera kwa kadzidzi ndi 2-3 kg. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'malo ofunda, akumwera ndizochepa komanso zopepuka kuposa zomwe zimakhala kumpoto.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: kadzidzi wachikulire chachikazi ndi chokulirapo komanso chachikulu kuposa champhongo.
Pafupifupi akadzidzi onse a ziwombankhanga ndi olimba komanso okhazikika, miyendo yawo ndi yamphamvu komanso yayifupi, ndipo thupi lawo limapangidwa ngati mbiya. Pa miyendo pali zala zolimba, zokhala ndi chida chowopsa - zopindika zakuda ngati zikhadabo, zomwe zimaboola nyamayo liwiro la mphezi, kuwononga mitsempha yake, motero wovulalayo nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa chotaya magazi. Tarisi ndi zala zitha kukhala ndi nthenga kapena mwina, kutengera mtundu wa kadzidzi.
Nthenga za chiwombankhanga ndizolimba komanso zotakasuka, zomwe zimathandiza mbalame kuyenda popanda kupanga phokoso. Monga tanenera kale, mtundu wa nthengawo ndi wosiyana ndi mitundu yonse, koma chofunikira kwa kadzidzi ndi kuthekera kwake kopambana koposa, chifukwa masana kumagona, kotero kulumikizana ndi malo oyandikana nawo kumawathandiza kukhala ndi moyo.
Chizindikiro cha kadzidzi ndikutuluka kwa nthenga pamutu, zimayenda mozungulira ndikufanana ndi nsidze kapena makutu. Asayansi sanatsimikizire ubale wawo ndi kumva mbalame.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: akatswiri ena odziwa za mbalame amakhulupirira kuti nthenga za chiwombankhanga chimakhala ngati tinyanga tomwe timangotulutsa mawu pang'ono, koma uku ndikungoganiza chabe.
Kadzidzi ndi wokongola komanso wowuluka bwino, mapiko ake amatha kutalika mamita awiri ndi theka. Mbalameyi imangokhalapo, koma mikwingwirima yakuya, yomwe imalowetsedwa m'malo mwake ikukwera. Liwiro lapamwamba kwambiri limawonedwa panthawi yomwe akuukira wovulalayo. Mchira ndi wofunikira pakuwongolera ndege. Itha kukhala yayifupi kapena yayitali, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yozungulira. Maso a kadzidzi akunyalanyaza kukula ndi kuya kwake.
Iwo ndi ozungulira, iris ikhoza kukhala ya mitundu iyi:
- Ofiira;
- Kwambiri lalanje;
- Wachikasu;
- Brown (monga mtundu umodzi).
Maso a kadzidzi ali mazira, osayenda ndipo atakhazikika patsogolo pake. Ndi mutu wokha womwe umazungulira kuchokera mbali kupita mbali, umatha kuzungulira madigiri 270. Pali malingaliro olakwika akuti kadzidzi amakhala akhungu masana, izi siziri choncho: ngakhale masana amasiyanitsa bwino zinthu zomwe zili kutali ndi iwo.
Kodi kadzidzi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chinyama cha Owl
Ngakhale kuti mitundu yambiri ya akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga ili pangozi, mbalamezi ndizofala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Kadzidzi amakhala:
- Africa;
- Kumpoto kwa Amerika;
- Eurasia;
- South America.
Ponena za dziko lathu, akadzidzi amagulu amagawidwa kudera lake lonse. Mbalame zolemekezekazi zimakonda malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe: nkhalango, madera achipululu, madera akumapiri, m'mbali mwa madamu amitundu yonse. Mbalameyi sakonda tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra, kotero sizingapezeke pamenepo.
Akadzidzi amakonda kukhazikika pamiyala yodzala ndi zitsamba zowirira, amakonda kupita kumapiri okhala ndi zigwa zakuya. Yokonda kadzidzi ndi madambo, zigwa zakuya zam'madzi, nkhalango. Kawirikawiri, kadzidzi a chiwombankhanga amayesetsa kupewa nkhalango yowirira, yomwe imakhala pamphepete mwa nkhalango ndi m'mphepete mwake, posankha minda yaing'ono.
Chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimatsimikizira kusankha kwa ichi kapena gawo lokhalamo kwachikhalire, ndichachidziwikire, kupezeka kwa chakudya. Kadzidzi amasaka osati pamalo pomwe amapangira zisa zawo, komanso kufupi ndi komweko: m'malo otseguka a minda, madera, zigwa ndi madera owonekera, pomwe masewera osiyanasiyana amatha kubisala.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: kadzidzi samachita manyazi ndi anthu konse, amatha kukhazikika m'minda, m'mapaki amzinda, pafupi ndi malo olimidwa, kudya makoswe ndi tizirombo, potero amateteza mbewu.
Nanga kadzidzi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kadzidzi wa Mphungu
Kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga ndi chilombo chokhala ndi nthenga, mndandanda wake ndiwosiyanasiyana komanso wolemera. Zimaphatikizapo kupanga zazing'ono komanso zazikulu. Mitundu yaing'onoting'ono ya kadzidzi imakonda kudya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Ziwombankhanga zimasangalala kudya makoswe monga hamsters, agologolo, mbewa, agologolo apansi, ma jerboas. Anthu akuluakulu amatha kusaka nyama zamphongo, mbira, agwape, mbuzi zamapiri, martens, ndi hares.
Ziwombankhanga sizimanyozanso mbalame: abakha, nkhwangwa, mapelesi, ma grouse, mbalame, ntchentche, grouse wakuda, akhwangwala, ma hazel grouse. Zokwawa monga abuluzi, njoka ndi akamba zilinso ndi malo mu chakudya cha kadzidzi. Kadzidzi amadya nsomba zosiyanasiyana ndi nkhanu. Mitundu ina ya akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi matupi a madzi imagwiranso nsomba. Mbalame zodabwitsazi ndi mileme, ma hedgehogs wamba amawadya. Si pachabe kuti kadzidzi amakhala ndi chilolezo chokhaliratu m'malo omwe nyama zonsezi ndizochuluka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: kukula kwa nyama ya kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga kumatha kupitilira kukula kwa mbalameyo kangapo ma 10.
Panalibe milandu pamene kadzidzi anaukira munthu. Zachidziwikire, mbalameyo sitha kudya msanga nyama yayikulu ngati mphalapala kapena gwape wamphongo, chifukwa chake amabisa gawo lomwe adadya theka m'malo obisika kuti, akakhala ndi njala, apitilize kudya. Nthawi zina akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga amatha kuba, kuba nyama za nyama zina, komanso nthawi zina kukoka nyambo pamisampha yolowera.
Chiwombankhanga chimameza nyama yaying'ono kwambiri, ndikung'amba zidutswa zonse zazikulu ndi mulomo wake wakuthwa, womwe umadya limodzi ndi ubweya. Kadzidzi samakhala ndi njala, chifukwa mbale zake zimakhala zolemera komanso zosiyanasiyana.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Owl Red Book
Ziwombankhanga zimagwira ntchito mwamphamvu nthawi yamadzulo komanso usiku, zikamapita kokasaka nyama mwachangu, kufunafuna nyama yowonera ndi maso.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: pakusaka, mitundu yambiri ya akadzidzi amtundu wa chiwombankhanga imatulutsa mkokomo wowopsa womwe umawopseza nyama zazing'ono komanso mbalame zogona zomwe zimatuluka m'malo awo kapena kuwuluka. Nthawi zambiri, kadzidzi amapha mbalame pomwe zikuuluka.
Kutacha, kadzidzi amabwerera kumalo ake kukagona ndi kupukusa nyama yomwe idadyedwa usiku. Ziwombankhanga zimabisala ndikudzibisa kuti zisavutike ndi mbalame zina, zomwe zimadana ndi adani komanso kuti, kuwona kadzidzi akugona masana, kuyesera kuukira, sizimabweretsa zowononga zambiri, koma zimasokoneza mpumulo wa kadzidzi, kotero amayenera kufunafuna malo odalirika komanso osawoneka.
Ziwombankhanga zimakonda kukhala zokha; ndi mbalame zomwe sizimangokhala. Amatha kukwera ndege mokakamiza ngati kulibe chakudya chokwanira m'malo awo okhalitsa. Ndi akadzidzi okha omwe amakhala kumadera akumpoto omwe amawerengedwa kuti akusamuka ndipo nthawi yozizira kwambiri amapita kumwera kukadyetsa.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kadzidzi amakhala motalikirana mpaka atakumana ndi mnzake, yemwe pambuyo pake amalumikiza tsogolo lake pamoyo. Ziwombankhanga zimakhala zosamala kwambiri ndipo zimasamalira chisa chawo kwa zaka zambiri pamalo omwewo. Gawo lakutali la maukwati angapo apakati limatha kufikira makilomita 80, mbalame zimazitchinjiriza mosamala kuti zisakhudzidwe ndi alendo.
Payokha, ziyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti nyimbo za kadzidzi, zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri kotero kuti zimatha kupangitsa chidwi china kwa ena. Mawu a kadzidzi amatha kufanana ndi mawu amunthu, akulira, kuseka, kuwombera, kugundana, kutsokomola ndi kulira. Sizosangalatsa kuti m'nthano zosiyanasiyana kadzidzi amawopseza omwe adatayika m'nkhalango yausiku. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa wowopseza ndipo nthano zingapo zowopsa ndikuwonjezera.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Owl m'chilengedwe
Ziwombankhanga zimakhwima mchaka chachiwiri chamoyo, ndipo nyengo yawo yokwatirana imayamba kugwira ntchito yake mu February-Marichi. Mu mitundu ina ya akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga, chibwenzi chimatsagana ndi magule okhathamira (Virginia owl owl), mitundu ina imayamba nyimbo yaukwati. Kadzidzi amayesa kudyetsa wokondedwayo, kumuwonetsa kuti amusamalira akamaswa mazira. Monga tanenera kale, akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga amapanga mitundu iwiri yolimba yomwe amakhala nayo moyo wawo wonse.
Mbali zambiri, kadzidzi samapanga zisa, koma amaikira mazira ake m'mbuna zadothi pakati pa mizu, miyala, pansi pa mitengo. Nthawi zina mbalame zimakhala zisa zomwe wina wasiya. Mkazi amaikira mazira masiku awiri kapena anayi, nthawi zambiri kuyambira mazira 3 mpaka 5. Mu mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga, mazira amakhala mpaka masentimita asanu kapena asanu ndi awiri kutalika kwake, chipolopolocho pa iwo chimakhala cholimba ndipo chimakhala chofewa pafupi ndi kuswa. Pambuyo pokasira mazira, njira yoswetsa imayamba, yomwe imatha pafupifupi mwezi. Munthawi imeneyi, wamwamuna amabweretsa nyama yomwe wagwira kwa mayi wake.
Atabadwa, anapiye a mwana amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 60, thupi lawo lonse limakutidwa ndi kuwala pang'ono, sabata yoyamba maso awo atsekedwa. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono ndizosusuka kwambiri, chifukwa chake, patatha milungu itatu zitaswa, mayi amayamba kusaka ndi abambo ake kuti adyetse ana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: pakati pa anapiye a kadzidzi, chodabwitsa monga kudya anzawo chimapangidwa, pomwe ng'ombe yayikulu komanso yamphamvu kwambiri imatha kudya m'bale wawo wam nthenga.
Atatsala pang'ono kukwanitsa mwezi umodzi, anapiye okulirapo amayamba kuwona malo owazungulira, akuyenda, makamaka wapansi. Akakwanitsa miyezi iwiri akuuluka, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, ndipo amayamba kuuluka pafupi kwambiri atakwanitsa miyezi itatu, koma ngakhale asanakwanitse miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amatha kupempha chakudya kwa makolo awo.
Ana akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga amadziyimira pawokha ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, ngakhale ena amakhala ndi makolo awo nthawi yayitali. Ziwombankhanga zimatha kutchedwa azaka zapakati pa zana, chifukwa zaka zapakati pa moyo wawo m'chilengedwe zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 16, ndipo ena amakhala kwa kotala la zana limodzi, ali mu ukapolo, zitsanzo za munthu aliyense zitha kukhala zaka theka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: pakhala pali milandu pomwe ali mu ukapolo, kadzidzi amakhala zaka 70.
Adani achilengedwe a Owl
Chithunzi: Owl owl
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga angawerengedwe kuti ndiye wamkulu pachakudya, chomwe chimasonyeza kuti alibe mdani kuthengo. Mbalameyi ndi yamphamvu kwambiri komanso ndi yaikulu, choncho adani ena sathamangira kukapha kadzidzi. Zinyama zazing'ono zokha ndi zomwe zimatha kuvutika ndi zimbalangondo ndi mimbulu, koma zoterezi zimawerengedwa kuti ndizapadera ndipo ndizosowa kwambiri.
Ziwombankhanga zimawopsezedwa ndi tiziromboti tambiri tomwe timakhala mu nthenga zowirira; matenda osiyanasiyana ndi matenda omwe amapezeka ndi tiziromboti tomwe timatha kupha mbalameyo.
Mdani woopsa kwambiri wa kadzidzi ndi amene amawononga anthu ake, mwachindunji kapena m'njira zina. Ngakhale m'zaka zaposachedwa, anthu molakwika amakhulupirira kuti akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga amawononga nthaka yaulimi, kotero adawononga kwambiri zolengedwa zokongola zamitengazi, chifukwa chake mitundu yambiri ya akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga tsopano akuti ili pangozi.
Munthu amavulaza mbalame polowa m'malo awo, kuyendetsa mbalame kutali ndi madera awo okhalamo ndi ziwawa zawo. Komanso, poyizoni wa makoswe ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana amawononga mbalame zambiri zomwe zimawasaka ndipo zimafa msanga atadya nyama ya mbewa yapoizoni.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kadzidzi wa Forest
Ngakhale kuti kadzidzi ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri, anthu ake ndiwodziwikiratu komanso okhumudwitsa. Mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zapaderazi yatsala pang'ono kutha. Chifukwa cha izi, mwatsoka, ndizochita mosaganizira za munthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa nyama ndi mbalame zambiri kukhala zomvetsa chisoni, pakati pawo pali kadzidzi. Munthu samangopha mbalame ndi manja ake okha kuti apeze zikho, komanso amawononga malo omwe amapezako anthu.
Mwachitsanzo, kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa malo a kadzidzi a chiwombankhanga kunayamba m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi mphambu makumi awiri. Kadzidzi wasowa kwathunthu m'maiko monga Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark. M'madera omwe amapezeka ku Germany ndi France, mbalameyi yasowa kwambiri kapena yasowa kwathunthu.
Ponena za Russian Federation, mdziko lathu, mitundu yambiri ya chiwombankhanga imawonekeranso kuti ili pachiwopsezo chifukwa chakuti idawonongedwa mosalamulirika kale m'masiku a USSR. Mwambiri, kulibe pafupifupi ziwerengero zenizeni za kuchuluka kwa izi kapena mitundu ya kadzidzi. Pali zambiri zakukula kwake, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mbalamezi ndizochepa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwawo kumasiyana pakati pa 15 ndi 340 awiriawiri. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti munthu aganize za kuteteza nyama zokongolazi komanso zokongola za nthenga.
Chitetezo cha Owl
Chithunzi: Owl kuchokera ku Red Book
Monga tanenera kale, kuchuluka kwa akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga kukucheperachepera, ndipo mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo imatha kutheratu padziko lapansi. Chiyambire pakati pa zaka zana zapitazi, mbalamezi zaphedwa mwachangu ndi manja aanthu. Chifukwa chake, anthu adateteza mbewu zawo, osadziwa kuti kadzidzi amabweretsa zabwino zokha, kusaka makoswe. Chiwerengero cha mbalame chatsika kwambiri, chifukwa chake m'maiko ambiri aboma adachita nawo ntchito yoteteza, kuphatikiza kadzidzi ku Red Book.
M'dziko lathu, kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga amalembedwanso mu Red Book, amatetezedwa m'malo ambiri osungira, malo osungira nyama otchedwa "Russian North". Kadzidzi wapatsidwa gawo lachiwiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mbalame zamtunduwu zachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwake, ndipo m'malo ena omwe zidakhazikikapo kale, wasowa kwathunthu.
Chiwombankhanga chimatchulidwa ngati mitundu ya mbalame zotetezedwa osati ku Russia kokha, koma imaphatikizidwanso pamgwirizano wapadziko lonse wokhudza kuteteza mbalame; imatetezedwa m'malo ambiri otetezedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Kuti atsitsimutse anthu omwe akucheperachepera, anthu amaswana mbalame atagwidwa. Ziwombankhanga zimaswana bwino m'malo opangira zinthu, koma palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti mbalamezi zimazika mizu m'malo achilengedwe.
Mwachidule, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti kuwonekera kwa kadzidzi ndi ulemu ndi kukongola kwake, kukutengerani ku nthano yodabwitsa yodzaza ndi zozizwitsa. Ngakhale kunja kwake ali wachisoni pang'ono komanso wosamvetsetseka, koma nthawi zonse amakhala wanzeru komanso wolemekezeka. Musaiwale za momwe zimapindulira kadzidzi, kuwononga makoswe owononga minda yolimidwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04/14/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 nthawi 20:40
