Njovu zaku India Ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Nyama yayikuluyi ndi chithunzi cha chikhalidwe ku India ndi ku Asia konse ndipo imathandizira kukhalabe ndi chilengedwe m'nkhalango ndi madambo. M'nthano zamayiko aku Asia, njovu zimaimira ukulu wachifumu, moyo wautali, kukoma mtima, kuwolowa manja komanso luntha. Zolengedwa zazikuluzi ndizokondedwa ndi aliyense kuyambira ali mwana.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Njovu yaku India
Mtundu wa Elephas unayambira kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa nthawi ya Pliocene ndipo wafalikira ku Africa konse. Kenako njovu zinafika kum'mwera kwa Asia. Umboni wakale kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito njovu zaku India zomwe zidagwidwa ukapolo umachokera pazosindikizidwa pazithunzithunzi za chitukuko cha Indus Valley kuyambira zaka chikwi chachitatu cha BC.
Kanema: Njovu Yaku India
Njovu zimakhala ndi malo ofunikira pamiyambo yazikhalidwe zaku India. Zipembedzo zazikulu zaku India, Chihindu ndi Chibuda, mwachizolowezi amagwiritsa ntchito nyamayo pamwambo wamwambo. Ahindu amalambira mulungu Ganesha, yemwe amawonetsedwa ngati munthu wokhala ndi mutu wa njovu. Atazunguliridwa ndi ulemu, njovu zaku India sizinaphedwe mwankhanza ngati za ku Africa.
Indian ndi subspecies ya njovu yaku Asia yomwe imaphatikizapo:
- Mmwenye;
- Sumatran;
- Njovu ya Sri Lanka;
- Njovu Borneo.
Ma subspecies aku India ndiofala kwambiri mosiyana ndi njovu zina zitatu zaku Asia. Ziweto zoweta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhalango komanso kumenya nkhondo. Pali malo ambiri ku Southeast Asia komwe njovu zaku India zimasungidwa kuti ziziyendera alendo ndipo nthawi zambiri amazunzidwa. Njovu zaku Asia ndizodziwika chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri komanso mwaubwenzi kwa anthu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Elephant Indian Indian
Mwambiri, njovu zaku Asia ndizocheperako kuposa za ku Africa. Amafika kutalika kwa 2 mpaka 3.5 m, amalemera makilogalamu 2,000 mpaka 5,000 ndipo amakhala ndi nthiti 19. Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi kuyambira 550 mpaka 640 cm.
Njovu zimakhala ndi khungu lakuda komanso lowuma. Mtundu wake umasiyanasiyana imvi mpaka bulauni ndimadontho ang'onoang'ono ochotsera. Mchira pamutu ndi thunthu lalitali pamutu zimalola kuti nyamayo iziyenda moyenera komanso mwamphamvu. Amuna ali ndi ma incisors osinthidwa mwapadera omwe amadziwika ndi ife ngati mano. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako kuposa amuna ndipo amakhala ndi mano amfupi kapena opanda.
Chidwi! Ubongo wa njovu yaku India umalemera pafupifupi 5 kg. Ndipo mtima umagunda maulendo 28 pa mphindi.
Chifukwa cha malo osiyanasiyana, nthumwi za Indian subspecies zimasinthasintha zingapo zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala nyama zachilendo.
Mwanjira:
- Torso lili ndi minofu pafupifupi 150,000;
- Zingwezo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzula ndikukula masentimita 15 pachaka;
- Njovu yaku India imatha kumwa madzi okwanira malita 200 tsiku lililonse;
- Mosiyana ndi anzawo aku Africa, mimba yake ndiyofanana ndi kulemera kwake kwa thupi ndi mutu.
Njovu zaku India zimakhala ndi mitu yayikulu koma makosi ang'onoang'ono. Ali ndi miyendo yaifupi koma yamphamvu. Makutu akulu amathandiza kuwongolera kutentha kwa thupi komanso kulumikizana ndi njovu zina. Komabe, makutu awo ndi ang'onoang'ono kuposa a mitundu ya ku Africa. Njovu ya ku India imakhala ndi msana wopindika kuposa wa ku Africa, ndipo khungu limakhala lowala kuposa la mnzake waku Asia.
Kodi njovu ya ku India imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Njovu zaku India
Njovu ya ku India imachokera ku Asia: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Laos, China, Cambodia, ndi Vietnam. Zatha monga mtundu ku Pakistan. Amakhala m'madambo, komanso nkhalango zobiriwira nthawi zonse.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, kuchuluka kwa anthu amtchire kunali:
- 27,700-31,300 ku India, komwe kuli anthu ochepa kumadera anayi: kumpoto chakumadzulo kumunsi kwa Himalaya ku Uttarakhand ndi Uttar Pradesh; kumpoto chakum'mawa, kuchokera kumalire akum'mawa kwa Nepal mpaka kumadzulo kwa Assam. Pakatikati - ku Odisha, Jharkhand komanso kumwera kwa West Bengal, komwe nyama zina zimayendayenda. Kummwera, anthu asanu ndi atatu adalekanitsidwa kumpoto kwa Karnataka;
- Anthu 100-125 adalembedwa ku Nepal, komwe mitundu yawo imangokhala m'malo angapo otetezedwa. Mu 2002, akuti panali njovu kuchokera pa 106 kufika pa 172, ndipo zambiri mwa izo zimapezeka ku Bardia National Park.
- Njovu 150-250 ku Bangladesh, komwe kumangokhala anthu ochepa okha;
- 250-500 ku Bhutan, komwe magulu awo amakhala ochepa m'malo otetezedwa kumwera m'malire ndi India;
- Kwina kwinakwake 4000-5000 ku Myanmar, komwe chiwerengerochi chidagawika kwambiri (azimayi ambiri);
- 2,500-3,200 ku Thailand, makamaka kumapiri omwe ali m'malire ndi Myanmar, pomwe pali ziweto zochepa zogawanika kumwera kwa chilumbachi;
- 2100-3100 ku Malaysia;
- 500-1000 Laos, komwe amwazikana m'nkhalango, kumapiri ndi kumtunda;
- 200-250 ku China, komwe njovu zaku Asia zidakwanitsa kupulumuka kokha ku Xishuangbanna, Simao ndi Lincang madera akumwera kwa Yunnan;
- 250-600 ku Cambodia, komwe amakhala kumapiri akumwera chakumadzulo komanso zigawo za Mondulkiri ndi Ratanakiri;
- 70-150 kumadera akumwera kwa Vietnam.
Ziwerengerozi sizikugwira ntchito kwa anthu wamba.
Kodi njovu ya ku India imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Njovu zaku Asia
Njovu zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zodyetserako ziweto ndipo zimadya mpaka makilogalamu 150 a zomera patsiku. Njovu zalembedwa m'dera la 1130 km² kumwera kwa India, zikudya mitundu 112 yazomera zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri kuchokera kubanja la nyemba, mitengo ya kanjedza, ma sedges ndi udzu. Kudya kwawo amadyera kumadalira nyengo. Zomera zatsopano zikawonekera mu Epulo, zimadya mphukira zosakhwima.
Pambuyo pake, udzu ukayamba kupitirira 0,5 m, njovu zaku India zimazizula ndi zibulu za dothi, mwaluso zimagawa dziko lapansi ndikutenga nsonga za masamba, koma kusiya mizu. Pakugwa, njovu zimasenda ndikudya mizu yokoma. Mu nsungwi, amakonda kudya mbande zazing'ono, zimayambira komanso mphukira zammbali.
M'nyengo yadzuwa kuyambira Januware mpaka Epulo, njovu zaku India zimayendayenda masamba ndi nthambi, posankha masamba atsopano, ndipo zimawononga mphukira zaminga za kesha popanda vuto lililonse. Amadya makungwa a mthethe ndi maluwa ena ndipo amadya zipatso za apulo (feronia), tamarind (tsiku lachi India) ndi kanjedza.
Ndikofunika! Malo okhala ocheperako akukakamiza njovu kufunafuna njira zina zopezera chakudya m'mafamu, m'midzi ndi m'minda yomwe yakula m'nkhalango zawo zakale.
Ku Nepal's Bardia National Park, njovu zaku India zimadya udzu wambiri womwe umasefukira m'nyengo yozizira, makamaka m'nyengo yamvula. M'nyengo yadzuwa, amayang'ana kwambiri khungwa, lomwe limapanga chakudya chawo chochuluka munthawi yozizira ya nyengoyo.
Pakafukufuku kudera lotentha la Assam ku 160 km² ku Assam, njovu zimawonedwa zikudya mitundu pafupifupi 20 yaudzu, zomera ndi mitengo. Zitsamba, monga leersia, sizomwe zimakonda kwambiri pazakudya zawo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya njovu zaku India
Nyama zaku India zimatsata njira zosunthira zosunthika zomwe zimadziwika ndi nyengo yamvula. Mkulu wa gulu ali ndi udindo woloweza mayendedwe amtundu wawo. Njovu zaku India zimasamuka nthawi zambiri nyengo yamvula kapena youma. Mavuto amabwera pamene minda imamangidwa m'mbali mwa ziweto. Pankhaniyi, njovu zaku India zimawononga minda yatsopano.
Njovu sizivuta kupirira kuzizira kuposa kutentha. Nthawi zambiri amakhala mumthunzi masana ndikugwedeza makutu awo pofuna kuziziritsa thupi. Njovu zaku India zimasamba m'madzi, zimakwera m'matope, zimateteza khungu ku kulumidwa ndi tizilombo, kuwuma ndi kuwotcha. Amayendetsa bwino kwambiri ndipo amakhala osamala bwino. Zipangizo za kumapazi zimawathandiza kuyenda ngakhale m'madambo.
Njovu yovuta ku India imayenda mofulumira mpaka 48 km / h. Amakweza mchira wake kuchenjeza za ngozi. Njovu zimasambira bwino. Amafuna maola 4 patsiku kuti agone, pomwe sagona pansi, kupatula odwala ndi nyama zazing'ono. Njovu yaku India imatha kumva kununkhiza, kumva mwatcheru, koma masomphenya ofooka.
Izi ndi chidwi! Makutu akuluakulu a njovu amathandiza kuti makutu amveke, motero amamva kwambiri kuposa anthu. Amagwiritsa ntchito infrasound kuti azilankhulana pamtunda wautali.
Njovu zimakhala ndi mayitanidwe osiyanasiyana, kubangula, kukalipa, kuwomba, ndi zina zambiri, zimawagawira abale awo za zoopsa, kupsinjika, kupsa mtima komanso kuwonetsana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Indian Elephant Cub
Akazi nthawi zambiri amapanga mabanja, okhala ndi akazi odziwa zambiri, ana awo, ndi njovu zachinyamata za amuna ndi akazi. M'mbuyomu, ziweto zinali ndi mitu 25-50 komanso kupitilira apo. Tsopano nambala ndi akazi 2-10. Amuna amakhala okhaokha kupatula nthawi yokhwima. Njovu zaku India zilibe nthawi yokwanira yokwerana.
Pofika zaka 15-18, amphongo a njovu zaku India amatha kuswana. Pambuyo pake, iwo chaka chilichonse amagwa mu chisangalalo chotchedwa ayenera ("kuledzera"). Munthawi imeneyi, kuchuluka kwawo kwa testosterone kumakwera kwambiri, ndipo machitidwe awo amakwiya kwambiri. Njovu zimakhala zoopsa ngakhale kwa anthu. Iyenera kukhala pafupifupi miyezi iwiri.
Njovu zazimuna, zikafuna kukwerana, zimayamba kutulutsa makutu awo. Izi zimawathandiza kufalitsa ma pheromones awo obisika kuchokera pakhungu pakhungu pakati pa khutu ndi diso patali kwambiri ndikukopa akazi. Nthawi zambiri amuna achikulire azaka zapakati pa 40 mpaka 50 amakwatirana. Amayi amakhala okonzeka kuswana pofika zaka 14.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Amuna achichepere nthawi zambiri samalimbana ndi mphamvu ya achikulire, chifukwa chake samakwatirana mpaka atakula kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwonjezera njovu zaku India.
Njovu zimakhala ndi mbiri yayitali kuyambira pakubadwa mpaka kubadwa kwa ana. Nthawi ya bere ndi miyezi 22. Amayi amatha kubereka mwana mmodzi zaka zinayi kapena zisanu zilizonse. Pakubadwa, njovu zimakhala zazitali mita imodzi ndipo zimalemera pafupifupi 100 kg.
Mwana wanjovu amatha kuimirira atangobadwa kumene. Amasamalidwa osati ndi amayi ake okha, komanso azimayi ena amgulu. Njovu yaying'ono yaku India imakhala ndi mayi ake kufikira itakwanitsa zaka 5. Atapeza ufulu, amuna amasiya gulu lawo, ndipo akazi amakhalabe. Moyo wa njovu zaku India ndi pafupifupi zaka 70.
Adani achilengedwe a njovu zaku India
Chithunzi: Njovu Yaikulu Ya ku India
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, njovu zaku India zilibe nyama zochepa. Kuphatikiza pa osaka nyama, akambuku ndi omwe amadya kwambiri, ngakhale amakonda kusaka njovu kapena nyama zofooka m'malo mokhala anthu akuluakulu komanso amphamvu.
Njovu zaku India zimapanga ziweto, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti adani aziwagonjetsa okha. Njovu zamphongo zosungulumwa zimakhala zathanzi kwambiri, motero sizimagwidwa nthawi zambiri. Akambuku amasaka njovu pagulu. Njovu wamkulu imatha kupha kambuku ngati sasamala, koma ziwetozo zikakhala ndi njala yokwanira, zitha kutenga ngozi.
Njovu zimathera nthawi yochuluka m'madzi, motero njovu zazing'ono zimatha kugwidwa ndi ng'ona. Komabe, izi sizimachitika kawirikawiri. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zazing'ono zimakhala zotetezeka. Komanso afisi amakonda kuyenda mozungulira gulu la ziweto akamva zodwala m'modzi mwa mamembala am'gululi.
Chosangalatsa! Njovu zimakonda kufera pamalo enaake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti samamva kuti ali mkati mwa imfa ndipo amadziwa nthawi yawo yoti ifike. Malo omwe njovu zakale zimapita amatchedwa manda a njovu.
Komabe, vuto lalikulu kwambiri la njovu limachokera kwa anthu. Si chinsinsi kuti anthu akhala akuwasaka kwazaka zambiri. Ndi zida zomwe anthu ali nazo, nyama zilibe mwayi wopulumuka.
Njovu zaku India ndizinyama zazikulu komanso zowononga, ndipo alimi ang'onoang'ono amatha kutaya katundu wawo wonse usiku womwewo. Nyamazi zimapanganso kuwonongeka kwakukulu m'makampani akuluakulu azaulimi. Zowononga zimayambitsa kubwezera ndipo anthu amapha njovu kubwezera.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njovu yaku India
Chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha mayiko aku Asia chikufuna malo atsopano oti akhalemo. Izi zidakhudzanso malo okhala njovu zaku India. Kulowa mosaloledwa m'malo otetezedwa, kudula nkhalango za misewu ndi ntchito zina zachitukuko - zonsezi zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kusiya malo oti nyama zazikulu zizikhalamo.
Kusamuka m'malo awo sikuti kumangotsitsa njovu zaku India zopanda chakudya ndi pogona, komanso zimadzetsa kuti zimadzipatula pakakhala anthu ochepa ndipo sizingasunthire m'njira zawo zakale ndikusakanikirana ndi ziweto zina.
Komanso, njovu za ku Asia zikuchepa chifukwa cha kusakidwa kwawo ndi anthu opha nyama mosakondera omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi mitu yawo. Koma mosiyana ndi anzawo aku Africa, ma subspecies aku India ali ndi minyanga yokha mwa amuna. Kupha nyama molakwika kumawononga chiwerewere, chomwe chimatsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa ziwetozo. Kupha nyama mwachinyengo kukukulirakulira chifukwa cha kufunika kwa minyanga yapakati ku Asia, ngakhale kuti malonda a minyanga ndi oletsedwa mdziko lotukuka.
Zolemba! Njovu zazing'ono zimatengedwa kuchokera kwa amayi awo kuthengo kuti zikagwire ntchito zokopa alendo ku Thailand. Amayi nthawi zambiri amaphedwa, ndipo njovu zimaikidwa pafupi ndi akazi omwe siabadwa kuti abise zakugwidwa. Njovu zazing'ono nthawi zambiri "zimaphunzitsidwa", zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuletsa kuyenda komanso kusala kudya.
Chitetezo cha njovu zaku India
Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Njovu ku India
Chiwerengero cha njovu zaku India chikuchepa pakadali pano. Izi zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha kutha kwawo. Kuyambira 1986, njovu yaku Asia idatchulidwa kuti ili pachiwopsezo ndi IUCN Red List, popeza nyama zake zakutchire zatsika ndi 50%. Masiku ano, njovu yaku Asia ili pachiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kuwonongeka ndi kugawikana.
Ndikofunika! Njovu ya ku India yalembedwa pa CITES Zowonjezera I. Mu 1992, Project Elephant inayambitsidwa ndi Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ndi Nkhalango za Boma la India kuti ipereke ndalama ndi ukadaulo wogawa mwaufulu njovu zakuthengo zaku Asia.
Pulojekitiyi ikufuna kuonetsetsa kuti njovu zitha kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi m'malo awo achilengedwe poteteza malo okhala ndi makwalala osamuka. Zolinga zina za Project Elephant ndikuthandizira kafukufuku wazachilengedwe ndi kasamalidwe ka njovu, kulengeza kuzindikira kwa anthu akumaloko, ndikuwongolera chisamaliro chanyama cha njovu zomwe zidagwidwa.
M'munsi mwa kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa India, komwe kuli pafupifupi makilomita 1,160, kuli doko lotetezeka kwa njovu zazikulu kwambiri mdzikolo. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) ikugwira ntchito yoteteza njovu izi nthawi yayitali posunga malo awo okhala, kuchepetsa kwambiri ziwopsezo zomwe zilipo, ndikuthandizira kuteteza anthu ndi malo okhala.
Mwa mbali ina kumadzulo kwa Nepal ndi kum'mawa kwa India, WWF ndi anzawo akumanganso makonde olowa kuti njovu zitha kulowera m'malo awo osasokoneza nyumba za anthu. Cholinga cha nthawi yayitali ndikuphatikizanso madera otetezedwa a 12 ndikulimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu mdera kuti muchepetse mkangano pakati pa anthu ndi njovu. WWF imathandizira kuteteza zachilengedwe komanso kuzindikira pakati pa anthu am'deralo za malo okhala njovu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06.04.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 13:40
