Nkhandwe

Ambiri ali ndi mawu nkhandwe zogwirizana ndi kutukwana, chifukwa chinyama ichi pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana chimachita mantha, chinyengo, kuluza. Tiyenera kukumbukira nkhandwe yotchedwa Tabaki kuchokera pantchito yodziwika bwino ya Kipling, zimawonekeratu kuti chithunzi cha nyama iyi sichabwino konse. Koma osati kulikonse komwe kuli malingaliro olakwika kwa mimbulu, Aigupto wakale anali kulemekeza kwambiri chilombocho, chosonyeza mulungu Anubis ali ndi mutu wa nkhandwe. Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kudziwa chomwe chilombo ichi chilidi?

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Nkhandwe

Nkhandwe ndi nyama yoyamwa, nthumwi ya banja la canine, ndi ya mtundu wa mimbulu. Mukayang'ana nyama yovuta kwambiriyi, mumakhala ndi lingaliro loti ali pakati pa nkhandwe ndi galu wamba wamba. Pofotokoza nkhandwe, muyenera kulabadira mitundu ya chilombochi, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe ake:

• Nkhandwe wamba imafanana ndi nkhandwe yochepera pang'ono kukula. Kutalika kwa thupi lake, kupatula mchira, kumafika masentimita 80, ndipo kutalika kwake - mpaka 50. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika 8 - 10 kg. Mtundu waukulu wa chovalacho ndi imvi, koma ndi mitsempha yoyera yofiira, yachikasu komanso yopanda pake. Kumbuyo ndi mbali zake kumakhala kwakuda ndipo kumatha kukhala kwakuda, ndipo mimba ndi mkati mwa khosi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotuwa kapena zachikasu.
• Nkhandwe yamizeremizere idatchulidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima yopepuka pambali. Kumbuyo kwa nyamayo kuli kofiirira, ndipo mchira wake ndi wakuda ndi nsonga yoyera. Mphuno ya nkhandwe yafupikitsidwa pang'ono komanso kutalikirapo poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina. Mbuluyi ili ndi mimbulu yolimba kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri. Pamphuno ndi m'dera la kumatako pali ma gland apadera omwe amatulutsa chinsinsi onunkhira;
• Nkhandwe yakumbuyo yakuda imafanana kwambiri ndi yamizeremizere, imakhala ndi ubweya wa imvi. Kumbuyo kwake, malayawo ndi amdima wakuda, amapanga china chake ngati chishalo chakuda chakuda, kutsikira kumapeto kwa mchira. Unyinji wa nyama izi ndi wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa uja wa nkhandwe wamba (pafupifupi 13 kg), ngakhale kukula kwake kwa thupi kuli kofanana.
• Nkhandwe yaku Ethiopia ndi yayikulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina. Unyinji wamwamunawo ndi wa pafupifupi makilogalamu 16, ndipo kutalika kwa nyama ndi masentimita 60. Nyamayo imakhala ndi miyendo yayitali ndi mphuno yayitali. Chovala chaubweya chimakhala ndi utoto wofiyira, wofiyira pang'ono, womwe umaphatikizidwa ndi mabere owala, mbali yamkati yamiyendo ndi khosi.

Osati kale kwambiri, asayansi adachita maphunziro a genetics, chifukwa chake zidapezeka kuti nkhandwe yaku Ethiopia idachokera ku nkhandwe wamba. Ndipo achibale apafupi kwambiri - nkhandwe zamizeremizere ndi zakuda zakuda zolekanitsidwa ndi agalu amtchire omwe amakhala ku Africa ndi Eurasia, ndi mimbulu pafupifupi zaka 7 miliyoni zapitazo.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Nkhandwe

Mwachilengedwe, mitundu yonse ya nkhandwe zimakhala zofanana, zokhazokha zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi nyama zina. Mutu wa zolusa si lalikulu kwambiri (chigaza ndi za kutalika kwa 19 cm), chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a makona atatu ndi mphuno yakuthwa. Makutu a mimbulu nthawi zonse amakhala chilili, amatha kuwonekera patali, ndi akulu mokwanira ndi maupangiri osaduka pang'ono. Mtundu wa diso - kuchokera kowala mpaka mdima wakuda. Mimbulu ya nyama zolusa ndizabwino, zakuthwa, koma zowonda, zimadula khungu la nyama yomwe yagwidwa ngati mipeni.

Kanema: Nkhandwe

Kunja, nkhandwe imafanana ndi mphalapala, nkhandwe, ndi galu wamba. Zikuwoneka ngati zosasangalatsa, zikufanana ndi nkhandwe yowonda kwambiri kapena galu wosowa pokhala. Miyendo ya nkhandwe ndi yopyapyala komanso yayitali, ndipo thupi ndi lamphamvu, lokutidwa ndi ubweya waubweya wochepa. Mchira waukulu womwe nthawi zonse umayang'ana pansi. Mtundu wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana umasiyananso, zimatengera dera lomwe nkhandwe imakhala mokhalitsa.

Malingaliro otsatirawa amapezeka pamtundu wa malaya amoto:

• Imvi yoyera;
• Chofiyira;
• Kufiira kofiirira;
• Imvi yachikasu;
• Mdima wakuda.

Ankhandwe molt kangapo pachaka - m'dzinja ndi masika. Kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Zadziwika kuti nthawi yachilimwe ubweya wa nyama ndi wolimba komanso wamfupi, ndipo mtundu wofiira kwambiri umawoneka. Pamimba, pachifuwa, pachibwano komanso mkatikati mwa miyendo, ubweya nthawi zonse umakhala wonyezimira chifukwa cha zonyansa zakuda.

Mbali ina ya mimbulu ndi kuchuluka kwa zala zawo kumapazi. Pali asanu a iwo pa miyendo yakutsogolo, ndi anayi kumbuyo kwa miyendo yakumbuyo. Chala chilichonse chili ndi chikhadabo chachifupi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti akazi mu banja la nkhandwe ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa amuna amtunduwo.

Kodi nkhandwe imakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Galu wa nkhandwe

Mimbulu ili ponseponse m'malo ambiri ndi makontinenti, amakhala:

• Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe;
• Kumwera kwa Asia;
• Pafupi ndi East;
• Africa.

Nyama izi zidakwanitsa kuzika mizu, kumapiri komanso kumapululu, m'nkhalango zokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, kumapiri, nyama zimatha kupezeka pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Nthawi zina nkhandwe zimasamukira kwina, kufunafuna malo abwino odyera, potero zimasankha zigawo zatsopano zokhalamo. Posachedwa, dera lomwe akukhalalo likupita patsogolo ndikupita kumpoto. Ndipo kumene mimbulu sinakumaneko kale, tsopano yakhazikika bwino.

Ponena za dziko lathu, ankhandwe akale anapezeka m'nkhalango za Black Sea ndi m'mphepete mwa Caspian, amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zosowa kwenikweni. Akatswiri a zoo anaona kuti m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri mphambu limodzi chiŵerengero chawo chinawonjezeka kwambiri m'dera la Krasnodar Territory, ndiye mimbulu inkawoneka pa Crimea Peninsula.

Mu 2002, adawonekera m'chigawo cha Rostov, ndipo adakhazikika kumeneko kuti pofika 2015 anali ambiri. Iwo adapita kukadutsa ku Don delta, ndikukhala m'mabedi akuluakulu. Boma lakomweko lidayenera kupereka mphotho yakuwombera ziwombazi kuti zichepetse pang'ono kuchuluka kwawo.

Ankhandwe amakonda malo omwe ali ndi nkhalango zosadutsa mitengo, udzu wamtali, mabango, tchire. Amapanga mapanga mkati mwenimweni mwa tchire. M'madera otseguka opanda chipululu pomwe amakumba maenje ang'onoang'ono. Anthu omwe amakhala m'mapiri amayesetsa kuti asapitirire kilomita imodzi. Kuyandikira kwa madzi aliwonse ndi kuphatikiza kowopsa kwa nkhandwe, koma izi sizofunikira.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mimbulu sachita mantha ndi chisanu choopsa, nthawi zambiri amalekerera kutentha kwa madigiri 35 pansi pa zero, koma kuyenda pakati pa matalala ndi vuto lalikulu kwa iwo. Nyama zimayesa kuyenda m'njira zomwe zidakonzedwa ndi anthu kapena nyama zazikulu.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mitundu inayi yonse ya nkhandwe zimakhala ku Africa, zikufalikira pafupifupi konsekonse.

Kodi nkhandwe imadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Nkhandwe Yakutchire

Mitu ya nkhandwe ndiyosiyanasiyana. Odyetsawa ndi osaka mwakhama komanso ofuna chakudya. Nyama zimasaka zokha, nthawi zina zimagwirizana ziwiriziyendetsa ndi kupha nyama zazikulu. Mimbulu imatha kulumpha kwambiri, motero imagwira mbalame zomwe zikuwuluka kale. Ziphuphu, turachi, mbalame zam'madzi, zouma, mpheta zimatha kukhala nyama yawo. Mimbulu imatha kubera, kuwononga nyama m'minda, komwe amabera nkhuku, nkhuku, abakha, atsekwe, ana ankhosa, ana.

Ankhandwe amadya muskrats, nutria, badgers, hares, ndi mitundu yonse ya mbewa. Zowononga izi sizisiya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, abuluzi, achule, nkhono ngakhalenso njoka. Ngati muli ndi mwayi, mutha kudya nsomba, kuphatikiza zoloza. Zakudya zamasamba sizachilendo kwa mimbulu, amasangalala kudya zipatso zosiyanasiyana, ndiwo zamasamba, chimanga, mavwende, kusangalala ndi mtedza ndi zipatso, ndipo sangasiye mizu ndi zipatso za zomera. Amathetsa ludzu lawo ndi mavwende ndi ma vwende ambiri. Kutentha kwambiri, nyama zimayandikira pafupi ndi madzi. Mtsinje ukauma, ndiye kuti nyama zimakumba maenje pansi kuti amwe madzi apansi.

Mimbulu amaonedwa kuti ndi odya, koma izi sizowona. Zachidziwikire, zovunda ndi zonyansa zosiyanasiyana zaumunthu ndizomwe amadya, koma pano zimadalira mtundu wa nyama. Mwachitsanzo, pamndandanda wa nkhandwe yamizeremizere, nyama yakufa imapezeka, nyama imakonda chakudya chatsopano (tizilombo, makoswe, hares) ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana. Koma nkhandwe wamba sinyoza zovunda, pofunafuna chakudya pakhomopo, nthawi zambiri amakhala limodzi ndi miimba kuti musangalale limodzi.

Zakudyazi zimadya 95% ya makoswe osiyanasiyana, nthawi zina amatha kudya kalulu kapena mphalapala. Kulandidwa kwa nkhandwe m'malo odyetserako ziweto ndikosowa kwambiri masiku ano. Chifukwa chake, titha kunena molimba mtima kuti nkhandwe ndi nyama pafupifupi yamphongo.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Nkhandwe

Nkhandwe imatha kutchedwa chilombo chamadzulo, imasiya malo ake kukada kukasaka. Ngakhale nkhandwe yaku Ethiopia, m'malo mwake, imakonda kusaka masana. Pofunafuna chakudya, mimbulu imatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, nthawi zonse ikamayenda. Nyama izi zimamva mozizwitsa kuti nyama iliyonse zifa ndipo zimathamangira kulawa zakufa. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, asanapite kukasaka nyama, nyamayo imalira mofuula, ngati mfuu yankhondo, yomwe abale onse apafupi amatenga.

Mimbulu imakhala m'mabanja, ili ndi gawo lawo lomwe limadziwika nthawi zonse. Kukula kwa gawolo kumatha kukhala mpaka 600 ha. Aliyense amene si wa banja lake amachotsedwa pamalowa. Achinyamata amatha kukhala ndi makolo awo, kuthandiza pakulera ana, koma mimbulu yomwe ikukula pang'onopang'ono imapanga mabanja awo ndikupita kukasaka magawo awo.

Akatswiri a zinyama sadziwa zambiri za khalidwe ndi mimbulu ya nkhandwe. nyamayo imakhala yobisa kwambiri komanso siyiphunzitsidwa bwino. Ankhandwe samakhulupirira anthu, ngakhale zidadziwika kuti nthawi yotentha kwambiri amayandikira malo okhala anthu.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nkhandwe zamtundu wakuda ndizofunitsitsa kulumikizana ndi anthu, zizolowera kulumikizana komanso zimakhala nyama zoweta, zimayamba kukhulupirira anthu. Kutalika kwa moyo wa mimbulu yomwe imakhala kuthengo sikupitilira zaka 12, ngakhale mitundu ina imakhala mpaka 14.

Mwambiri, m'malingaliro a anthu, chithunzi cha nkhandwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala choipa. Imodzi mwa mikhalidwe yoyipa yomwe amati ndi nkhandwe ndimantha. M'malo mwake, izi ndizosamveka. Nkhandwe nthawi zambiri siyikhala yamantha, koma yosamala kwambiri. M'madera omwe munthu amamuchitira mokoma mtima, nkhandwe imatha kumulola kuti alowe kwa ana ake.

Chidwi chosalamulirika komanso nkhanza nthawi zambiri zimavutitsa mimbulu. Anthu omwe adagona m'malo omwe nkhandwe zimakhala amadzionera momwe amaba chakudya ndi zovala m'manja mwawo. Izi ndi nkhandwe, nyama zachilendo zokhala ndi mikhalidwe yambiri yosangalatsa.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Nkhandwe

Mitundu yonse ya nkhandwe, kupatula Mwaitiopiya, amaonedwa kuti ndiamodzi okha. Nyama zimapanga mgwirizano wamabanja moyo wonse. Makolo onsewa ndi osamala kwambiri komanso amamvera ena chisoni; limodzi amakonzekeretsa nyumba yawo ndikulera ana awo. Ankhandwe amadzikumbira okha, kapena amakhala m'mapanga osiyidwa a nkhandwe, mbira, malo obisalamo, nungu. Pogwiritsa ntchito nyumba, nyama zitha kugwiritsa ntchito milu yakale ya chiswe, mabowo akulu, mphako, nkhalango zowirira. Ngati nkhandwe zimakhala mumtsinje, ndiye kuti payenera kukhala chipinda chodyera chachikulu chakuya pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka.

Ndizosangalatsa kuti mtsikana wachichepere, wokonzeka kukwatira koyamba, amalandira chibwenzi cha abambo angapo, omwe amakonza zinthu pakati pawo ndi ndewu zachiwawa, wopambana wawo amakhala mnzake moyo wawo wonse. Kutengera ndi malo okhazikika olembetsera, nyengo yokhwima ya nkhandwe imatha kuyamba kumapeto kwa Januware kapena mu February, nthawi yake ndi pafupifupi masiku 28. Pakadali pano mutha kumva kulira kwamphamvu kwa adaniwo.

Palibe nthawi yeniyeni yakukhalirako; zitha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse. Nthawi zina mkazi satenga mimba nthawi yomweyo, ndiye patangopita masiku ochepa estrus yoyamba itayamba yachiwiri. Ngati mimba sinabwere kachiwiri, ndiye kuti muyenera kudikirira mpaka chaka chamawa. Kutalika kwa nthawi yobereka kumatha pafupifupi masiku 57 mpaka 70.

Mu zinyalala, nkhandwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ana awiri mpaka anayi, nthawi zina amakhala asanu ndi atatu. Ana amabadwa ndi ubweya wofewa wofewa, wakhungu kwathunthu ndipo amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 200. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, utoto waubweya wawo umasintha, ubweya wofiyira komanso ubweya waubweya umawonekera, ndipo ana agalu amawawona akuyandikira milungu iwiri. Pakadali pano, akumvanso, ndipo pofika mwezi umodzi, anawo amakhala atayamba kuyenda, atayimirira ndi miyendo yawo yolimba.

Mayi wachikondi amasamalira ana ake ndi mkaka mpaka miyezi iwiri kapena iwiri. Nkhandwe wamba zikafika zaka makumi awiri zimayamba kudyetsa ana ndi chakudya chobwezeretsedwanso ndi nyama. Kukhwimitsa mano kwa ana kumayambira asanakwanitse milungu iwiri ndipo kumatha pafupifupi miyezi isanu. Ana agalu amalemera msanga, pafupifupi mwezi umodzi amalemera kale theka la kilogalamu, ndipo pakatha miyezi inayi - opitilira atatu.

Amayi amakula msinkhu atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi, ndipo amuna pambuyo pake. Ngakhale izi, mimbulu yachinyamata nthawi zambiri imangokhala ndi makolo awo mpaka itakwanitsa zaka ziwiri.

Adani achilengedwe a nkhandwe

Chithunzi: Nkhandwe wamba

Ankhandwe ali ndi adani ambiri kuthengo, chifukwa ichi sichilombo cholusa kwambiri. Mimbulu ndi agalu wamba amachita zinthu zosafunikira poyerekeza ndi mimbulu, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri nkhosazi zimakhalira nawo mwamtendere, zikumayenda mozungulira m'malo omwewo. M'mbuyomu, pomwe panali olusa ochulukirapo monga akambuku ndi akambuku, amayambitsanso nkhandwe, ngakhale amathandizanso, chifukwa nkhandwe zimadya zotsalira za chakudya chawo. Tsopano, mwachilengedwe, nkhandwe, afisi, amphaka am'nkhalango, ma raccoons amizeremizere, amphaka amphaka ampikisano amapikisana ndi nkhandwe.

Anthu amathanso kudziwika kuti ndi adani a mimbulu, chifukwa m'malo ena amapha nyama, powalingalira ngati tizirombo ta minda yawo yolimidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mimbulu yakuda yakusaka imasakidwa chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wokongola komanso wamtengo wapatali, pomwe makalapeti amapangidwa kumwera kwa Africa.

Kuphatikiza pa adani ndi anthu osiyanasiyana, mdani wowopsa kwambiri wa nkhandwe ndi miliri ndi matenda osiyanasiyana omwe amapha miyoyo ya nyama zambiri. Popeza nyama zonyansa ndi zinyalala nthawi zambiri zimakhalapo pakudya nyama zambiri, zimakhala ngati zonyamula matenda a chiwewe, zimafalitsa matendawa kwa nyama zambiri. Ku Africa, 25 peresenti ya nyama zili ndi matenda a chiwewe kuchokera ku nkhandwe.

Kuphatikiza pa matenda a chiwewe, mimbulu imatha kunyamula mliriwo; nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitundu yonse ya nkhupakupa, ma helminths ndi tiziromboti tina. Nthawi zina nyama zimafa chifukwa chosowa chakudya chokwanira, makamaka munthawi yozizira. Chifukwa chake, pali adani ambiri komanso zovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimawopseza moyo wa nkhandwe kuthengo.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Nkhandwe Yakutchire

Malo omwe nkhandwe zimagawika ndikokwanira mokwanira, zimakhudza mayiko ambiri. Chifukwa chakuti olusawa ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo amatha kusintha mosiyanasiyana, adayamba kufalikira madera omwe sanawawonepo kale. Mwina kusamuka kumeneku ndikokhudzana ndi kufunafuna magwero atsopano a chakudya.

Nkhandwe wamba siopsezedwa kuti idzatha. M'madera ambiri, ziwerengero zake zikungochulukirachulukira, malo amtundu wankhandweyo akukulirakulira. Ndipo komwe chilombocho chimawerengedwa kuti ndichoperewera, chimakula bwino ndikumva bwino.Mwachitsanzo, apa mutha kutchula Serbia, Albania ndi Bulgaria. Kuyambira 1962, kusaka nkhandwe kudaletsedwa mmaiko awa, chifukwa nyamayo sichinachitike, tsopano zinthu zasintha ndipo nkhandwe zilibe pachiwopsezo, zomwe sizingasangalatse.

Mulonda wa nkhandwe

Chithunzi: Nkhandwe kuchokera ku Red Book

Ngakhale izi zili choncho, chilengedwe sichabwino kwa mitundu yonse ya mimbulu. Nkhandwe ya ku Ethiopia ili pafupi kutha, ndi anthu pafupifupi 600. Mitunduyi imakonda kuzizira ndipo imatha kukhala m'mapiri a Alpine, omwe akucheperachepera. Kuphatikiza apo, matenda amatenganso nyama zambiri.

Anthu akumaloko nthawi zina amasaka chilombochi, pogwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zawo zamkati. Tsopano, mwatsoka, nkhandwe yaku Ethiopia ili pachiwopsezo chotheratu ndipo yatchulidwa mu Red Book.

Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti mimbulu imadziwika kuti ili ndi mikhalidwe yoipa komanso yochititsa manyazi yomwe imatha kupezeka m'mabuku ena, nthano, makanema ndi makatuni. Ngati mungayang'ane mozama moyo wawo, ganizirani zizolowezi ndi miyambo, malingaliro a anyamakazi osangalatsawa amatha kusintha m'njira yabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhandwe imatha kuwetedwa, ndipo idzakhala bwenzi lokhulupirika ndi lodzipereka, osati loyipa kuposa galu aliyense, mwinanso kuposa pamenepo.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 03.04.2019

Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 13:08