Wagtails (Motacilla) ndi nthumwi za mtundu wa mbalame zoyimbira zomwe zili m'banja lamagalimoto komanso dongosolo la Passeriformes. Nyimbo yodabwitsa yokhala ndi nthenga ndi chizindikiro cha Latvia, choyimira moyo wabwino komanso mwayi wabwino m'maiko ambiri.
Kufotokozera kwa wagtail
Motacilla ali ndi kusiyana kochepa kwambiri pakati pa mamembala ena am'banja lamagalimoto.... Mchira ndi wautali komanso wopapatiza, wodulidwa molunjika, wokhala ndi nthenga ziwiri zapakati, zomwe ndizitali pang'ono kuposa nthenga zam'mbali. Nthenga zoyambirira zouluka ndizofupikitsa poyerekeza ndi nthenga yachiwiri ndi yachitatu. Kukhalapo kwa chikhadabo chokhotakhota kumiyendo yakumbuyo ndichikhalidwe.
Maonekedwe
Oimira amtunduwu amadziwika ndi dzina lawo pazodziwika za mayendedwe amchira. Makhalidwe amafotokozedwe akunja amadalira mitundu yayikulu yazogulitsa:
- Piebald wagtail - mbalame yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 19.0-20.5, mapiko ake kutalika kwa 8.4-10.2 cm ndi mchira kutalika - osapitirira masentimita 8.3-9.3.Thupi lakumtunda limakhala lakuda kwambiri, ndipo mmero ndi chibwano ndi zoyera;
- Chovala choyera - mbalame yokhala ndi mchira wokulirapo ndi kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 16-19. Mtundu wakuda umakhala pamwamba pa thupi, ndipo nthenga zoyera kumunsi. Khosi ndi kapu ndizakuda;
- Mapiri agalimoto - mwini thupi lokulirapo ndi mchira wautali. Maonekedwe a mbalameyi amafanana ndi malongosoledwe a wagtail wachikaso, ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu ndiko kupezeka kwa "mbali" zoyera, momveka bwino motsutsana ndi chifuwa chowala chachikaso ndi zoyika;
- Chikopa chamutu wachikaso - mbalame yocheperako yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi osapitilira masentimita 15-17 yokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 24-28. Mumtundu wake wonse, yonse, imafanana ndi ngolo yachikaso.
Oimira ang'onoang'ono amtunduwu ndi Yellow Wagtails, kapena Pliski, omwe kutalika kwake kwa thupi sikuposa masentimita 15-16 ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 16-17 g.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Yaikulu iliyonse ili ndi gawo lake, momwe imasaka nyama. Ngati mulibe chakudya patsamba lino, mbalameyo imapita kukafunafuna malo atsopano, ndipo atawonekera pamenepo, imadziwitsa kubwera kwake ndikulira kwakukulu. Ngati mwiniwake wa gawolo sakuyankha kulira uku, ndiye kuti mbalameyo imayamba kusaka.
Kupsa mtima ndi kwachilendo kwa magaleta mwachilengedwe, koma poteteza malire am'malire ake, mbalame yotere imatha kulimbana ndi mawonekedwe ake, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala oyambitsa kufa kwa mbalameyo. Oimira amtunduwu amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndipo chilombo chikapezeka pagawo la chilombo, mbalame zonse mopanda mantha zimathamangira pa izo kuti ziteteze malire a gawo lawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalameyi imadziwitsidwa za nthawi yomwe idanyamuka kupita kumwera ndi mahomoni opangidwa ndimatenda am'mimba a mbalameyo, ndipo kutalika kwa nthawi yamasana kumapangitsa kuti mbalameyo izitha kusamuka.
Oimira amtunduwu amabwera ndikumayambiriro kwa masika pamodzi ndi zolakwika zingapo. Munthawi imeneyi, udzudzu wochulukirapo suwonekabe, ndipo tizilombo tina sitikuwoneka, chifukwa chake magaleta amayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi mitsinje, pomwe madzi amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso madzi oundana osweka. Ndi m'malo otere momwe nyama zam'madzi "zimauma".
Ndi magaleta angati akukhala
Pafupifupi zaka zokhala ndi ziwonetsero m'gulu lachilengedwe lomwe lakhazikitsidwa ndi zomwe zikuwonedwa ndi pafupifupi zaka khumi, koma mosamalitsa muukapolo, mbalame zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhala zaka zingapo.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Chidziwitso chodziwika bwino chimadziwika nthawi yomweyo m'mitundu ina... Mwachitsanzo, amuna amtundu wamtundu wakuda wokhala ndi mutu wakuda munyengo yakumasirana amakhala ndi mutu wakuda wovunda, mutu ndi khosi, ndipo nthawi zina mbali yakumbuyo kwakumbuyo. Mnyamata wachinyamata atatha kusungunuka m'dzinja amafanana ndi akazi. Mtundu wa nkhumba yamphongo m'nyengo yoswana imayimiriridwa makamaka ndimayendedwe akuda kumtunda kwa thupi lonse, ndipo imakhala ndi chikasu kumunsi, ndipo khosi limasiyanitsa kwambiri, lakuda.
Mitundu ya Wagtail
Mitundu yodziwika ya oimira mtundu wa Wagtail:
- M. feldegg, kapena Wagtail wamutu Wakuda;
- M. aguimp Dumont, kapena piebald wagtail;
- M. alba Linnaeus, kapena White Wagtail;
- M. capensis Linnaeus, kapena Cape Wagtail;
- M. cinerea Tunstall, kapena Mountain Wagtail wokhala ndi ma subspecies M.c. cinerea Tunstall, M.c. melanope Pallas, M.c. robusta, M.c. patriciae Vaurie, M.c. schmitzi Tschusi ndi M.c. ziphuphu;
- M. citreola Pallas, kapena Wagtail wamutu wachikaso wokhala ndi subspecies Motacilla citreola citreola ndi Motacilla citreola qassatrix;
- M. clara Sharpe, kapena wagtail yayitali;
- M. flava Linnaeus, kapena Yellow Wagtail wokhala ndi ma subspecies M.f. flava, Mf. flavissima, M.f. thunbergi, Mf. iberia, M.f. cinereocapilla, M.f. pygmaea, M.f. feldegg, Mf. lutea, M.f. beema, M.f. melanogrisea, Mf. plexa, M.f. tschutschensis, M.f. angarensis, M.f. leucocephala, M.f. taivana, M.f. macronyx ndi M.f. simillima;
- M. flaviventris Hartlaub, kapena Madagascar Wagtail;
- M. grandis Sharpe, kapena wagtail waku Japan;
- M. lugens Gloger, kapena ngolo ya Kamchatka;
- M. madaraspatensis J. F. Gmelin, kapena ngolo yoyera ndi zoyera.
Zonsezi, pali mitundu pafupifupi khumi ndi isanu ya magaleta omwe amakhala ku Europe, Asia ndi Africa. Mu CIS, pali mitundu isanu - yoyera, yachikasu ndi yachikaso, komanso ngolo zamutu wachikaso ndi mapiri. Kwa okhala mdera lapakati la dziko lathu, oimira White Wagtail mitundu amadziwika bwino.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Kudera la Europe, mitundu yambiri yamagalimoto imapezeka, koma Yellow Wagtail nthawi zina imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wapadera (Budytes). Ngolo yayikulu yamutu wakuda imakhala m'madambo onyowa ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja yomwe ili ndi bango laling'ono kapena maudzu ataliatali okhala ndi tchire laling'ono. Mbalame yokhazikika Mbalame ya piebald nthawi zambiri imakhazikika pafupi ndi pomwe anthu amakhala, kokha m'maiko akumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa. Wogtail wachikaso, kapena pliska, wokhala m'madera ambiri a Asia ndi Europe, Alaska ndi Africa, wafalikira pafupifupi m'chigawo chonse cha Palaearctic.
Chisa cha white wagtails makamaka ku Europe ndi Asia, komanso ku North Africa, koma oimira mitunduyo atha kupezeka ku Alaska. Wokwera mapiri ndiomwe amakhala ku Eurasia konse, ndipo gawo lalikulu la anthu nthawi zonse limagona m'malo otentha a Africa ndi Asia. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimayesetsa kutsatira ma biotopes omwe ali pafupi ndi madzi, posankha magombe amitsinje ndi mitsinje, madambo achinyontho ndi madambo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zimavomerezedwa kuti kwawo ndi ngolo za ngolo ndi gawo la Mongolia ndi Eastern Siberia, ndipo pambuyo pake mbalame zoterezi zidatha kukhazikika ku Europe konse ndikuwonekera ku North Africa.
M'chilimwe, zisa zokhala ndi mutu wachikaso m'madambo ozizira kwambiri ku Siberia ndi tundra, koma pomwe nyengo yachisanu imayamba, mbalameyi imasamukira kudera la South Asia. Wagtail wautali, kapena Mountain Wagtail, amadziwika ndi mitundu yambiri ku Africa ndi kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, kuphatikiza Angola ndi Botswana, Burundi ndi Cameroon. Oyimira mitundu yonseyo amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamkuntho yamkuntho mkati mwa madera otentha kapena madera otentha a nkhalango zowuma, komanso amapezeka m'malo otentha kapena otentha a m'nkhalango zamapiri.
Zakudya za Wagtail
Oimira onse am'banja la Wagtail amadyetsa tizilombo tokha, pomwe mbalame zimatha kuzigwira ngakhale zikauluka. Mbalamezi zimadya modabwitsa kwambiri, ndipo agulugufe omwe agwidwawo amang'amba mapiko awo m'modzi m'modzi, pambuyo pake amadyedwa msangamsanga... Nthawi zambiri posaka, ngolo zimasankha m'mphepete mwa malo osungira, pomwe mphutsi zazing'ono zazing'ono kapena ma caddisflies zimatha kudya.
Chakudya cha ma galeta chimayimiriridwa ndi nyama zazing'ono, kuphatikiza udzudzu ndi ntchentche, zomwe zimamezedwa mosavuta ndi mbalame. Kuphatikiza apo, nthumwi zamtunduwu ndizofunitsitsa kudya mitundu yonse ya nsikidzi ndi ntchentche za caddis. Nthawi zina mbalame zazing'ono zotere zimatha kudya zipatso zazing'ono kapena mbewu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalame zazing'ono ndizopindulitsa kwambiri - ngolo zimakonda kudya pafupi ndi malo odyetserako ziweto kapena nyama zakutchire ndipo zimadya ntchentche, komanso tizilombo tina tambiri toyamwa magazi komanso tokwiyitsa kuchokera kumbuyo kwawo.
Zakudya za Pliska zimaphatikizapo zazing'onozing'ono zopanda mafupa monga akangaude ndi nsikidzi, ntchentche zamiyala ndi coleoptera, ntchentche ndi mavu, mbozi ndi agulugufe, udzudzu ndi nyerere. Mbalame zosaiwalika kaŵirikaŵiri zimafufuza nyama zomwe zili pansi, zimayenda mofulumira kwambiri ndiponso mosavuta pakati paudzu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Pofika kasupe, wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amayamba kusonkhanitsa timitengo ting'onoting'ono, moss, mizu ndi mphukira, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbalame pomanga chisa chooneka ngati kondomu. Mkhalidwe waukulu wokhazikika kwa wagogo wamkulu ndikupezeka kwa madzi pafupi.
Mkaziyo amayamba kuikira mazira kuyambira zaka khumi zoyambirira za Meyi, ndipo mu clutch nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira anayi mpaka asanu ndi awiri, omwe anapiyewo amaswa pafupifupi milungu ingapo, ndipo mkazi amataya msanga chigamba chonsecho.
Kuyambira Meyi mpaka Julayi, wagtail imatha kupanga mabatani awiri. Anapiye ongobadwa kumene amakhala ndi nthenga zakuda, zachikaso kapena zoyera-zakuda.
Ndizosangalatsa! Wagtails chisa kangapo nthawi yachilimwe, pogwiritsa ntchito izi ming'alu yamakoma, malo okhala pansi pamilatho, malo opunthira nthaka, mabowo ndi mizu yazomera, ndipo chisa chopotoka chimakhala chomasuka ndipo chimakhala ndi ubweya kapena ubweya waubweya kuchokera mkati.
Makolo onsewa amasamalira kudyetsa anapiye awo, amenenso amapita kukagwira tizilombo. Pambuyo pa masabata angapo, anapiyewo akuthawa ndipo amakhala papiko. Chakumapeto kwa Juni komanso koyambirira kwa Julayi, limodzi ndi makolo awo, anapiye okulirapo amayamba kuphunzira kuuluka, ndipo pomwe nthawi yophukira idayamba, gulu la mbalame limathamangira kumwera.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani odziwika kwambiri pa wagtail ndi amphaka oweta komanso amtchire, ma weasel ndi ma martens, komanso akhwangwala ndi nkhandwe, mbalame zambiri zodya nyama... Pamene adani awoneka, magaleta samathawa, koma, m'malo mwake, amayamba kufuula mokweza kwambiri. Nthawi zina khalidweli limakhala lokwanira kuthamangitsa adani kutali ndi chisa kapena gulu lankhosa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu siili mgulu la omwe ali pachiwopsezo kapena omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndipo anthu omwe akuyimira mtunduwo akuchepa kwambiri. M'dera lachigawo cha Moscow, mitundu yamadambo ndi yofala komanso yodziwika. Malinga ndi momwe aliri, oimira mitunduyo ali mgulu lachitatu - mbalame zowopsa ku Moscow.
