Belukha Ndi whale wamphongo wosowa kwambiri komanso imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Itha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi mtundu wake wapadera komanso mawonekedwe ake. Whale wobadwa ndi buluu kapena imvi, nsomba yoyera imasanduka yoyera potha msinkhu. Mutu wokongola ukuwoneka kwambiri ngati dolphin ndikumwetulira kwapadera komanso mawonekedwe anzeru, okonda kudziwa. Kusapezeka kwa dorsal fin komanso mutu wosunthika kumapereka chithunzi cha munthu wokutidwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Belukha
Dzinalo Delphinapterus leucas limachokera ku Chigiriki "delphis" - dolphin. "Apterus" kwenikweni amatanthauzira ngati wopanda mapiko, omwe nthawi yomweyo amawonetsa kuti kulibe chinsalu chowoneka bwino mu namgumi wa beluga. Dzina la mitundu "leucas" limachokera ku Greek "leucos" - yoyera.
Mwa mtundu, Delphinapterus leucas ndi yam'magulu apamwamba kwambiri. Nyama yamchere iyi yamtundu wa cetaceans ndi ya banja la narwhal. Oimira okha mtundu wa Belukha ndi (Delphinapterus de Lacépède, 1804).
Kanema: Belukha
Malongosoledwe oyamba a anamgumi a beluga adapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. Wofufuza wina dzina lake Peter Pallas, ali ku Russia, anamva za nyama yapadera ndipo analemba nkhani za mboni zowona ndi maso. Pambuyo pake, popita ku Gulf of Ob, wazachilengedwe anali ndi mwayi kuti adadziwonera yekha ndi kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane white whale mu 1776. Nyamayo idaphatikizidwa m'mabuku owonera za zoological ndipo adasankhidwa mu 1804.
Namgumi wa Beluga amadziwika kuti ndiwopezadi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo m'maiko onse ndipo amawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama yopanda kuphunzira. Mikangano yokhudza mgwirizano wamitundu yoyera yoyera idabuka pakati pa zaka za zana la 20. Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zamoyo anayesa kugawa nyamayi ya mano kukhala mitundu, pamene ena adatsindika za kukhazikika kamodzi.
Malingaliro okhudzana ndi chiyambi cha mitunduyo ndi mikangano yokhudza kapangidwe ka mtundu wa nyama idakulirakulira mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 21. Lero, mgwirizano wafika pamutu woti ndi mtundu wanji. Whale woyera amatchedwa mtundu umodzi wokha wa namgumi wa beluga.
Chosangalatsa: Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti anamgumi oyamba adachokera kuzinyama zapadziko lapansi zomwe zidabwerera m'madzi zaka 55-60 miliyoni zapitazo. Oimira oyamba a banja la narwhal adawonekera pambuyo pake - zaka 9-10 miliyoni zapitazo kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Beluga
Nangumi wotchedwa beluga amatchedwa dolphin. Mutu wawung'ono wokongola wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, mphuno yayitali ndi pakamwa "pomwetulira" mosakayikira zimapereka chibale cha dolphin mu nsomba. Mutu wosunthika wa namgumi wa beluga umasiyanitsa ndi abale ena mu dongosolo. Izi zidasungidwa mumtunduyu chifukwa cha ma vertebrae, omwe sanalumikizane, monga oimira ena a cetaceans.
Chifukwa chamtunduwu, anangumi amapewa amatulutsa mapewa, chifuwa chachikulu komanso thupi logwira mchira. Khungu ndi losalala, lowala, lotanuka. Kutalika kwa thupi la namgumi wamkulu kumafikira mamita 6. Nangumi woyera ali ndi zipsepse zakutsogolo mopambanitsa poyerekeza ndi thupi. Kutalika kwawo ndi 1% ya thupi lathunthu - 60 cm, m'lifupi mwake ndi masentimita 30. Zipilala zazing'ono zimalipidwa ndikukula kwa mchira. Kutalika kwake ndi mita, ndipo nthawi zina kuposa.
Zolemba zam'madzi za namgumi zimasinthidwa kukhala zamoyo ku Arctic. Kulemera kwa mwamuna wamkulu kumatha kusiyanasiyana makilogalamu 1600 mpaka 2000. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha kulemera kwake ndi mafuta ochepa. Mu anamgumi oyera, imatha kufikira theka la kulemera kwa thupi, pomwe nyanjayi zina zimangokhala 20%.
Kumva kumakula bwino mwa nyama. Katundu wodziwika bwinoyu amalola anangumi a beluga kuti apeze mabowo opumira pansi pa madzi oundana. Nsagwada zokongola za namgumi woyera zili ndi mano 30 mpaka 40. Amakhala ndi mphako, yomwe imachitika chifukwa cha kukangana kwa mano wina ndi mnzake. Izi zimachitika chifukwa choluma kwa namgumiyo. Nsagwada zomwe zimatuluka pang'ono ndi mano otsetsereka zimaloleza namgumi wa beluga kuluma nyama.
Anangumi amenewa amasambira pang'onopang'ono. Liwiro limayambira 3 mpaka 9 km paola. Komabe, namgumi wa beluga amatha kufika pa liwiro lalikulu makilomita 22 pa ola limodzi ndikuigwira kwa mphindi 15. Ali ndi kuyendetsa bwino. Amatha kupita kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.
Amalowa m'madzi osaya madzi ataphimba thupi. Nthawi zambiri ma belugas amathira pansi kwambiri, pafupifupi 20 metres. Komabe, amathanso kuyenda m'madzi kwambiri. M'mayeso oyeserera, namgumi wophunzitsidwa bwino wa beluga adapanga ma dives angapo mpaka mita 400. Whale wina anamira mpaka mamita 647. Madzi otuluka pansi samatha mphindi 10, koma amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kupitilira mphindi 15.
Kodi beluga amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: whale beluga
Whale wam'madzi amakhala m'madzi akumpoto:
- Nyanja;
- Nyanja;
- Malo;
- Fjords.
Imaloŵa m'madzi osaya a m'nyanja za Arctic, mopitilizabe kutentha ndi dzuwa. Pali nthawi zina pomwe anamgumi a beluga amapezeka pakamwa pamtsinje. Izi zimachitika mchilimwe. Namgumi amadyetsa, amalumikizana, komanso amaberekana. Kutentha kwamadzi panthawiyi kumakhala pakati pa 8 ndi 10 madigiri Celsius.
Anangumi a Beluga amapezeka m'nyanja zam'mlengalenga komanso zozungulira za Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia ndi Alaska. Pali anthu osiyana ku Gulf of St. Lawrence ndi Nyanja ya Okhotsk kum'mawa kwa Russia. M'madera awo onse, pali anthu osiyanasiyana omwe amakhala m'malo osiyana am'nyanja yakumpoto.
Anangumi a Beluga amakhala mu White and Kara Seas. Nthawi zambiri amapita kudera laling'ono m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma amatha kuyenda pansi pamadzi mita mahandiredi angapo kukafunafuna chakudya. Whale wam'mano amapezeka pagombe la Russia, Canada, Greenland, Alaska. Amawonekera kum'mawa kwa Hudson Bay, Ungava Bay, ndi St. Lawrence River.
Namgumi wa beluga amatha miyezi yozizira kugombe la Greenland, ndipo kutentha kutangoyamba kumene, amapulumukira kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Davis Strait. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti anamgumi anawoneka kuchokera pagombe la Scotland ku Edinburgh Strait. Mpaka pakati pa zaka zapitazo, namgumi wa beluga adalowa mumitsinje yayikulu ya Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur, nthawi zina imakwera kumtunda kwamakilomita mazana ambiri.
Namgumi wa Beluga amapezeka kwambiri m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic, komanso amapezeka m'madzi akumwera. Anangumi amasamukira kum'mwera m'magulu akuluakulu madzi akayamba kuzizira.
Kodi whale whale amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Beluga nyama
Belugas amadya mosiyana. Amadya nyama pafupifupi 100, zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kunyanja. Zakudya za namgumi wa beluga zili ndi nsomba zokha.
Zotsalira za ma crustaceans ndi zopanda mafupa zimapezeka m'mimba mwa belugas:
- Octopuses;
- Nsomba zam'madzi;
- Nkhanu;
- Molluscs;
- Mphungu.
Namgumi wam'mano amakonda nsomba.
Zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo:
- Capelin;
- Cod;
- Hering'i;
- Sungunulani;
- Fulonda.
Malinga ndi zomwe zimapezeka posunga ma belugas mu ukapolo, amadya chakudya cholemera makilogalamu 18 mpaka 27 patsiku. Izi ndi 2.5-3% ya thupi lathunthu.
Namgumi wa Beluga nthawi zambiri amasaka m'madzi osaya. Khosi losinthasintha limamulola kuti apange zovuta zina akusaka. Zochitika zikuwonetsa kuti namgumi wa beluga amatha kukoka madzi mkamwa mwake ndikuzikankhira kunja mopanikizika kwambiri, monga ma walrus. Ndege yamphamvu imatsuka pansi. Kuyimitsidwa mumchenga ndi chakudya kumakwera m'mwamba. Chifukwa chake, namgumi amatha kuukitsa nyama kuchokera kunyanja.
Whale wa Beluga amasaka masukulu a nsomba. Kusonkhanitsa mu gulu la anamgumi asanu kapena kuposerapo, belugas amayendetsa nsomba m'madzi osaya ndikuwombera. Nangumi amalephera kutafuna chakudya. Amameza chonse. Mano amapangidwa kuti agwire kapena kubudula nyama mosamala posaka.
M'mimba mwa anamgumi a beluga, akatswiri a zoo adapezanso matabwa, mchenga, miyala ndi mapepala. Mwachiwonekere, zinthu izi zimalowa m'nkhalango zikusaka m'madzi osaya. Anangumi sangadye chakudya chathunthu. Zipangizo zawo zokumeza sizinasinthidwe chifukwa cha izi ndipo amatha kuzitsamwa. Chifukwa chake, anamgumi a beluga amagwira nsomba zazing'ono, kapena kuzitsina ndikuzikhadzula.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Belukha
Belugas ndi nyama zoweta. Amasonkhana m'magulu a anthu mazana angapo. Pali nthawi zina pomwe gulu la anamgumi a beluga lidafikira nyama zopitilira chikwi. Namgumi wa Beluga amafunikira mpweya. Anangumi amathera pafupifupi 10% ya nthawi yawo pamtunda.
Nangumiyo ali ndi luso lotha kulankhulana bwino. Anangumi a Beluga amalumikizana pafupipafupi ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito echolocation. Phokoso limatulutsidwa mwamphamvu komanso mokweza. Amafanana ndi kulira kwa mbalame. Chifukwa cha anamgumi a beluga adatchedwa "canaries zam'nyanja". Mawu awo akumveka ngati akulira, muluzu ndi kukuwa. Namgumi wam'mano amawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri mwanjira zake. Amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akamasewera, mating ndi kulumikizana.
Anangumi a Beluga amagwiritsanso ntchito zolankhula ndi thupi polumikizana komanso kulumikizana. Amapereka ma siginolo, amatukuta mano, amasambira mosalekeza mozungulira abale awo, m'njira iliyonse yomwe ingakope chidwi cha iwo eni kapena chinthu chomwe chimawasangalatsa.
Akatswiri a zamoyo atsimikizira kuti anamgumi amagwiritsira ntchito kulankhulana polera ana awo. Amasamalira, amadyetsa ndi kuteteza ana awo. Pofuna kuteteza ana awo, amalowa m'mitsinje ikuluikulu, komwe amakhala mpaka milungu ingapo. Munthawi imeneyi, amasungunula ana awo.
Anangumi oyera ndi nyama zokonda kwambiri zokhala ndi malingaliro abwino komanso othamanga kwambiri. Ndimalumikizana ndi anthu. Amatsagana ndi zombo, zomwe nthawi zina amalipira ndi miyoyo yawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Beluga whale whale
Kukondana kumachitika pakati pa February ndi Meyi. Amuna amakopa chidwi cha akazi mwa kukopana, kuthamanga, kusewera ndi kumira. Nthawi yomweyo, amapanga phokoso lalikulu, ndikudina komanso likhweru. Polimbana ndi akazi, amuna amawonetsa mphamvu zawo komanso kupambana kwawo. Amuna amagwiritsa ntchito kumenyedwa kwa mchira m'madzi, kugwedeza mutu, phokoso lowopsa komanso kulimbitsa thupi. Iwo kudula mdani ndi kuweramira lakuthwa thupi, kutsekereza msewu ndi kusonyeza zonse zotheka kuti gawo chatsekedwa.
Chisankho chokwatirana chimapangidwa ndi mkazi. Caress ya anamgumi oyera ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Banjali limasewera, limasambira mogwirizana komanso limakhudza matupi awo. Mbewuyo imawonekera pakati pa Marichi ndi Seputembara. Mimba imatenga masiku 400-420. Akatswiri a zinyama ali ndi chidaliro kuti anamgumi oyera aakazi amatha kuchepetsa nthawi yobereka ndi kubereka ana a ng'ombe. Malingaliro awa amapangidwa chifukwa choti kubala mwana pagulu kumachitika pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo. Popeza njira yobereka imakhala yovuta kuyanjanitsa, chiphunzitso cha kulepheretsa mwana kumayambira.
Ana ang'onoang'ono a nsomba za white whale akulemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 80. Mtundu wa makandawo ndi wabuluu kapena imvi. Ng'ombe zimakhala ndi amayi awo kwa zaka zosachepera ziwiri. Nthawi yonseyi amadyetsedwa ndi mkaka. Mkaka wa m'mawere m'mimba umatha zaka 1.5 mpaka 2. Makanda obadwa kumene ali pakati pa akazi awiri: mayi ndi nyamata wachinyamata. Mwana wamwamuna amasamalidwa, kutetezedwa ndikuleredwa kuti apange mpweya.
Anangumi amakula msinkhu pofika zaka 4-7. Nthawi yawo yayitali ndi zaka 50. Amakhulupirira kuti akazi amakhala pafupifupi zaka 32, amuna mpaka 40.
Adani achilengedwe a belugas
Chithunzi: Anangumi a Beluga munyanja
Mwachilengedwe, anamgumi a beluga ali ndi adani ambiri. Monga lamulo, izi ndizilombo zazikulu kwambiri pansi pa madzi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chikhalidwe cha nyamayo, kukula kwake ndi nambala yake zimadalira malo okhala ndi namgumi wa beluga. Zina mwa izo ndi anamgumi opha, zimbalangondo zakumtunda, ndi nsombazi ku Greenland.
Belugas ndi nyama zosavuta kwa zimbalangondo. Nangumi woyera amadza pafupi ndi madzi oundana kumene kuli zimbalangondo zosaka. Nthawi zina zimbalangondo zimabwera pa ayezi osamukira makamaka kusaka, ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala pamenepo kwa masiku angapo. Zimbalangondo zakutchire zimasaka anangumi a beluga ndikuukira pogwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo ndi mano.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Namgumi wa beluga ali ndi njira zingapo zodzitetezera - kubisala, kutha kubisala mu ayezi ndi kuseri kwa munthu wamkulu wamtundu yemwe amatha kuthana ndi ziwombankhanga.
Orcas ali ndi njira ina yosakira. Pamene gulu la anangumi oyera liyamba kusamuka, namgumi wakupha amalowa nawo gululi ndipo amatsagana nalo njira yonse, akumawukira ndikuwapatsa chakudya nthawi zonse. Belugas nthawi zambiri amatha kumva anamgumi akupha, chifukwa chake zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwaukira. Chifukwa chothamanga kwambiri kwa anamgumi opha mu ayezi, belugas amatha kuthawa omwe amawathamangitsa.
Nsomba za Greenland zimathamangitsa sukuluyo ndikuukira osati nthawi yosamukira kokha, komanso m'malo awo. Komabe, anangumi oyera amatha kulimbana pamodzi. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zimakodwa mu ayezi a Arctic ndikufa, ndikukhala nyama ya zimbalangondo, anamgumi opha komanso anthu wamba.
Anthu amakhalabe chiwopsezo chachikulu ndikuwopseza kupulumuka kwa zamoyozo. Kusaka nyama pamtundu wa khungu ndi mafuta kwachepetsa kwambiri ziweto. Zowopsa zazikuluzikuluzikuluzi ndi zinyalala za poizoni ndi mafakitale, zinyalala, kusintha kwanyengo ndi chilengedwe m'malo awo oberekera komanso malo okhala.
Asayansi amati kuipitsa phokoso kumakhudza belugas. Kukula mwachangu komanso chitukuko cha kutumiza, kuwonjezeka kwa kuyenda kwa alendo akutchire kumalepheretsa kubereka kwabwinoko ndipo kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa ziweto, ndipo chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa ziweto.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Animal beluga
Chiyerekezo cha kuchuluka kwa ma belugas amasiyanasiyana kwambiri. Kusiyana kwa ziwerengero ndi makumi masauzande. Ichi ndi cholakwika chachikulu pamitundu yosawerengeka yotere.
Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi pano chikuchokera pa 150,000 mpaka 180,000 nyama. Malo makumi atatu a nsomba zazikulu zakhala zikupezeka - 12 ali ku Russian Federation. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri la anamgumi - opitilira 46% - amakhala pagombe la Russia nthawi zonse.
Malo okhala anthu ambiri:
- Bristol Bay;
- Nyanja ya Bering yaku Kum'mawa;
- Nyanja ya Chukchi;
- Nyanja ya Beaufort;
- Dziko Kumpoto;
- West Greenland;
- West, South ndi East Hudson Bay;
- Mtsinje wa St. Lawrence;
- Spitsbergen;
- Malo a Franz Josef;
- Ob Bay;
- Yenisei Gombe;
- Malo a Onega Bay;
- Dvinskaya Bay;
- Laptev nyanja;
- Nyanja ya Western Chukchi;
- Nyanja ya East-Siberia;
- Malo otchedwa Anadyr Bay;
- Gombe la Shelikhov;
- Sakhalin - Mtsinje wa Amur;
- Zilumba za Shantar.
Ma ichthyologists aku Canada ali ndi belugas 70,000 mpaka 90,000 mdera lawo. Chiwerengero cha anthu akumadzulo kwa Hudson Bay amadziwika kuti ndi akulu kwambiri m'madzi aku Canada - pafupifupi anthu 24,000. Anangumi a Beluga omwe amakhala m'dera lino amawonedwa ngati osagwirizana ndi zinthu zakunja, ngakhale kuli kwakachetechete komanso kulowererapo kwa anthu m'moyo wa chinsomba.
Anthu osamuka amawerengedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi nthumwi za mayiko osiyanasiyana - Denmark, Norway, Russia, Canada ndi Great Britain. Chiwerengero chawo poyambira ndichosiyana kwambiri ndi kumaliza. Ziwerengerozi zikuwonetsa kutayika kwamagulu kuchokera kuzowonongekedwa ndi zolusa komanso zochita za anthu.
Gulu lalikulu lanyama limakhala m'malo osungira nyama, m'madzi, m'madzi am'madzi am'madzi komanso ma dolphinariums. Asayansi sakudziwa kuti ndi anthu angati omwe angakhale mu ukapolo. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, zitha kukhala kuchokera kuzinyama 100 kapena kupitilira apo ku Russia, komanso anthu pafupifupi 250 m'maiko ena apadziko lapansi.
Kuteteza belugas
Chithunzi: Belukha Red Book
Whale wamlomo woyera amakhala m'gulu la Red Data Book ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Mndandanda wazowopseza umaphatikizapo kuwedza kwa mafakitale, zinthu zakunja ndi zonyansa za anthu. Anthu akomweko ku Arctic ku Alaska, Canada, Greenland ndi Russia amasaka anamgumi. Chiwerengero cha nyama zomwe zaphedwa pafupifupi 1000 pachaka. Ku Alaska, kuyambira 300 mpaka 400 adaphedwa, ku Canada, kuyambira 300 mpaka 400. Mpaka chaka cha 2008, bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lidayika gulu lankhondo la beluga ngati "osatetezeka". kuchuluka m'malo ena.
Anangumi a Beluga, monga mitundu ina yambiri ya ku Arctic, akukumana ndi kusintha kwa malo awo okhala chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana a Arctic. Sizikudziwika bwinobwino chifukwa chake anamgumi am'madzi amagwiritsa ntchito ayezi, koma akuganiza kuti awa ndi malo obisaliramo anamgumi omwe amapha anzawo. Kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi oundana ku Arctic kunadzetsa mavuto ambiri pakati pa anthu. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwanyengo kumatha kuziziritsa ming'alu ya madzi oundana omwe anamgumi amagwiritsa ntchito kupeza mpweya, pamapeto pake amapha anamgumi mwa kutsamwa.
Bungwe la US Congress lidapereka lamulo lachitetezo cha m'madzi loteteza m'madzi loletsa kutsatira ndi kusaka nyama zonse zam'madzi zam'madzi aku US. Lamuloli lasinthidwa kangapo kuti anthu amtunduwu azisaka chakudya, kugwira anthu ochepa kwakanthawi kofufuza, maphunziro ndi kuwonetsa pagulu. Akalulu akagulitsa ma anamgumi pachiwopsezo chotha m'malo ngati Cook Bay, Ungava Bay, St. Lawrence River komanso kumadzulo kwa Greenland. Kuphulika kwa nkhalango zamtundu wina komwe kungatanthauze kuti anthu ena apitilizabe kuchepa
Belukha - nyama yapadera yomwe yadutsa munthawi yovuta ya chisinthiko. Asayansi adakwanitsa kudziwa kuti makolo akale a white whale nthawi ina amakhala m'madzi ofunda, ndipo zisanachitike padziko lapansi. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zakale zomwe zidapezeka kumpoto kwa California, komanso mafupa a nyama yakale yomwe idapezeka ku Vermont, USA. Zotsalazo zidapuma pansi pa 3 mita mobisa komanso kutali ndi nyanja yapafupi kwambiri pamtunda wa 250 km. Kufufuza kwa DNA kunagwirizana ndi nambala ya whale wamakono wamakono. Izi zikutsimikizira kuti makolo ake adachoka kunyanja, ndikubwerera kumalo okhalamo madzi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 15.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 21:16
