Puma - mdani wamkulu wa New World feline. Kamodzi anali m'gulu la mtundu, womwenso amphaka wamba ndi lynxes. Koma, popeza siyofanana ndi imodzi kapena inzake, zidasankhidwa kuti zizisiyanitse ndi mtundu wina. Dzina lina la nyama yolimba, yokongolayi ndi cougar.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Puma
Dzina la mdani uyu limachokera mchilankhulo cha Amwenye aku Peru. Fuko lino limakhulupirira nthano kuti cougar ndi mwana wotayika yemwe adasankha njira yolakwika m'moyo. Mwina mwambiwu udali chifukwa chouma nthawi zambiri amasaka nyama.
Dzina lina la cougar ndi mkango waku America. Dzinali adapatsidwa kwa iye ndi alendo ochokera ku New World. Anthuwa anali onyadira ndi moyo wawo, chifukwa choti amakhala m'malo ovuta nthawi zonse, pomwe nthawi iliyonse amatha kuwukiridwa ndi nyama yoopsa imeneyi.
Chosangalatsa: Cougar imaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazokwaniritsa padziko lonse lapansi ndipo imaphatikizidwa mu Guinness Book of Records ngati nyama yomwe ili ndi mayina ambiri. Ndi mayiko olankhula Chingerezi okha omwe ali ndi mayina opitilira 40 a mphaka wachifumu.
M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti pali mitundu yoposa 25 ya nyama izi. Koma mdziko lamakono, pamaziko a mayeso amtundu, pali mitundu 6 yokha, yomwe 4 idatayika kale:
- Puma pardoides;
- Puma zosayembekezereka;
- Puma pumoides;
- Puma trumani.
Ma subspecies amoyo Puma concolor ndi Puma yagouaroundi amakhala ku America. M'mbuyomu, ma jaguarundi subspecies adasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wina wa Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858. Komabe, kafukufuku wamagulu am'magulu am'maselo awulula ubale wapakati pa mitundu iyi, chifukwa chake omwe amisonkho amawaika m'gulu limodzi.
Chosangalatsa: Ma cougar subspecies akuda sanapezebe chitsimikiziro cha sayansi chakukhalapo kwake ndipo mwina ndi nthano chabe. Nthawi zambiri, awa amakhala ma cougar okhala ndi tsitsi lakuda, lomwe limatha kulakwitsa lakuda patali.
Kafukufuku wina wa DNA adawonetsa kuti wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa amphaka odyetsawa ndi cheetah. Thupi lake losazolowereka lidamupatsa chifukwa chomusiyanitsira ndi banja losiyana la Acinonychinae, koma ubale wake wapamtima ndi ma cougars udakakamizabe kuti cheetah ichitidwe ndi banja la amphaka ang'onoang'ono.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal puma
Cougar ndi mphaka wakutchire wokulirapo, yemwe ku America amakhala wachiwiri pambuyo pa nyamayi kukula kwake. Amuna nthawi zonse amakhala akulu kuposa akazi ndipo amawoneka okulirapo. Ma cougars akumpoto nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa akumwera.
- Kutalika kwa thupi - kuyambira 110 mpaka 180 cm;
- Mchira kutalika - kuchokera 60 mpaka 70 cm .;
- Pakufota - kuyambira 60 mpaka 85 cm;
- Kulemera - kuchokera 29 mpaka 105 makilogalamu.
Thupi la ma cougars ndilokulirapo, koma limasinthasintha. Zolimba zolimba zazing'ono zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, kutsogolo ndi zala 4, kumbuyo 5, kumbuyo. Zikhadabo zobwezeretsedwera ndizosavuta kuti nyama igwire nyama ndikukwera mitengo. Mutu ndi wocheperako ndipo umakulitsidwa pang'ono. Pali madera akuda kumaso ndi makutu. Nsagwada ndi mano zimakhala zolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa mafupa kusweka.
Chosangalatsa: Msinkhu wa cougar umatsimikiziridwa ndi mano ake. Pofika miyezi inayi, mano onse amkaka amatuluka, omwe amatuluka posachedwa ndipo pakatha miyezi 6-8 mano okhazikika amayamba kudula. Mano onse amakula zaka 1.5-2. Ndi ukalamba, amapera ndi kuda.
Mchira wautali, wamphamvu ngati balancer pamene ukudumpha. Mphaka wamtchire amatha kulumpha mpaka 7 mita kutalika, mpaka 2 mita kutalika. Pakusaka, mikango yam'mapiri imatha kufika pamtunda wa makilomita 50 pa ola ikamathamangitsa nyama.
Kanema: Puma
Chovala chofiyira komanso chofupikitsa sichikhala ndi mawonekedwe. Ubweyawo ndi wofiira, wamchenga, womwe umafanana ndi mtundu wa mkango. Kusiyana kwake ndi kukula, kusowa kwa mane, ngayaye kumchira ndi mphuno zapinki. Pamimba pamayera. Ana a cougar amabadwa mabala, ngati lalikuni, ndi malaya okulirapo komanso ofewa.
Ana amatsegula maso awo milungu iwiri atabadwa. Mu cougars wakhanda, mtundu wa maso ndi wabuluu, koma pakatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amasintha kukhala bulauni kapena amber. Chitsanzo cha malaya amayamba kuzimiririka ali ndi miyezi 9, mabala amatha ndipo amatha kwathunthu ali ndi zaka ziwiri.
Kodi cougar amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mammal Cougar
Malo okhala cougar amayambira kumapiri a Rocky ku North America kupita ku Patagonia kumwera. Chifukwa choti amatha kusintha moyo wawo wonse, malo okhala anyaniwa ndiosiyana kwambiri - kuyambira nkhalango zam'mapiri ndi madera akumapiri kupita ku nkhalango zotentha ndi madambo. Nyama izi zimakhala zobisika ndipo zimapewa malo otseguka kwambiri.
M'mbuyomu, ma cougars amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana ku America, kuchuluka kwawo kunali kokulirapo poyerekeza ndi zinyama zina zonse zadziko lapansi. Koma chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwakukulu, nyamazo zinayenera kusiya malo awo akale. Malo awo okhala amakhala ofanana ndi nyama yawo yayikulu - nswala. Njira zazikulu zosankhira malo ndi pogona komanso chakudya chochuluka.
Kufalikira kwa malo omwe nyamazi zimapezekako zidapangitsa kuti anthu am'deralo aziwapatsa mayina olakwika kapena ndakatulo. Tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timatchulidwa ndi malo okhala. Komwe kanyama kameneka kamakhala kumadalira mtundu wake. Koma kwenikweni onse amakonda malo okhala ndi malo ochepera komanso amatha kubisalira.
Popeza amphaka akulu amakhala okha mwachilengedwe, amuna amasankha madera akuluakulu okha, omwe amakhala pakati pa 20 mpaka 50 ma kilomita. Pomwe akazi safuna zambiri ndipo amakhala m'malo a 10-20 ma kilomita.
Kodi cougar amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Cat puma
Cougar ndi chilombo mwachilengedwe. Chilakolako chake nthawi zambiri chimaposa kuthekera kwake kudya nyama yomwe adadyedwa. Pafupifupi, amadya mpaka 1,300 kg ya nyama pachaka. Awa ndi ma ungulates pafupifupi 48.
Amasaka nyama zosiyanasiyana, kutengera malo omwe amakhala:
- mbawala;
- anyani;
- ng'ombe;
- beavers;
- ziphuphu;
- mbewa;
- mpheta;
- njoka;
- nkhosa zamapiri;
- nguluwe zakutchire.
Cougars samasiyanitsa ziweto ndi nyama zamtchire, chifukwa chake nkhosa zamphongo, amphaka, agalu atha kuzunzidwa. Popeza amatha kunyoza kanyimbi, amasakanso achule, tizilombo komanso nkhono. Zinyalala nthawi zambiri zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zonunkhira ndipo zikopa zimanyalanyaza nyamazi.
Mikango yam'mapiri ndi nyama zolimba mtima ndipo nthawi zambiri imawombera nyama zazikulu kuposa kukula kwake. Choyamba, amatsata nyama ija pamalo obisalapo, mwakachetechete amazembera, kenako ndikuukira nyamayo kumbuyo ndikuphwanya mafupa a khomo lachiberekero kapena kuyipinditsa. Kuthamanga kwachangu komanso kukwera mitengo kumalola cougar kuthamangitsa nthiwatiwa ndikugwira anyani mumitengo.
Nyama izi ndizovuta kwambiri. Sadzasiya chakudya chamasana ndipo sadzagawana nawo. Cougars nthawi zonse amabwerera kumalo ophedwawo, kapena amabisa zotsalazo pachipale chofewa kapena kuziyika m'masamba osungidwa. Cougars sakonda kuthamangitsa omwe achitiridwa nkhanza. Ngati kulumpha koyamba sikugonjetse nyamayo, amphaka sathamangitsa nyama yawo kwa nthawi yayitali.
Malo odyera, armadillos, mphalapala, nyongolotsi, agologolo, tizilombo, mbalame zazing'ono kwa mikango yaku America ndichakudya chosavuta, chosakhutiritsa. Pofunafuna nyama, ma cougars amawoneka osangalatsa komanso okongola pakulumpha. Nthawi zambiri amasaka mumdima, koma tsiku lotentha amakonda kugona m'mphepete mwa dzuwa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Cougar wamtchire
Popeza ma cougars amakhala osiyana ndi ena mwachilengedwe, munthu aliyense amakhala ndi zinthu zazikulu kwambiri. Zowononga zimayika malire a gawo lawo ndi mkodzo, ndowe, ndi notches pamitengo. Ziwerengero za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimatha kubwera, koma amuna samalowa nawo gawo ngati akuwona kuti malowo ali ndi mbuye.
Zimachitika kuti amphaka amtchire amayenera kusintha malo awo chifukwa cha momwe zinthu zilili. Ayesa kuchoka kumayiko ena mwachangu momwe angathere ndikukhala ndi gawo laulere. Msewu ukhoza kukhala wautali. Chifukwa chake, ma puma ochokera ku Wyoming adakumana ku Colorado, ndipo awa ndi theka la kilomita.
Mikango yakumapiri ndi nyama zoleza mtima kwambiri komanso zopanda mawu. Nyalugwe akalumpha mumsampha akuyesera kuti adzimasule okha, cougaryo amathetsa msamphawo modekha, ngakhale zitatenga masiku angapo. Ngati sizingatheke kuti amange maunyolo, agwa ndikunyansidwa ndipo amangokhala chete osagwedezeka.
Cougars samenya anthu ndikuyesera kuwapewa m'njira iliyonse. Sikuti pachabe kudzichepetsa kumakhala pakati pamikhalidwe yawo. Cougar siziwonetsa nkhanza mpaka itakhala ndi njala kwambiri moti ili pafupi kutopa kapena kuyesa kuteteza ana ake.
Chosangalatsa: Amwenye aku North America amakhulupirira kuti macougars ndi ana a mdierekezi. Kubangula kwawo kunagwedeza aliyense ndi mantha. Koma amphakawa amamveka kulira kwa mluzu waukali mokwiya, nthawi yonse yomwe amatsuka ngati amphaka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Cougar Cub
Nyengo yakumasirana ya mikango yaku America siyikhala nthawi yayitali - kuyambira Disembala mpaka Marichi. Maanja amapanga pafupifupi masabata awiri, kenako amathanso. Amphaka okhawo omwe ali ndi gawo lawo amatha kuswana. Amuna amatha kukwatirana ndi akazi angapo omwe amakhala pafupi.
Pakadali pano, kumenyera nkhondo kwa osankhidwa kumachitika pakati pa amuna ndi kulira kwakukulu. Wopambana amayesa kuphimba akazi ambiri momwe angathere kuchokera pachiwembu chawo. Kutentha kumatenga masiku 9. Nthawi yokwatirana, monga amphaka ena, ma cougars amapanga mawu owawa.
Kubala ana pafupifupi masiku 95. Mu zinyalala imodzi, kuchokera ku mphonda zamphongo ziwiri mpaka zisanu zimatha kuwoneka, mpaka 30 cm kutalika komanso zolemera theka la kilogalamu. Pakatha milungu ingapo, makanda amatsegula maso, makutu, ndipo mano awo oyamba amayamba kukula. Ndi ukalamba, mawonekedwe athupi ndi mphete kumchira zimatha.
Kuwona ma coug a mayi ku zoo, zinawonekeratu kuti zazikazi sizinkalola aliyense kuyandikira anawo ndipo sizinkawalola kuti aziyang'ana. Kutulutsa koyamba kudzachitika pafupifupi mwezi umodzi atabadwa. Mpaka mwezi umodzi ndi theka, makanda amadyetsedwa mkaka wa amayi, kenako amasamukira ku chakudya chotafuna.
Mayi amasamalira ana mpaka azaka ziwiri, pambuyo pake achinyamatawo amapeza malo awoawo. Kwa kanthawi amatha kukhala pagulu, koma kenako aliyense amapita njira yake. Amayi ali okonzeka kuswana zaka 2.5, amuna azaka 3. Pafupifupi, amakhala zaka 15-18 kuthengo, kundende - zaka zopitilira 20.
Adani achilengedwe a cougar
Chithunzi: Puma nyama
Cougars alibe adani achilengedwe. Komabe, akuwopabe zimbalangondo zakuda, ma jaguar, ma grizzies, ng'ona, ma caimans akuda, mapaketi a mimbulu ndi anyani akuluakulu aku Mississippi. Opunduka ndi ma grizzike nthawi zambiri amatha kudya nyama yogwidwa ndi cougar. Kawirikawiri nyamazi zimaukira cougars ofooka, akale kapena ovulala.
Mmodzi mwa adaniwo ndi munthu yemwe amatchera misampha ndi misampha ya puma, kuwombera amphaka kuti apeze phindu. Cougars ndi nyama zothamanga kwambiri ndipo, ngati angathe kuzemba mfuti, ndiye kuti msampha ungamupangitse kuvutika kwanthawi yayitali. Ngati alephera kudzimasula, amadikira mwakachetechete mlenjeyo.
Purezidenti wa US Theodore Roosevelt adakhazikitsa gulu lotetezera nyama, koma nthawi yomweyo adalola kuwononga ma puma osalangidwa mothandizidwa ndi wamkulu wa gulu lachilengedwe la New York. Pambuyo pake, mikango masauzande mazana ambiri idawonongedwa ku America.
Pakubwera kwa azungu ku kontinentiyi ya America, kuwonongedwa kwakukulu kwa makochi kunayamba chifukwa choukira nyama zowononga ngati ndalama zosavuta. Mmodzi mwa subspecies walandira dzina loti "womenya kavalo" m'maiko angapo. Pambuyo pake, kusaka matumba ndi agalu kunayamba, kuwayendetsa mumitengo, momwe amphaka amatha kuwomberedwa mosavuta.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Cougar Predator
Ngakhale kuti ma pumas saloledwa pafupifupi m'maiko onse, chifukwa cha kuwukira minda ya ng'ombe, kuwonongedwa kwa mikango yaku America kukupitilizabe. Koma, ngakhale malo awo amakhala osagwiritsika ntchito chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, chifukwa chakusintha kwawo kosavuta kukhala ndi moyo, mitundu yambiri ndiyambiri.
Pamphepete mwa kutha m'zaka za zana la 20 ku United States, kuchuluka kwa ma cougars kumadzulo kokha kuli pafupifupi akulu 30 zikwi ndipo akupitilizabe kudzaza boma kumwera ndi kum'mawa. Kuzolowera malo aliwonse kumathandiza kuti cougars zikule.
Chifukwa cha mikango yamapiri, anthu aku Florida cougar afika pangozi ndipo pano ali pachiwopsezo. Kusaka masewera, ngalande zam'madzi ndi kudula nkhalango zam'malo otentha kwapangitsa kuti zamoyo ziwonongeke. Mu 1979, panali pafupifupi 20 a iwo. Kubereketsa kwachilengedwe sikuthekanso ndipo amphaka amtchire amatetezedwa.
Umphawi wa ma genetic umabweretsa kubadwa kwa ana omwe ali ndi zolakwika ndi zolakwika, chifukwa chake chitetezo chimachepa ndikuwonjezera chiwopsezo cha matenda. Pakadali pano, anthu onse amakhala mdera lachilengedwe la Florida ndipo kuchuluka kwawo ndi magawo a 160.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti cougar yakum'mawa, yaku Canada ndi United States, idasowa. Koma mzaka za m'ma 1970, akuluakulu angapo adapezeka mumzinda wa New Brunswick, womwe udatetezedwa nthawi yomweyo. Kwa zaka zingapo adakwanitsa kubereka anthu 50.
Pumas alonda
Chithunzi: Puma kuchokera ku Red Book
Mitundu itatu yama cougars idatchulidwa mu CITES Zowonjezera I: Puma concolor couguar, Puma concolor coryi, Puma concolor costaricensis. Kusaka kwawo ndikosaloledwa m'maiko onse kapena mochepa. Komabe, abusa kapena oweta nyama akupitilizabe kuteteza minda yawo kwa mikango yamapiri popha ma puma osaka nyama.
Cougar ku Florida Puma concolor coryi amalembedwa mwalamulo mu IUCN Red List ndipo ali ndi Mkhalidwe Wovuta. Imayang'aniridwa mosamalitsa, malo osungira zachilengedwe ndi malo opumulira amapangidwa, pomwe mawailesi amapachikidwa kuti azitsatira kuyenda kwa nyama. M'malo osungira nyama, nyama zimamera bwino ndipo zimabala ana.
Asayansi akuyesetsa kuthana ndi mitundu yonse ya cougar ku Florida ndi enawo. Akukonzekera kukhazikitsanso mikango yaku America m'maiko ena, koma sichinthu chophweka. Nkhalango za Florida zikutha msanga nthawi zambiri kuposa, mwachitsanzo, nkhalango ku South America.
Kuyesera kuweta amphaka amtchire monga ziweto. Komabe, nthawi zonse pamakhala zoopsa kuchitetezo cha anthu. Iwo omwe akufuna kubweretsa nyama yachilendo mnyumba ayenera kukumbukira kuti nyama zolusa izi komanso zokoma sizimvera aliyense ndipo zimakonda ufulu.
Puma - cholengedwa chamtendere poyerekeza ndi munthu. Awonetsedwa kuti amanyansidwa ndi anthu ataliatali. Omwe amachitidwa chipongwe makamaka ndi ana kapena anthu opinimbira omwe amayenda mozungulira dera la mkango wamapiri usiku. Pogunda ndi nyama, sikulimbikitsidwa kuti muthamange, yang'anani m'maso ndi kufuula.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.03.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi ya 9:00
