Aliyense amene alibe chidwi ngakhale pang'ono ndi chiyambi cha nyama zapadziko lapansi amadziwa izi wopala njuchi ndi chimodzi mwa tizilombo takale kwambiri padziko lathuli. Asayansi amatenga mawonekedwe awo kale munthu asanawonekere - zaka 60-80 miliyoni zapitazo. Ndipo chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, m'modzi mwa migodi kumpoto kwa Burma (Myanmar), kachilombo koyambirira ka mtundu uwu kanapezeka, kofiira m'dontho la amber. Ndipo izi pezani - ingoganizirani! - pafupifupi zaka 100 miliyoni.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Wopala njuchi
Kukoma kwa uchi kunali kodziwika kale kwa munthu wakale. Kuphatikiza pa kusaka, anthu akale nawonso ankachita nawo uchi wa njuchi zakutchire. Zachidziwikire, uchi unali gawo losafunikira pazakudya zamakolo athu akutali, koma ndiye gwero lokhalo la shuga wachilengedwe wodziwika m'masiku amenewo.
Kutuluka kwa njuchi za uchi kumalumikizidwa ndi kutuluka kwa maluwa padziko lapansi. Zikuganiziridwa kuti oyambitsa mungu woyamba anali kachilomboka - tizilombo takale kwambiri kuposa njuchi. Popeza kuti mbewu zoyambirira zinali zisanatuluke timadzi tokoma, kafadala kanadya mungu wawo. Ndikutuluka kwa timadzi tokoma, njira yodzisinthira ya tizilombo idafika pagawo la proboscis, kenako kutalika kwake ndi mawonekedwe a chotupa cha uchi - chidebe chomwetulira timadzi tokoma.
Kanema: Wopala njuchi
Apa ndipamene hymenoptera yayikulu idawonekera - makolo akale kwambiri a njuchi zamakono zamakono. Iwo anachuluka, pang'onopang'ono anadziŵa magawo atsopano. Iwo adakhala ndi chidwi chobwerera ku pollination ku maluwa amtundu womwewo, ndipo izi zinali zofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwa maluwa. Pazaka zambiri zotere, njuchi zatuluka, ndipo asayansi asintha mitundu yoposa 20,000 ya tizilombo timeneti.
Mmodzi mwa mamembala akulu kwambiri m'banja la njuchi ndi njuchi yaukalipentala. Dzina la sayansi ndi Xylocopa valga. Tizilombo timatchedwa "kalipentala" chifukwa cha njira yake yamoyo, makamaka chifukwa cha njira zomangira zisa. Mothandizidwa ndi nsagwada zamphamvu, njuchi zimatafuna mauna m'nkhalango, kukonza zisa pamenepo.
Njuchi yamatabwa njochepera msinkhu wa azibale ake apafupi kwambiri ndipo ilibe mtundu wachizungu wakuda wamawangamawanga. Kuphatikiza apo, tizilombo timeneti sichulukana ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi njuchi zokha.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Wopala matabwa a njuchi
Maonekedwe ndi omwe amasiyanitsa nthawi yomweyo njuchi yamatabwa ndi ena onse amtunduwo. Choyamba, tizilombo ndi akulu kwambiri, akazi amatha kutalika masentimita 3-3.5. Amuna ndi ocheperako pang'ono - 2-2.5 cm.
Kachiwiri, mutu, bere ndi mimba ya akalipentala ndi zakuda kwathunthu, zonyezimira, zopanda mikwingwirima yakuda, ngati njuchi wamba. Pafupifupi thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi ubweya wofiirira. Sapezeka pamimba pokha. Mapikowo ndi apakatikati, kuyerekeza ndi thupi, owonekera ndipo ngati atagawanika m'mbali. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kameneka, mtundu wawo wabuluu-violet umatchulidwa kwambiri.
Chochititsa chidwi: ndichifukwa cha mtundu wamapiko omwe anthu amagawa njuchi zamatabwa kukhala zamtambo ndi zofiirira. Komabe, palibe kusiyana kwina kulikonse, kupatula mtundu, komwe kudapezeka m'magulu awiriwa, chifukwa chake magawano awa samawerengedwa kuti ndi asayansi, koma a philistine.
Akazi amasiyana amuna osati kukula kokha, komanso magawo ena. Mwachitsanzo, akazi amakhala ndi mbola, tinyanga totalikirapo tokhala ndi mabala ofiira, ma denticles otuluka amawoneka pa miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, ndipo mtundu wa villi wokutira thupi ndi wamtambo wofiirira wokha, pomwe mwa amuna umatha kukhala bulauni.
Maso a njuchi akalipentala ali ndi mbali zofanana ndendende za tizilombo tambiri. Amapezeka mbali zonse ziwiri za mutu. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mitundu inanso itatu yakukhazikika pa korona wa njuchi.
Pofuna kuti njuchi ya kalipentala igwire bwino ntchito yake - kutafuna nkhuni - chilengedwe chidapatsa mosamala chigaza champhamvu ndi septa ya chitin ndi nsagwada zamphamvu. Ndipo izi, ndizachidziwikire, ndizofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimasiyanitsa mtundu uwu wa tizilombo ndi abale ake apamtima - njuchi wamba za uchi.
Kodi njuchi yamatabwa imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mmisiri wamatabwa wamba
Chiyambireni pomwe adakhazikitsidwa padziko lapansi, njuchi zakhala ndikudziwika bwino. Anasiya zisa zawo za makolo ndikuthamangira kumadera ena. Amakhulupirira kuti malire kumpoto ndi kum'mawa ndi Himalaya, komanso kumwera ndi nyanja, njuchi zakale zimathamangira kumadzulo.
Anafika koyamba ku Middle East kenako nayamba kulanda dziko la Egypt. Gawo lotsatira lachitukuko lidakhala gombe lakumpoto kwa Africa, kenako maguluwo adafika ku Atlantic ndikupitilira - ku Iberia Peninsula.
Ndipo adafika kudera la dziko lathu kuchokera ku Central Europe, ndikufalikira mpaka ku Urals. Mapiri a Ural analepheretsa kuti njuchi zisalepheretse njuchi. Nyengo yamalo amenewo ndiovuta kwambiri, ndipo mdima wandiweyani wa taiga sunalole kuti njuchi zizidalira chakudya chochuluka. Njuchi zauchi zidalephera kulowa ku Siberia ndi Far East.
Koma iyi ndi mbiriyakale komanso kugawa kwachilengedwe kwa mitunduyo. Inde, tsopano malo okhala njuchi ndi ochulukirapo, ndipo anthu amasamalira izi. Panjira zamalonda, nyanja ndi nthaka, njuchi zinabweretsedwa ku America ndi Mexico, kenako ku Australia ndi New Zealand.
Kwa njuchi yamatabwa, malo okhalamo akadali ku Central ndi Western Europe komanso ku Caucasus. Ponena za Russia, mitunduyo imagawidwa m'malo abwino kwambiri amoyo. Awa ndi Krasnodar Territory ndi Stavropol Territory, Middle ndi Lower Volga, Central Black Earth Region ndi madera ena omwe ali ndi nyengo yofananira.
Kodi njuchi yamatabwa imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bee Carpenter Red Book
Zakudya za njuchi zamatabwa sizimasiyana ndi njuchi wamba:
- timadzi tokoma;
- mungu;
- phokoso;
- wokondedwa.
Choyamba, ndiye kuti, timadzi tokoma ndi mungu wa maluwa - chakudya chachikulu munthawi kuyambira masika mpaka nthawi yophukira. Kuphatikiza apo, njuchi zimadya mkate wa njuchi (womwe umatchedwanso mkate wa njuchi) ndi uchi wawo womwe. Chithandizo chomwe amakonda kwambiri njuchi ya kalipentala ndi mungu wa mthethe ndi red clover. Koma ambiri, iwo mungu mitundu yoposa 60 ya zomera melliferous.
Ngati mungayang'ane bwinobwino njuchi za kalipentala, mutha kuwunikira zinthu zingapo zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, kuti thupi lonse la njuchi likhale lolimba komanso lothandiza, tizilombo timadya timadzi tokoma ndi uchi - magwero achilengedwe a chakudya.
Ndipo gwero la mapuloteni a njuchi ndi mungu. Zimathandizira kukhalabe ndi ma endocrine ndi machitidwe a minofu athanzi. Mukamasonkhanitsa mungu, njuchi zimanyowa ndi malovu ndi timadzi tokhathamira kuti zizinyowa, zimamatira pang'ono ndipo sizimathothoka mukamayenda ulendo wautali. Pakadali pano, chifukwa chachinsinsi cha njuchi ndi mungu wake, njira yothira mungu imachitika, chifukwa chake njuchi zimapangidwa.
Njuchi zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zimadyetsa pega. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuti asanduke gruel ndi / kapena Royal jelly, zomwe ndizofunikira kudyetsa mphutsi, mothandizidwa ndi kutsekula kwa nsagwada.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Wopala njuchi
Ngakhale kuti ndi yaukatswiri poyerekeza ndi achibale ake apamtima kwambiri, njuchi yaukalipentala siopseza nyama iliyonse. Tizilombo timeneti siwokwiya kwenikweni. Zachidziwikire, mmisili wamkazi akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chida chake chokha - mbola, koma amachita izi pongodziteteza kapena ngati pangakhale zoopsa pamoyo wake.
Komabe, mlingo wa poizoni wobayidwa ndi njuchi ya kalipentala ndi waukulu kwambiri, chifukwa chake umayambitsa kutupa kowawa kwambiri. Koma ngati simukuyesa kulimbana ndi nyumba ya njuchi ndipo simumamuseka iyeyo, ndiye kuti sangayang'anenso kupezeka kwa wina. Ali ndi nkhawa zokwanira popanda izo.
Njuchi zonse mwakhama zimagwira ntchito mwakhama, koma njuchi ya kalipentalayo imagwiradi ntchito. Mogwirizana ndi dzina lake lotchulidwira, amapanga ngalande zakuya mumitengo yakale komanso yovunda. Zitha kukhala chilichonse - nyumba zaulimi, mitundu yonse yamatabwa owola ndi mitengo, nkhuni zakufa, zitsa, mitengo yakale. Mitengo yofewa imagonjera mosavuta kukakamizidwa ndi nsagwada zamphamvu za njuchi, ndipo nyumba zokhalamo zazitali zingapo zimawonekera mkati mwake, momwe mphutsi zidzakhalire ndikukula.
Chosangalatsa: njuchi yamatabwa imangokonda matabwa achilengedwe. Ngati pamwamba pake pentedwa kapena kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala oteteza komanso okongoletsera, ma gourmets awa sangasangalale nawo.
Ntchito yoluma njirayo ndiyopanda phokoso, njuchi zimapanga phokoso lofanana ndi kulira kwa macheka ozungulira pang'ono. Phokosoli limamveka patali mamita angapo. Chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwa njuchi ya kalipentala, khomo lokwanira mozungulira lisa ndi magawo amkati amkati mpaka masentimita 30 akuya amapangidwa.
Njuchi yamatabwa si njuchi yodzaza. Izi ndi tizilombo tokha. Mkazi aliyense amapanga gulu lake. Ntchito ya njuchi imakhala kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembala, komanso nyengo yabwino - mpaka Okutobala.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Wopala matabwa a njuchi
Mosiyana ndi njuchi wamba, banja la njuchi zamatabwa silinagawidwe mfumukazi, ogwira ntchito, komanso ma drones. Pali akazi ndi amuna okha pano. Koma, monga tizilombo tonse ta mtundu uwu, matriarchy okhazikika amalamulira pakati pa akalipentala. Izi zikuyenda bwino chifukwa chakuti ntchito yayikulu yopanga njuchi, kudyetsa ndi kulera mphutsi imagwera pa mkazi.
Amuna sagwira ntchito molimbika, ndipo ntchito yawo makamaka ndikuphatikiza azimayi. Pa nthawi yobereka, amuna amakopeka nawo kwambiri. Powona njuchi yoyenera, yamphongo imakhazikika paphiri linalake ndikulira mokweza, kuti ikope chidwi chake.
Ngati mkaziyo sakusonyeza ntchito yoyenera ndipo sasiya chisa, ndiye kuti njondayo imatsikira kukabisala ndikupitilizabe "chibwenzi" mpaka womusankhirayo abwezere. Amuna ali ndi mitala, aliyense wa iwo amateteza "harem" ake ang'onoang'ono, momwe akazi 5-6 amakhala.
Pakukonza malo obisalapo, yaikazi imayika mungu kumunsi kwa ngalandeyo ndikuinyowetsa ndi timadzi tokoma ndi malovu ake. Amayikira dzira mu zosakaniza zomwe zimayambitsa. Kuchokera mu utuchi womwe udatsalira utatafuna ngalandeyo ndikumata ndi malovu, njuchi imapanga magawano, potero amasindikiza chipinda ndi mphutsi zamtsogolo.
Pa gawoli, amafalitsanso timadzi tokoma timene timayamwa, timayikira dzira lotsatira ndikusindikiza khungu lotsatira. Chifukwa chake, njuchi imadzaza ngalande yonse ndikusunthira yatsopano. Zotsatira zake, chisa cha njuchi cha mmisiri wamatabwa chimakhala ndi zipinda zingapo komanso nthambi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: nyumba za njuchi zamatabwa zitha kutchedwa "zisa za mabanja", chifukwa zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mibadwo yambiri ya anthu.
Ikayika mazira, yaikazi imayang'anitsitsa chisa kwa kanthawi ndikutchinjiriza. Nthawi zambiri, akazi achikulire amafa m'nyengo yozizira, koma ngati atha kupulumuka m'nyengo yozizira, ndiye kuti kasupe wotsatira amayambanso kuswana.
Mphutsi zimakula ndikukula mosiyana. Pakutha nyengo yachilimwe, amaphunzira, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira, maselowo amakhala kale ndi njuchi zazing'ono, zomwe zimakakamizidwa kuti zizikhala zotsekedwa mpaka zitapeza mphamvu zokwanira.
M'chaka, okalamba kale, olimbikitsidwa amaluma njira yawo yaufulu ndikuthamangira kukafuna timadzi tokoma. Moyo wawo wodziyimira pawokha umayamba, amayamba kukonza zisa zawo ndikubala zigawo zatsopano.
Adani achilengedwe a njuchi zamatabwa
Chithunzi: Mmisiri wamatabwa wamba
Chifukwa chakukula kwake komanso nyumba zolimba zamatabwa, njuchi zamatabwa zili ndi adani ochepa kuthengo kuposa njuchi zachibadwa. Choyamba, izi ndizo, mbalame zovulaza - zodya njuchi, shrike, zodya njuchi zagolide ndi ena ambiri.
Ngozi amadikirira njuchi zamatabwa komanso m'malo achule. Omwe amadyetsa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, koma osadandaula ndikudya njuchi, ndikuigwira ndi ntchentche ndi lilime lawo lalitali. Wina woimira nyama zazikondazi ndi kangaude. Amaluka ukonde wake pafupi ndi zisa za njuchi ndikugwira anthu ambiri omwe ali nawo.
Nzowopsa kwa njuchi zamatabwa ndi abale akutali monga ma hornet. Ndiochulukirapo kuwirikiza kawiri, owopsa kwambiri ndipo amatha kuwononga njuchi zambirimbiri kuti azidya.
China chachilengedwe, ngakhale sichidani wowopsa kwambiri wa njuchi yaukalipentala ndi agulugufe. Sachita kuukira nthawi zonse, makamaka ngati oimira njuchi zazikulu. Amakonda nyama zosavuta. Komabe, m'zaka zomwe agulugufe amaswana kwambiri, chakudya chimakhala chosakwanira, ndipo njuchi zopala matabwa zimalowa m'zakudya zawo pamodzi ndi tizilombo tina.
Ndipo kufupi ndi dziko lapansi, njuchi zamatabwa zimadikirira mbewa ndi makoswe ena ophera tizilombo. Ambiri mwa iwo satha kufikira zisa za akalipentala ndi kuwawononga, monga momwe amachitira ndi ming'oma ya njuchi wamba, koma akulu nthawi zambiri amapezeka kuti amadya nkhomaliro ndi nyama zazing'onozi. Popeza njuchi zamatabwa sizikuwongoleredwa ndi anthu komanso osaweta, siziyenera kudikirira thandizo polimbana ndi adani achilengedwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Wopala matabwa a njuchi
Ngakhale kuti kufunikira kwa kupezeka kwa njuchi zakutchire kuli kovuta kupitilira, kuchuluka kwawo kumachepa mosalekeza.
Pali zifukwa zingapo izi:
- kuchuluka kwa minda;
- chithandizo cha maluwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo;
- kudwala;
- masinthidwe owopsa chifukwa cha kuwoloka.
Zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira ndikulima kwa malo amodzi pazokha zitha kuganiziridwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuchepa kwa njuchi zamatabwa. M'chilengedwe - m'mapiri, m'nkhalango - zomera zimakhala ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana. Ena amamasula kumayambiriro kwa masika, ena nthawi yotentha, ndipo ena nthawi yophukira. M'minda, chikhalidwe chimabzalidwa, maluwa ake samatha mwezi umodzi. Nthawi yonseyi, njuchi zilibe kanthu kakudya, ndipo zimafa.
Komanso, mbewu zolimidwa zimakopa mbewa zambiri. Polimbana nawo, munthu amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri kuti ateteze zokolola zake. Komano, njuchi zimachotsa mungu mu mankhwala ochiritsidwa ndi mankhwala, zimalandira poizoni wochuluka ndipo nthawi zina amapha.
Njuchi zamatabwa sizili ndi inshuwaransi yolimbana ndi matenda. Mphutsi, ziphuphu ndi akulu amalimbana ndi tiziromboti (nthata) ndipo amatenga matenda owopsa - varratosis. Chikho chimodzi chimatha kupha anthu ambiri.
Ponena za kuchepa kwa njuchi zamatabwa, wina sangatchulepo zomwe anthu akuchita podutsa mitundu. Zotsatira zoterezi zimatambasulidwa pakapita nthawi, koma asayansi akhazikitsa kale zowona zakusintha kosintha pakati pamitundu yosankhidwa. Njuchi zoterezi zimatha kudwala matenda osiyanasiyana, nyengo yooneka ngati yodziwika siziwayendera, ndipo maderawo amangofa.
Chitetezo cha njuchi zamatabwa
Chithunzi: Wopala njuchi ku Red Book
Mitengo ya njuchi zamatabwa ikuchepa. Kutsika kwakukulu kwadziwika mzaka zaposachedwa. Kuphatikiza pazifukwa zomwe zafotokozedwa m'gawo lapitalo, njirayi imakhudzidwa ndikuti njuchi zamitengo zilibe kokhala. Nkhalango zikudulidwa mwachangu, nyumba zamatabwa zikusinthidwa ndikumanga zina zamakono komanso zothandiza - miyala, konkire, njerwa.
Pofuna kuletsa izi, njuchi yamatabwa imadziwika kuti ndi nyama yotetezedwa ndipo yatchulidwa m'buku la Red Book of Russia.Malo ambiri okhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala nkhalango zachilengedwe.
Si chinsinsi kuti kufunikira kopeza njuchi zakutchire m'chilengedwe sikumangogwirizana ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zawo zopatsa mphamvu, koma ndikofunikira kwambiri pachilengedwe cha dziko lonseli. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a zakudya zomwe anthu amadya zimadalira mungu. Osanenapo mbali yofunika yomwe njuchi zimagwira mu chakudya ndi njira zachilengedwe zamtchire.
Njuchi yamatabwa - nthumwi yodabwitsa yadziko lapansi, yamphamvu komanso yodziyimira payokha. Anthu sanakwanitse kuyisamalira, imangokhala m'malo amodzi ndi chilengedwe, osavulaza, koma kuteteza m'njira iliyonse.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/29/2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 pa 11:22
