Coyote - iyi ndi nkhandwe, chilombochi sichimafuna kupirira komanso kupirira, chimasinthasintha mosiyanasiyana, chifukwa ndiwodzichepetsa. Aaztec amamutcha coyotl ("galu waumulungu"), m'nthano zawo amachita ngati mulungu wochenjera, wonyenga, wochita zoyipa komanso wochenjera. Koma, kodi nkhandwe ndiwochenjera komanso wolimba monga akunenera? Tidzamvetsetsa izi mwatsatanetsatane, poganizira mawonekedwe ake akulu, zizolowezi ndi mawonekedwe.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Coyote
Coyote ndi chirombo chokhudzana kwambiri ndi banja la canine. Kumasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini, dzina la nyama iyi limatanthauza "galu wowuwa". Khwangwala amatchedwa osati galu yekha, komanso nkhandwe, koma dambo lokha, ngakhale mphalapala ndi wocheperako poyerekeza ndi nkhandwe wamba. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumafika mita imodzi, kupatula mchira, womwe ndi wamtali pafupifupi masentimita 30. Kutalika kwa mphalapala komwe kumafota ndi theka la mita, ndipo kukula kwake kumasiyana pakati pa 7 mpaka 21 kg. Nkhandwe ndi yayikulu komanso yayikulu kuposa mphamba, kulemera kwake ndi kwa makilogalamu 32 mpaka 60.
Kanema: Coyote
Pali ma subspecies ambiri a coyote, tsopano alipo khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi. Mitunduyi imasiyana pang'ono kukula ndi utoto wa malaya amotowo. Zimatengera kukhazikika kwa gawo limodzi la ma coyotes. Kunja, mphalapala amafanana ndi nkhandwe, amawoneka ngati nkhandwe komanso galu wamba. Coyotes adatuluka ngati mtundu wina kumbuyo kwa Pliocene (zaka zopitilira 2 miliyoni zapitazo).
Chosangalatsa: amphaka amatha kukwatirana ndi agalu komanso mimbulu (yofiira ndi imvi), potero amapanga ma hybridi. Coyote / galu wosakanizidwa amadziwika kuti ali ndi vuto lowononga nyama, kuwononga ziweto nthawi zambiri kuposa mphiri wamba.
Kukhazikika kwa nkhandwe kukukulira pang'onopang'ono, izi zidayamba m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, pomwe kuchuluka kwa mimbulu yofiira ndi imvi idachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwawo ndi anthu. Mbira yamphongo inalowa m'malo mwa mimbulu m'gawo lawo, yomwe imafalikira kwambiri ku North America.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Coyote yanyama
Mphalapala amaoneka owonda komanso owonda, chilombocho chili ndi miyendo yayitali koma yamphamvu. Mchira wa nyama ndiwofewa komanso wautali, nthawi zonse umawongolera kutsikira. Mphuno ya mphalapala ndi yotambalala pang'ono ndi kuloza, zomwe zimawoneka ngati nkhandwe.
Makutuwo ndi akulu mokwanira, amakona atatu komanso otambalala, nthawi zonse amaimirira, kuti aziwoneka patali. Maso a nyamayi ndi yaying'ono komanso yofuna kudziwa zambiri, imakhala ndi bulauni kapena kavalo wonyezimira, ndipo mphuno yakuthwa ndi yakuda, mozungulira pomwe pali ndevu zosowa (vibrissae).
Zowononga zimakhala ndi tsitsi lakuda komanso lalitali, mtundu wake umasiyana malinga ndi malo omwe atumizidwa kwamuyaya, utha kukhala:
- Imvi;
- Chofiyira;
- Woyera;
- Brown;
- Mdima wakuda.
Chosangalatsa: mimbulu yomwe imakhala kumapiri imakhala ndi ubweya wakuda, ndipo nyama zomwe zimakonda madera amchipululu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira.
M'mimba mwa mimbulu ndi mkati mwa khosi nthawi zonse zimakhala zowala, ndipo nsonga ya mchira ndi yakuda. Makutu owongoleredwa amakhudza mutu wina wofiira pamwamba, mthunzi uwu ukhoza kutsata pamphuno wotalika wa chilombocho. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mtundu wa chinyama siwofanana, ndipo nthawi zonse pamakhala malaya owala amdima wakuda pa malayawo.
Musadabwe kuti mphalapala amawoneka ngati nkhandwe komanso galu wamba nthawi imodzi, chifukwa ndi am'banja la canine komanso mtundu wa mimbulu. Mofanana ndi nyama zina zambiri zomwe zimadya nyama zinzake, mphalapala zazimayi ndi zazing'ono poyerekeza ndi zaimuna.
Kodi nkhandwe amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Wild Coyote
Monga tanenera kale, mitundu ya nkhandwe tsopano ndi yayikulu kwambiri, ngakhale chilombochi sichinali chofala kale. Tsopano nkhandwe zakhazikika ku North ndi Central America, komwe kumayambira ku Alaska kupita ku Costa Rica. Pasanathe zaka zana zapitazo, mphalapala inali ndi malo okhala mosadukiza, okhala mdera la Mississippi mpaka mapiri a Sierra Nevada, komanso kuchokera kuchigawo cha Canada ku Alberta kupita ku Mexico. Chilombochi sichinkadziwika kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa United States.
Tsopano zinthu zasintha kwambiri, izi zidachitika pazifukwa zingapo:
- Chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa;
- Kuwonongedwa kwa mimbulu yofiira ndi imvi ndi anthu, omwe anali mpikisano waukulu wamphamba.
Zonsezi zidalola kuti mimbulu ifalikire kumadera omwe chinyama ichi sichinawonekere kale. Amadziwika kuti nthawi ya "kuthamanga kwa golide" olanda nyama adatsata omwe amafuna zitsulo zamtengo wapatali motero adabwera kudera la Alaska ndi Canada, komwe akukhala mosatekeseka mpaka lero. M'mayiko aku America monga Florida ndi Georgia, anthu enieniwo amabweretsa nyamazi ngati nyama. Pakadali pano, amphaka amakhala m'maiko onse aku United States, kupatula m'modzi, odyetsawa mulibe ku Hawaii.
Nyamayo imakonda zigwa zotseguka, zokhala m'mapiri, madambo, zipululu komanso zipululu, sizachabe kuti idatchedwa "nkhandwe". Nthawi zina, mphalapala zimathanso kulowa m'nkhalango, koma osakhalitsa; nkhandwe zimakhalanso mumtambo. Nyama zodabwitsa izi zitha kutchedwa generalists, chifukwa zimazolowera mosavuta ndikusinthira kwina kulikonse. Ma Coyotes amatha kukhala kumadera akutali achipululu komanso kunja kwa madera akuluakulu (mwachitsanzo, Los Angeles).
Chochititsa chidwi: amphaka amatha kusintha msanga malo aliwonse a anthopogenic, ndipo mdera lamapiri amatha kupezeka pamtunda wa 2 - 3 km.
Kodi mphalapala amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: North Coyote
Ma Coyotes amatha kutchedwa omnivores, mndandanda wawo uli ndi zakudya zanyama ndi zinyama. Zachidziwikire, kuchuluka kwa chakudya cha nyama mu zakudya ndizochulukirapo. Zowonongekazi ndizodzichepetsa. Amphaka amadya mitundu yonse ya mbewa zazing'ono, akalulu, ma marmot, agalu a m'mapiri, agologolo agulugufe, amatha kumenyana ndi skunk, possum, beaver, ferret, raccoon. Nkhandwe sichimanyoza ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, amadya mbalame (pheasants).
Coyote samasakidwa kawirikawiri kuti aziweta ziweto, nswala zakutchire ndi agwape, koma nkhosa zoweta nthawi zambiri zimazunzidwa ndi mdani uyu. Ku United States, ziwerengero zikusungidwa, malinga ndi zomwe zidawululidwa kuti pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nkhosa zonse zomwe zawonongeka ndizophedwa ndi ziphuphu. Kuphatikiza pa zoweta zoweta, nkhosa zamapiri zamtchire zilinso mgulu la nkhandwe. Chilombocho sichidzakana njoka ndi akamba.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: mphalapala ndi wosambira wabwino kwambiri yemwe, ali m'madzi, amatha kugwira anthu ngati nyerere, nsomba ndi achule osiyanasiyana.
Makamaka mchilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, chakudya chomera chimapezekanso pachakudya cha mphalapala:
- Zipatso zosiyanasiyana;
- Zipatso;
- Zipatso;
- Mtedza;
- Mbeu za mpendadzuwa.
Mimbulu yomwe imakhala kumadera akumpoto nthawi zambiri imadya zovunda panthawi yamvula yozizira. Nthawi zambiri amathamangitsa gulu la osatuluka, kufunafuna odwala ndi ofooka m'menemo, komanso amadya omwe agwa. Milandu yakuzunzidwa ndi mimbulu ya anthu ndi yosowa kwambiri, ngakhale idachitikadi, ngakhale ziwonetsero ziwiri zidalembedwa momwe munthu wamwalira. Ma Coyotes samaopa mizinda ikuluikulu ndipo nthawi ya njala nthawi zambiri amayendera malo omwe akhala akutayako, akufunafuna zinyalala za anthu.
Ngati kuukira munthu kuli kotheka, kupatula lamuloli, ndiye kuti mphalapala amadya nyama zoweta monga amphaka ndi agalu aang'ono mosangalala. Mwambiri, monga mukuwonera, menyu ya nkhandweyi ndi yolemera kwambiri komanso yosiyanasiyana, ili ndi mbale zambiri pamitundu yonse. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti wopikisana naye kwambiri pankhani ya chakudya ndi nkhandwe zofiira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: American Coyote
Mpaka posachedwa, amphaka amawerengedwa kuti ndi osungulumwa, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa ndi asayansi akuwonetsa kuti izi sizomwe zili choncho. Ndi chikhalidwe chawo, nyamazi ndizokwatirana, mphalapala zimapanga banja lolimba. M'malo momwe chakudya chimakhala chochuluka, nyama nthawi zambiri zimakhala pagulu lonselo, makamaka makolo ndi ana awo amakula kuchokera ku ana omaliza. Gulu la mphalapala ngakhale zitakhala kuti kuli nyama zing'onozing'ono m'malo awo, ndipo ndizosatheka kusaka nyama zazikulu zokha, chifukwa chake zilombazi zimagwirizana kuti zigwire nyama yayikulu.
Mbawala nthawi zambiri imasaka madzulo. Nyama zimasaka makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi nyama zina zazing'ono zokha. Choyamba, nkhandwe imayang'ana nyama yomwe idzagwire mtsogolo, ndipo ikaiona, imayandikira mosamala kwambiri, kenako imathamanga kulumpha kamodzi, imakankhira nyama ija pansi ndikuluma khosi lake ndi mano ake akuthwa.
Tisaiwale kuti kuwona, kununkhiza komanso kumva kwa nkhandwe ndizabwino kwambiri, zomwe zimawathandiza kwambiri posaka. Zolusa izi nawonso othamanga kwambiri, amatha imathamanga makilomita 64 paola. Kusaka nyama zazikulu, amphaka amapanga magulu kuti azungulire ndikuyendetsa nyama yawo.
Chochititsa chidwi: pakusaka kophatikizana kophatikizana, amphaka adalumikizana ndi mbira, ndikugawana bwino ntchito zawo zosaka. Ikapeza dzenje, mbira imayamba kukumba, kuthamangitsa okhalamo ake, ndipo mphalapala amayang'anitsitsa kuti asaphonye aliyense. Ubwino wamgwirizano wachilendowu ndikuti mbira, pomwe imakumba maenje, imakhalabe pansi pa chitetezo cha nkhandwe, imagwira nyama yomwe idakwanitsa kuigwira mdzenjemo, ndipo nkhandwe imagwira mwanzeru omwe amayesera kuthawa.
Kuyankhulana pakati pa nkhandwe kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana, lililonse limakhala ndi tanthauzo lake. Ikamadziwitsa komwe kuli, nyama zimalira mofuula kwakanthawi. Phokoso ngati galu akuuwa likulengeza zaopseza. Kulira pang'ono kumatchulidwa ngati chizindikiro cha moni. Nthawi zina amphaka amalira akapeza nyama zazikulu kuti ayitanire gulu lonselo kumalo amenewo. Kulira kwakukulu ndikumvekera kumamveka kuchokera kwa ana agalu ang'onoang'ono pamasewera osewerera.
Amphaka amakhala, nthawi zambiri m'makola, omwe nthawi zambiri amakumba okha, ngakhale nthawi zina amatha kukhala ndi nkhandwe zopanda kanthu komanso malo ogona. Khola lotereli lili pakatikati pa malo awo osiyana, momwe anthu okwatirana kapena gulu laling'ono la nkhandwe amakhala, nthawi zambiri dera lamderali limakhala pafupifupi ma kilomita 20. Nthawi zambiri, mphalapala amakhala ndi malo okhala kwakanthawi, omwe amawakonza muzitsamba zowirira, ming'alu yamiyala ndi mabowo ochepa. Amagwiritsa ntchito kupumula kwakanthawi kochepa kapena pogona pangozi iliyonse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Coyote nyama
Ma Coyotes amatha kukhala okhwima ali ndi zaka chimodzi, izi zimakhudza akazi ndi abambo. Koma nyama zimapanga awiriawiri kufikira zaka ziwiri za moyo, ndiye gawo lawo lalikulu, ngakhale nthawi zambiri nyama zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Nyengo yokwanira kwa agalu amenewa imagwira ntchito kwambiri mu Januware ndi February. Kutalika kwa mimba ndi pafupi miyezi iwiri.
Ana amphaka amatha kukhala ndi ana 4 mpaka 12, ngakhale atha kukhala ochulukirapo. Chiwerengero cha ana agalu chimadalira kuchuluka kwa mphalapala m'dera linalake. Pomwe pali ambiri mwa odyetsawa, ndi ana ochepa omwe amabadwira kumeneko, ndipo, komwe, komwe kuli mimbulu yochepa, kuli ana agalu ambiri.
Ana amabadwa akhungu. Amayi amawasamalira ndi mkaka kwa mwezi umodzi ndi theka. Onse awiri amatenga nawo mbali pakulera ndikuwonetsa chisamaliro chodabwitsa kwa ana awo. Wamphongo amateteza dzenje kwa anthu osafunira zabwino ndipo amabweretsa chakudya chachikazi, ndipo amadyetsa anawo ndi chakudya chobwezeretsanso. Pakatikati pa sabata lachiwiri, ana agalu amayamba kuwona bwino, ndipo pofika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amakhala odziyimira pawokha, ndipo makolo awo amayamba kuwaphunzitsa kusaka.
Mwa akazi achichepere omwe akula, amuna mwachangu amasiya makolo awo, ndikupeza mabanja awo ndi gawo lawo, ndipo akazi achichepere okalamba amakonda kukhala ndi gulu lankhosa. Kubadwa kwa ana m'banja la mphalapala kumachitika kamodzi mchaka chimodzi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwakufa kwambiri pakati pa zolusa izi kudalembedwa mchaka choyamba chamoyo. Ndipo zaka zomwe anyani amakhala kuthengo amakhala ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu, ngakhale ali muukapolo nyamayi imatha kukhala ndi zaka 18.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhandwe
Chithunzi: Coyote
O, ndipo moyo siwophweka kwa mphalapala wamtchire, mikhalidwe yachilengedwe. Nyamayo imapanikizika nthawi zonse, kumenyera chakudya, kubisalira nyama zolusa zazikulu komanso zowopsa, kufunafuna malo abwino okhalamo, akuvutika ndi tiziromboti ndi matenda amtundu uliwonse. Ndibwino kuti mdani uyu ndi wodzichepetsa, wolimba kwambiri ndipo amadziwa momwe angasinthire moyenera pakusintha kwachilengedwe.
Ena mwa adani a nkhandwe ndi awa:
- Pum;
- Zimbalangondo;
- Agalu akulu;
- Volokov;
- Hawks;
- Kadzidzi;
- Orlov.
Oposa theka la ana amphaka amafa asanakwanitse zaka chimodzi. Chifukwa cha izi si zolusa zazikulu zokha, komanso mitundu yonse ya matenda, oopsa kwambiri omwe ndi chiwewe. Musaiwale kuti mphalapala sizinyansa zakufa, chifukwa chake chiopsezo chotenga matenda mumtunduwu ndichachikulu kwambiri.
Komabe, mdani woopsa kwambiri wa mphiri ndi munthu. Mwa alimi aku America, mphalapala amadziwika kuti wakuba yemwe amawononga gulu lonse la nkhosa zoweta, chifukwa chake, ku United States, akuluakulu aboma avomereza kuwombedwa kwa adaniwo. Anthu amavala makola opangidwa ndi poizoni nkhosa, amatsogolera masewera akusaka mphalapala, amatchera misampha ndi misampha yamitundu yonse, amawotcha madera onse okhala, koma izi sizimakhudza kuchuluka kwa nyama, zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Wild Coyote
Mwamwayi, kuchuluka kwa mimbulu yakutchire sikuli pachiwopsezo, nyama zimamva bwino, zikukhazikika m'malo onse atsopano. Ngati nyama zambiri zolusa nyama malo awo akuchepa, ndiye kuti mphalapala zikusiyana kwambiri, chaka chilichonse malo okhala nyama zodabwitsazi zikukula kwambiri.
Monga tanenera kale, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa mimbulu yofiira kunapangitsa mimbulu kusamukira kumalo komwe nyama izi kunalibe. Sanangokwaniritsa kukhazikika komweko, komanso kuchulukitsa mwachangu, amakhala omasuka. Ma Coyotes samasowa mphamvu, kupirira komanso kusinthasintha. Ndi imodzi mwazinyama zochepa zomwe zatha kusintha ndikumakhala m'mizinda.
Anthu sakonda nkhandwe nkomwe, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amawononga ziweto. Zotsatira zake, nyama zimawomberedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Colorado, anthu amapha nyama zopitilira 80 peresenti, ndipo ku Texas - pafupifupi 57. Coyotes anali kuwonongedwa kale pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, koma njirayi idaletsedwa, chifukwa zovulaza kwambiri chilengedwe.
Njira zonse zaumunthu zowonongera zilombozi sizinathandize, ndipo ziweto zambiri zikuchuluka mpaka pano. Koma kudera la Yellowstone National Park, adapeza njira yabwino yochepetsera mimbulu yobzala mimbulu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziwetozo zizichepera zaka ziwiri. Ngakhale izi, kuchuluka kwa nyama izi ndikofalikira komanso kofalikira, palibe chiwopsezo chilichonse pamanambala ake.
Pomaliza, zikungowonjezeranso kuti mu kudzichepetsa ndi kupirira kwa mphalapala kuli mphamvu yake yayikulu ndi mphamvu yake, yomwe idawalola kuti azikhala m'malo ovuta achirengedwe, komanso kuti azitha kuswana, akukhala kudera lalikulu la kontinenti yaku North America. Ngakhale zili choncho nkhandwe Zimaukira nkhosa zoweta, zimapindulanso, kuwononga makoswe oterewa - tizirombo monga makoswe ndi mbewa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 10.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 16:16
