Kangaude woyendayenda kapena woyendayenda, komanso "kangaude wothamanga", m'maiko olankhula Chingerezi "kangaude wa nthochi", ndipo ku Brazil amadziwika kuti "aranha armadeira", kutanthauza "kangaude wokhala ndi zida" kapena kangaude Kodi mayina onse a wakupha wakupha. Imfa ya kuluma kwa kangaude, ngati abaya poizoni wambiri, imachitika mkati mwa ola limodzi pamilandu 83%.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Msilikali wa Kangaude
Mtundu wa Phoneutria udapezeka ndi Maximilian Perti mu 1833. Dzinalo la mtunduwo limachokera ku Greek φονεύτρια, kutanthauza "wakupha". Perty anaphatikiza mitundu iwiri kukhala mtundu: P. rufibarbis ndi P. fera. Woyambayo amatanthauziridwa ngati "woimira okayikitsa", womalizirayo ngati mtundu wina wamtunduwu. Pakadali pano, mtunduwo umaimiridwa ndi mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya akangaude omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe ku Central ndi South America kokha.
Kangaude wa ku Brazil adalowa mu Guinness Book of Records ya 2007 ngati nyama yoopsa kwambiri.
Mtundu uwu ndi imodzi mwazirusi zofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mafinya awo amapangidwa ndi ma peptide osakanikirana ndi mapuloteni omwe amagwira ntchito ngati neurotoxin yamphamvu mwa zinyama. Kuchokera pamawonekedwe azamankhwala, poyizoni wawo adaphunziridwa bwino, ndipo zigawo zake zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ndi ulimi.
Kanema: Msilikali wa Kangaude
Zinadziwika kuti kulumako kunatsagana ndi kuyimitsidwa kwanthawi yayitali komanso kowawa mwa omwe amaimira theka lamphamvu laumunthu. Chifukwa chake ndikuti chifuwa cha kangaude wa msirikali chimakhala ndi poizoni wa Th2-6, womwe umagwira thupi la mammalia ngati aphrodisiac wamphamvu.
Kafukufuku watsimikizira asayansi omwe akuti ndi poizoniyu amatha kukhala maziko a mankhwala omwe amatha kuthana ndi vuto la erectile mwa amuna. Mwinanso m'tsogolo, msirikali wa kangaude angathenso kulowa mu Book of Records kuti atenge nawo gawo pakukonza njira yothetsera mphamvu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Msirikali wa akangaude
Phoneutria (akangaude akalulu) ndi akulu komanso olimba am'banja la Ctenidae (othamanga). Kutalika kwa thupi la akangaudewa kumakhala pakati pa 17-48 mm, ndipo kutalika kwa mwendo kumatha kufikira 180 mm. Kuphatikiza apo, zazikazi ndizitali masentimita 3-5 ndi kutalika kwa mwendo wa 13-18 cm, ndipo amuna amakhala ndi thupi lokulirapo, pafupifupi masentimita 3-4 ndi mwendo wa 14 cm.
Mtundu wonse wa thupi ndi miyendo umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo okhala, koma chofala kwambiri ndi bulauni, bulauni, kapena imvi wokhala ndi timadontho tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mawonekedwe amdima omwe amapezeka awiriawiri pamimba. Mitundu ina ili ndi mizere iwiri yakutali ya mawanga ofiira mopepuka. Mwa mitundu, mitundu yam'mimba ndiyosavuta pakusiyanitsa mitundu.
Chosangalatsa! Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti mitundu ina ya kangaude ikhoza "kuuma" kuluma kuti ipulumutse poizoni, mosiyana ndi mitundu yakale kwambiri, yomwe imabaya mlingo wonse.
Thupi ndi miyendo ya kangaude wa msirikali yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi kapena lofiirira. Mitundu yambiri (P. boliviensis, P. fera, P. keyerlingi, ndi P. nigriventer) imakhala ndi ubweya wofiira wowala pa chelicerae (mawonekedwe pamaso, pamwambapa pa mayini), ndi mikwingwirima yowoneka yakuda ndi yachikasu kapena yoyera pansi pa awiri miyendo iwiri yakutsogolo.
Mtunduwo umasiyana ndi mitundu ina yokhudzana nayo, monga Ctenus, pamaso pamasamba obiriwira (tsitsi lolimba) pa tibia ndi tarsi mwa amuna ndi akazi onse. Mitundu ya kangaude wa asirikali imafanana ndi oimira mtundu wina wa Cupiennius Simon. Monga Phoneutria, Cupiennius ndi membala wa banja la Ctenidae, koma alibe vuto lililonse kwa anthu. Popeza mitundu yonse iwiri imapezeka muzakudya kapena katundu kunja kwa chilengedwe chawo, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa pakati pawo.
Kodi kangaude wa msirikali amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Msilikali wa Kangaude waku Brazil
Soldier Spider - Amapezeka kumadera otentha a Western Hemisphere, omwe amapezeka kumpoto kwa South America kumpoto kwa Andes. Ndipo mtundu umodzi, (P. boliviensis), umafalikira ku Central America. Pali zambiri zamtundu wa msirikali wa kangaude ku: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Suriname, Guyana, kumpoto kwa Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Mexico, Panama, Guatemala ndi Costa Rica. Pakati pa mtunduwu, P. boliviensis ndiofala kwambiri, okhala ndi zigawo zochokera ku Central America kumwera mpaka ku Argentina.
Phoneutria bahiensis ali ndi magawo ochepa kwambiri ndipo amapezeka kokha m'nkhalango za Atlantic ku Brazil ku Bahia ndi Espirito Santo. Kwa mitundu iyi, ndi Brazil yokha yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi malo okhalamo.
Ngati tilingalira za nyama zamtundu uliwonse mosiyana, zimaperekedwa motere:
- P.bahiensis amapezeka kudera laling'ono m'chigawo cha Bahia ku Brazil;
- P. boliviensis amapezeka ku Bolivia, Paraguay, Colombia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, ndi Central America;
- P.eickstedtae oocurs m'malo angapo m'mbali mwa nkhalango yamvula ku Brazil;
- P.fera amapezeka ku Amazon, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname, Brazil, Guyana;
- P.keyserlingi amapezeka pagombe lotentha la Atlantic ku Brazil;
- P. nigriventer amapezeka kumpoto kwa Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Central ndi Southeast Brazil. Zitsanzo zingapo zomwe zimapezeka ku Montevideo, Uruguay, Buenos Aires. Atha kubweretsedwa ndi zipatso za zipatso;
- P.pertyi amapezeka pagombe lotentha la Atlantic ku Brazil;
- P. reidyi amapezeka mdera la Amazonia ku Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, ndi Guyana.
Ku Brazil, kangaude wa msirikali kulibe kumpoto chakum'mawa chakumpoto kwa El Salvador, Bahia.
Kodi kangaude wa msirikali amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Msilikali wa Kangaude
Asirikali a kangaude ndi osaka usiku. Masana, zimabisala muudzu, m'ming'alu ya mitengo, kapena mkati mwa milu ya chiswe. Ndi mdima, amayamba kufunafuna nyama. Msirikali wa kangaude amalephera yemwe angamugwire ndi poizoni wamphamvu m'malo modalira mawebusayiti. Kwa akangaude ambiri, poizoni amakhala ngati njira yochepetsera nyama. Kuukira kumachitika pobisalira komanso kuwukira mwachindunji.
Akangaude achikulire aku Brazil amadyetsa:
- njoka;
- abuluzi ang'onoang'ono;
- mbewa;
- Ntchentche zopanda zipatso;
- akangaude ena;
- achule;
- tizilombo tambiri.
P. boliviensis nthawi zina amamangirira nyama zolowa m'matumba, ndikuziphatika ku gawo lapansi. Mitundu ina nthawi zambiri imabisala pazitsamba zazikuluzikulu monga mitengo ya kanjedza ngati pobisalira isanakasake.
Komanso m'malo oterewa, akalulu achichepere osakhwima amakonda kubisala, popewa kugwidwa ndi akangaude akuluakulu, omwe amatha kudya nyama. Izi zimawapatsa kuthekera kozindikira bwino kugwedera kwa chilombo chomwe chikubwera.
Zowukira zambiri zimachitika ku Brazil (~ 4,000 milandu pachaka) ndipo 0,5% yokha ndiomwe amakhala oopsa. Zowawa zakomweko ndizizindikiro zazikulu zomwe zimanenedwa atalumidwa kwambiri. Chithandizo ndichizindikiro, ndi antivenum yomwe imangolimbikitsidwa kwa odwala omwe amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owonekera azachipatala.
Zizindikiro zimapezeka mu ~ 3% ya milandu ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri ana ochepera zaka 10 komanso akulu azaka zopitilira 70. Anthu khumi ndi asanu amwalira ndi kangaude ndi msirikali akuti ku Brazil kuyambira 1903, koma milandu iwiri yokha ndi yomwe ili ndi chifukwa chokwanira cholankhulira Phoneutria.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Msilikali wa Kangaude
Kangaude wa msirikali woyendayenda watchedwa ndi dzina chifukwa amayenda pansi m'nkhalango, ndipo samakhala m'dzenje kapena pa intaneti. Chikhalidwe chawo cha akangaude ndi chifukwa china chomwe amaonedwa kuti ndi oopsa. M'malo okhala anthu ambiri, Mitundu ya Phoneutria imakonda kufunafuna malo obisalapo ndi malo amdima obisalira masana, zomwe zimawapangitsa kubisala m'nyumba, zovala, magalimoto, nsapato, mabokosi ndi milu yazipika, pomwe amatha kuluma ngati atasokonezeka mwangozi.
Kangaude wa asirikali ku Brazil nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "kangaude wa nthochi" chifukwa nthawi zina amapezeka muzotumiza nthochi. Chifukwa chake, kangaude aliyense wamkulu yemwe amapezeka pa nthochi ayenera kuthandizidwa mosamala. Anthu omwe amawatsitsa ayenera kudziwa kuti nthochi ndi malo obisalako mtundu wa kangaude woopsa komanso wowopsa.
Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yambiri yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ukonde kutchera tizilombo, akangaude asitikali amagwiritsa ntchito mawebusayiti kuyenda mosavuta pakati pamitengo, kupanga makoma osalala m'makonde, kupanga matumba a mazira, ndikukulunga nyama zomwe zagwidwa kale.
Akangaude ankhondo aku Brazil ndi amodzi mwamtundu wa akangaude oopsa kwambiri. Adzamenyerana nkhondo ngati alipo ambiri m'malo amodzi. Zimadziwikanso kuti amuna amakhala ngati nkhondo wina ndi mnzake nthawi yakumasirana.
Amafuna kukhala ndi mwayi wokwatirana bwino ndi akazi omwe asankhidwa, kuti athe kuvulaza wachibale wawo. Asirikali a kangaude nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Sachita bwino ukapolo chifukwa chapanikizika chomwe amalandira. Amatha kusiya kudya ndikukhala olefuka kwathunthu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Msilikali wa Kangaude
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya akangaude, chachikazi chimakhala chachikulu kuposa champhongo. Izi zimapezekanso mu kangaude wazankhondo waku Brazil. Asitikali achimuna amayenda pofunafuna akazi pakati pa Marichi ndi Meyi, zomwe zikufanana ndi nthawi yomwe matenda ambiri oluma amachitika.
Amuna amayandikira akazi mosamala kwambiri pamene akufuna kukwatira. Amavina kuti apeze chidwi chake ndikulimbana mwamphamvu ndi ena omwe amapikisana nawo. Oimira "kugonana koyenera" ndiwosankha, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakana amuna ambiri asanasankhe wokwatirana naye.
Akangaude achimuna amayenera kuchoka kwa akazi atakwatirana kuti akhale ndi nthawi yopulumuka chibwenzi chibwenzi chikabwerera.
Othamanga amabereka - asirikali mothandizidwa ndi mazira, omwe amadzaza m'matumba azitsamba. Umuna ukakhala mkatikati mwa mkazi, amausunga m'chipinda chapadera ndipo umangougwiritsa ntchito panthawi yokhayokha. Kenako mazirawo amakumana koyamba ndi umuna ndipo amapatsidwa umuna. Mkazi akhoza kuikira mazira 3000 m'matumba anayi a dzira. Akangaude amapezeka masiku 18-24.
Akangaude osakhwima amatha kugwira nyama nthawi yomweyo atachoka mdzira. Akamakula, amayenera kukhetsa zinyalala kuti akule bwino. M'chaka choyamba, akangaudewo amakhala ndi ma molts 5 - 10, kutengera kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amadya. Mukamakula, kuchuluka kwa molting kumachepa.
M'chaka chachiwiri cha moyo, akangaude akukula molt katatu kapena kasanu ndi kamodzi. M'chaka chachitatu, amatulutsa molt kawiri kapena katatu. Pambuyo pachimodzi mwazinthu izi, akangaude amakhala okhwima pogonana. Akamakhwima, mapuloteni omwe amapezeka mu ululu wawo amasintha, kumakhala koopsa kwambiri kwa nyama zakufa.
Adani achilengedwe a kangaude wa msirikali
Chithunzi: Msilikali wa Kangaude waku Brazil
Asirikali akalulu aku Brazil ndi oopsa ndipo ali ndi adani ochepa. Imodzi mwa zoopsa kwambiri ndi mavu a tarantula hawk, omwe ndi amtundu wa Pepsis. Ndi mavu akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Nthawi zambiri sizikhala zankhanza ndipo sizimayambitsa mitundu ina kupatula akangaude.
Mavu azimayi amayang'ana nyama yawo ndikuiluma, kuimitsa kwakanthawi. Kenako mavu amaikira dzira m'mimba mwa kangaude wa msirikali ndikuwakokera mu dzenje lokonzedwa kale. Kangaude samamwalira ndi poizoni, koma ndi mwana wa mavu woswedwa kudya mimba ya kangaude.
Anthu onse amtunduwu akakhala pachiwopsezo, akhoza kuwopseza. Khalidwe lodzitchinjiriza ili, ndikutambasula miyendo, ndichizindikiro chabwino kuti mtunduwo ndi Phoneutria.
Asirikali akalulu amatha kukhala m'malo awo kuposa kubwerera mmbuyo. Kangaudeyo amaima pa miyendo iwiri yakumbuyo, thupi limayang'ana pansi. Miyendo iwiri yakutsogolo yakwezedwa mmwamba ndikukhazikika pamwamba pa thupi, kuwonetsa miyendo yakumaso yonyezimira. Kangaude amagwedeza miyendo yake mmbali ndikusunthira kulowera komwe kumawopseza, kuwonetsa mano ake.
Palinso nyama zina zomwe zimatha kupha kangaude wa msirikali, koma izi zimachitika chifukwa chofa mwangozi mwangozi pakati pa kangaude ndi makoswe akuluakulu kapena mbalame. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu amawononga nthumwi za mtunduwo akangopezeka, kuyesa kupewa kulumidwa kwa kangaude wa msirikali.
Chifukwa cha kawopsedwe ka kuluma ndi kuwoneka kovuta, akangaudewa amadziwika kuti ndi aukali. Koma khalidweli ndi njira yodzitetezera. Kuopseza kwawo ndi chenjezo, kuwonetsa adani kuti kangaudeyu ndi wokonzeka kuukira.
Kulira kwa akangaude ndi njira yodzitchinjiriza ndipo zimachitika kokha ngati mwakwiya dala kapena mwangozi. Mu kangaude wa msirikali, poyizoni pang'onopang'ono amasintha, ndikuteteza kuzinyama.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Msilikali wa Kangaude
M'buku la Guinness Book of World Records, kangaude wa msirikali woyendayenda watchulidwa kuti kangaude woopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi kwazaka zingapo tsopano, ngakhale, monga ananenera arologist Jo-Ann Nina Sulal anati, "Ndizopikisana kuti chiwerengerocho ndi chakupha, popeza kuchuluka kwa zoyipa zomwe zachitika zimadalira kuchuluka kwa poizoni yemwe wabayidwa."
Chiwerengero cha mtundu wa Phoneutria pakadali pano sichiri pachiwopsezo, ngakhale akangaudewo ndi asirikali ndipo ali ndi gawo laling'ono logawira. Kwenikweni, akangaude oyendayenda amayenda m'nkhalango, momwe muli adani ochepa. Mitundu yokhayo yomwe ikudetsa nkhawa ndi Phoneutria bahiensis. Chifukwa chakugawika kocheperako, alembedwa mu Red Book of the Ministry of the Environment of Brazil, ngati mtundu womwe ungakhale pachiwopsezo chotha.
Akangaude ankhondo aku Brazil ndiowopsa ndipo amaluma anthu ambiri kuposa mitundu ina yonse ya akangaude. Anthu omwe alumidwa ndi kangaude kapena mtundu uliwonse wamtundu wa Ctenid ayenera kufunafuna thandizo mwadzidzidzi, chifukwa chiphechi chitha kupha moyo.
Phoneutria fera ndi Phoneutria nigriventer ndi ena mwa akalulu owopsa kwambiri komanso owopsa a Phoneutria. Amangokhala ndi neurotoxin yamphamvu, komanso amapweteketsa chimodzi mwazowawa zopweteka kwambiri atalumidwa ndi akangaude onse chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa serotonin. Ali ndi poizoni wothandiza kwambiri wa akangaude onse okhala padziko lapansi.
Mafinya a Phoneutria ali ndi neurotoxin yamphamvu yotchedwa PhTx3. Imakhala ngati njira yotsegulira calcium. M'magazi owopsa, neurotoxin iyi imayambitsa kuchepa kwa minyewa yolimbana ndi kupuma, zomwe zimayambitsa ziwalo komanso kuthekera.
Akatswiri adayitanidwa kunyumba ina ku London kuti akagwire kangaude wa msirikali atakhala kuti alimi adagula nthochi kumsika. Pofuna kuthawa, kangaude wina wankhondo waku Brazil adang'amba mwendo ndikusiya thumba la mazira lodzaza ndi akangaude zikwizikwi. Banjali lidadandaula ndipo silimatha kugona kunyumba kwawo.
Kuphatikiza apo, kangaude imatulutsa poizoni womwe umapweteka kwambiri ndikutupa ukalumidwa chifukwa chakusangalatsa komwe kumakhudza ma serotonin 5-HT4 receptors a mitsempha yam'mimba. Ndipo avareji yoopsa ya poizoni ndi 134 μg / kg.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04/03/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 13:05
