Njati ndi woimira nyama yayikulu kwambiri, yamphamvu, komanso yokongola modabwitsa. Maonekedwe ake, ali ofanana kwambiri ndi njati za ku Europe, amatha kusokonezeka mosavuta. Nyama zamitundu yonseyi nthawi zambiri zimasakanizana, ndikupanga ana, omwe amatchedwa njati.
Kukula, kusaopa ndi bata losasunthika la chinyama chimapangitsa mantha ndi ulemu. Kukula kwa zitsamba kumawapangitsa kukhala osatsutsika pakati pa omwe sanalipo padziko lapansi pano.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bizon
Njati ndi nyama yovuta kwambiri. Ndiwoyimira dongosolo la artiodactyls, banja la bovids, lomwe limaperekedwa ku mtundu ndi mitundu ya njati. Chifukwa cha zofukulidwa, akatswiri a zoo anapeza kuti nthawi ya Pliocene, ndiko kuti, pafupifupi zaka 5.5-2.5 miliyoni zapitazo, adalipo kale padziko lapansi.
Asayansi akuti panthawiyo malo okhala anali pafupifupi dera lakumwera kwa Europe. Patapita nthawi, ku Pleistocene, nyama zinafalikira ku Europe konse, ndipo pambuyo pake zinawonekera ku North America.
Asayansi akuti mlatho wa Beringian, womwe udalipo pafupifupi zaka 650,000 zapitazo, udawathandiza kuti afike pamenepo. M'dera lino, ana subspecies yaing'ono njati unakhazikitsidwa, amene anakakhala kum'mwera kwa Beringia. Njati za nthawi imeneyo zinali pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwa njati zamakono. Amadziwika chifukwa chosintha msanga malo okhala, komabe, pakapita nthawi komanso kusintha kwa nyengo, njati pafupifupi pafupifupi theka.
Kanema: Bizon
Pafupifupi zaka 100,000 zapitazo, nthawi yachisanu idayamba, kuchuluka kwa njati zaku Europe zidafalikira ku North America. M'dera lino, iwo anakhazikitsa Beringian tundra ndi steppes. Pa nthawi imeneyo, dera ili zonse zikhalidwe za moyo wabwino ndi kubereka. Chifukwa cha izi, kuchuluka kwawo kunaposa kuchuluka kwa mammoths, mphalapala, ng'ombe zamphongo, ndi zina zambiri.
Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, komwe kudayamba pafupifupi zaka 14,000 zapitazo, madzi amnyanja adakwera kwambiri, motero Bridge ya Beringian idasefukira kwathunthu. Zachilengedwe zidasokonekera, chifukwa malo omwe njati za ku Eurasia zinawonongedwa.
Njati za ku Ulaya zinapanga njati ku Ulaya. Mitunduyi idazolowera kukhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira zobiriwira. M'dera la America, panali chisakanizo cha njuchi zakale ndi steppe, mitundu iwiri ya njati idapangidwa: nkhalango ndi wamba.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16, nyama zinali zofalikira, anthu anali ambiri - anali ndi anthu pafupifupi 600,000. Adapanga anthu ochulukirapo ndipo amakhala m'dera lochokera ku Mississippi kupita ku Rocky Mountains, okhala kudera la Alaska kupita kumpoto kwa Mexico.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njati zanyama
Maonekedwe a nyamayo ndi osangalatsa. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumafota ndi pafupifupi mita ziwiri, kutalika kwa thupi ndi mamita 2.7-3. Kulemera kwa thupi - 1000 - 1200 kilogalamu. Mwa nyama zoyamwitsa izi, mawonekedwe azakugonana amawonetsedwa - akazi ndi ocheperako komanso opepuka kuposa amuna. Kuchuluka kwa mkazi wamkulu mmodzi sikupitirira makilogalamu mazana asanu ndi awiri.
Mutu wa njatiyo ndi wamphamvu, wokulirapo ndipo umakhala pakhosi lalikulu, lakuda. Pamutu pake pali nyanga zakuda, zakuthwa, zazitali, zomwe mathero ake ndi opindika mthupi. Makutu a nyama ndi ochepa, ozungulira, obisika muubweya. Maso akulu, ozungulira, akuda amapezeka pamtunda wotalikirana. Njati zili ndi chipumi chachitali, chachikulu, chotchulidwa.
Chosiyana ndi chovala chamdima, chophatikizika pamutu, m'khosi, pachifuwa komanso cham'mbuyo. Chovala choterocho chimapangitsa nyamayo kuwoneka yowopsa kwambiri.
Pamalo osinthira khosi kupita mthupi, chinyama chimakhala ndi chotupa chachikulu, chomwe chimapangitsa thupi la nyama kukhala lolemetsa komanso lowopsa. Kumbuyo kwa thupi kumakhala kocheperako kuposa koyambako, kotsekedwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi, locheperako, lopepuka.
Nyama sizikhala motalika kwambiri, koma zimakhala ndi miyendo yolimba komanso yamphamvu yokhala ndi minofu yotukuka. Njati zimakhala ndi mchira wawung'ono, kumapeto kwake kuli ngayaye ya ubweya wakuda. Zitsamba zam'mimba zayamba kumva bwino komanso kumva kununkhiza.
Mtundu wa malayawo ndi wabulauni yakuda kapena imvi yakuda, atha kukhala ndi mthunzi wowala wa malayawo. M'dera la kutsogolo kwa thupi, oimira mitundu yonseyi ali ndi malaya akuda kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Nyama zimakhala ndi ubweya wakuda bii, womwe umawoneka ngati chipewa.
Kodi njati zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: American Bison
Njati zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ku North America. Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, njuchi zinali anthu oposa 60 miliyoni. Gulu lalikulu linakhala pafupifupi kulikonse. Chifukwa chakutha nyama, kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika kwambiri, ndipo malowa ndi zigawo ziwiri kapena zitatu zokha m'chigawo cha Missouri.
M'mbuyomu, nyama zinkakhala moyo wosamukasamuka, zimayenda nyengo yozizira kum'mwera ndi zigawo, ndipo poyambira kutentha zidabwerera. Masiku ano, chodabwitsa chotere sichingatheke, popeza malo okhala ndi ochepa kwambiri pantchito zaulimi ndi zaulimi.
Njati zimasankha malo okhala ndi udzu wobiriwira wobiriwira ngati madera okhalamo. Amamva bwino m'zigwa zopanda malire, kapena m'nkhalango zamitengo yayitali. Komanso, njati zimapezeka m'nkhalango, zigwa, zigwa.
Madera omwe njati zimakhala mwachilengedwe:
- dera lozungulira Nyanja ya Athabasca;
- dera la nyanja ya akapolo;
- madera akumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Missouri;
- nkhalango ndi beseni la mitsinje: Njati, Mtendere, Birch.
Njati zingakhale nkhalango kapena steppe anthu. Mitundu yomwe imakonda kukhala zigwa ndi malo otseguka imakhazikika kumwera kwa Canada. Anthu omwe amasankha nkhalango ngati dera lomwe amakhala amakhala kumpoto.
Mbiri yosangalatsa. Gawo la kumtunda komwe New York ili lili m'madzi osaya, omwe adapangidwa chifukwa chakuchulukana kwa matupi a njati omwe adamira poyesa kusambira kudutsa Hudson Strait.
Kodi njati imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bison Red Book
Njati ndi nyama yokhayokha. Munthu wamkulu ayenera kudya makilogalamu 25-30 a zomera patsiku.
Zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pazakudya zanyama:
- Ndere;
- Moss;
- Mbewu;
- Udzu;
- Mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba;
- Nthambi;
- Luscious, masamba obiriwira.
Pofika nyengo yozizira, amayamba kudya nsanza zazomera. Nyama zimasinthidwa kuti zikhale ndi moyo ngakhale chisanu chosaletseka mpaka -25 ndi pansi. Miyendo yamphamvu imakulolani kukumba mbewu ngakhale pansi pa zotchingira kwambiri chipale chofewa, mita imodzi kapena kupitilira apo. Amazithyola ndi ziboda zawo ndikukumba mauna pamphumi pawo. Ndi chifukwa chake anthu ambiri amakhala ndi mawanga kumutu chakumaso.
Tsiku lililonse, nyama zimayenera kubwera posungira madzi kuti zithetse ludzu lawo. Palibe njira yoledzera yokwanira pokhapokha panthawi yachisanu komanso kuzizira kwamadziwe. Kudya msipu kwa nyama kumachitika makamaka madzulo, kapena m'mawa. Chifukwa chake chiopsezo chokhala nyama yolusa chimachepetsedwa, komanso, masana, nthawi ya kuwala kwa dzuwa, amabisala mumthunzi wa zomera, kapena m'nkhalango.
Kutengera kuchuluka kwa chakudya komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya, magulu a njati zimayendayenda m'malo osiyanasiyana. Posankha njira, nyama zimatsatira madzi. Wokhoza kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Pambuyo pake, atha kubwerera ndikutentha kumalo awo akale. Kusowa kwa chakudya, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, kumakhudza mtundu wa malaya. Chifukwa chake, mu chisanu choopsa, nyama zomwe sizidya chakudya zimatha kudwala chimfine.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bizon
Njati ndi nyama zokonda kuyenda bwino. Amapanga gulu lalikulu, lomwe m'mbuyomu lidafika anthu 17,000 - 20,000. Mutu wa gulu lalikulu chonchi nthawi zonse ndiwanzeru kwambiri komanso wakale kwambiri, koma wamphongo wamphamvu kwambiri. M'magulu ochulukirapo, amuna angapo amatha kugawana utsogoleri nthawi imodzi.
Amuna, pamodzi ndi akazi ndi ana obadwa, amapanga gulu laling'ono, laling'ono. Ntchito ya amuna akulu ndikuteteza gulu la ziweto kwa alendo komanso adani. Chifukwa cha kumva kwawo komanso kununkhiza kwawo, amatha kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira zoopsa zisanayandikire.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Njati zimatha kuzindikira mlendo ndi fungo pamtunda wopitilira 3000 mita.
Ngakhale matupi awo ndi aakulu, kulemera ndi mphamvu, nyama zimathamanga kwambiri komanso zimathamanga. Amatha kuthana ndi zopinga mpaka mita ziwiri, kuthamanga ndikufulumira mpaka 50 km / h. Ndi pazifukwa izi kuti nzika zaku America zidasiya zoyesayesa kuti zisawononge chimphona ichi.
Kuphatikiza pa kulimba komanso kulimba pamtunda, amasambira mwaluso kwambiri ndipo amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali posambira.
Kunja, njati zikuwoneka ngati zosakhazikika, zoletsa komanso zosakhazikika. Ngati palibe zovuta, chinyama chikuwoneka kukhala chodekha kotheratu. Mukapanga njati yokwiya, amasandulika makina akufa. Pokwiya, amakhala wachiwawa kwambiri, wankhanza komanso wankhanza.
Nthawi zina njati, zomwe zimathamangitsidwa ndi zolusa, zimagwetsa anthu ofooka komanso odwala. Mwanjira iyi, adataya ma ballast osafunikira. Yemwe akuyimira zotchireyu ndiwanzeru kwambiri ndipo amatha kuwunika momwe zinthu ziliri. Pakumenyanako, mdani akapatsidwa mwayi, amathawira kwina osadziika pangozi yakufa.
Nyama zimakonda kulankhulana kudzera pakupanga mawu ena - osamva, owopsa komanso kubangula pang'ono.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bison Cub
Si zachilendo kwa njati kupanga mapangidwe olimba, okhalitsa. Nthawi yokwatirana, wamwamuna m'modzi amatha kukhala ndi gulu lonse la akazi, lomwe limaphatikizapo azimayi atatu kapena asanu kapena kupitilira apo. Nyengo yokwanira ndi yayitali kwambiri - imayamba kuyambira Meyi mpaka mkatikati mwa nthawi yophukira. Pakadali pano, amuna okhaokha, kapena ng'ombe, amalumikizana ndi akazi.
Gulu lalikulu limapangidwa, pomwe mpikisano wawukulu umayambira pakati paimuna ndi kulimbirana ufulu wolowa pachibwenzi ndi chachikazi. Nkhondo pakati pa amuna zimawonetsedwa mwa kugogoda pamphumi ndi kutsutsana wina ndi mnzake. Nthawi zambiri, mikangano yotere imatha pomwalira mdani wofooka. Wopambana amapatsidwa chisamaliro chachikazi. Munthawi yamakedzana, amuna amatulutsa mkokomo wamphamvu, wamphamvu, komanso wosasangalatsa, wokumbukira momwe mabingu amayandikira. Iwo akhoza kumva pa mtunda wa makilomita 5-7.
Pambuyo pokwatirana, nthawi yoberekera imayamba, yomwe imatha miyezi 9-9.5. Nthawi zambiri, chachikazi chimayang'ana malo obisika, akutali oberekera ndipo amasiya nthawi yoyambira. Ngati alibe nthawi yoti apeze imodzi, ng'ombeyo imabadwa m khola momwemo. Mkazi m'modzi amatha kubala mwana wa ng'ombe m'modzi yekha, kubadwa kwa ana awiri ndizosowa kwambiri. Anthu ena pagulu amawonetsa kukoma mtima ndikusamalira mwanayo - amamunyambita, kumuteteza, kumusamalira.
Pakadutsa maola 1.5-2 atabadwa, mwanayo amatha kuyimirira ndikuyenda pambuyo pa mayi.
Ng'ombe zimadya mkaka wa amayi wamafuta, wokwera kwambiri pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Amayamba kulemera mwachangu kwambiri, amakhala olimba komanso okhwima. Amphongo ndi amphongo kwambiri, othamanga, komanso osakhazikika, amakonda kudumpha ndikuthamanga. Komabe, panthawiyi, alibe chitetezo ndipo ndi nyama yosavuta kwa adani awo, chifukwa chake amakhala pagulu la akulu. Njati zimakula msinkhu wa zaka 3-5. Zaka zapakati pazamoyo zachilengedwe ndi zaka 23-26.
Adani achilengedwe a njati
Chithunzi: Nyama yanjati
Chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo, nyonga yawo ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu, njati sizikhala ndi adani pakati pa oimira nyama m'chilengedwe. Kupatula kumeneku ndi mimbulu, yomwe imasaka ana a ng'ombe, komanso okalamba ndi odwala. Zowononga sizingagonjetse njati zazing'ono komanso zamphamvu, ngakhale zitazidya, zimawaukira ndi gulu lonse. Njati zatsika kwambiri mzaka zaposachedwa chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi anthu. Amwenyewa ankasakidwa mwachangu ndi Amwenye, omwe moyo wawo umadalira kwambiri nyama zamphamvu izi.
Chofunika kwambiri chinali lilime ndi hump, yomwe inali nkhokwe yamafuta, momwe zidasungidwa m'nyengo yachisanu. Zikopa za nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la zopangira zovala, ndipo makamaka malo owirira komanso owindikana adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti amupangire nsapato. Amwenyewa adagwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zonse za thupi la nyama mosasankha.
Kuphatikiza pa zovala, mahema, zida zokwera, zingwe zamagaleta, malamba, ndi zina zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zikopa ndi zikopa. Tsitsi la njati ndiye gwero lakuluka zingwe zolimba. Mafupa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zakuthwa, ziwiya zaku khitchini, ndowe zogwiritsa ntchito popangira mafuta, komanso ziboda amapangira guluu.
Komabe, asayansi apeza kuti mpaka 1840, zochita za anthu sizinatenge gawo lofunikira pakuwononga mitunduyo ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njati yochokera ku America
Kwa zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, njati zatsika kwambiri. Mwachilengedwe, palibe mitu yopitilira 35,000. Zambiri ndi njati zakutchire. Ndiyeneranso kudziwa kuti nyamazo zimasamalidwa bwino m'minda yamagulu. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa akatswiri a zoo, kuchuluka kwa omwe sanasungidwe kundende akufikira anthu 5000.
Mitundu ya zitsamba zoterezi zidalembedwa mu Red Book. Idapatsidwa gawo la mtundu wa nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Njati zimasamalidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha mafakitale m'minda yapadera. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa akatswiri a nyama zam'mafamu, pali mitu pafupifupi theka la miliyoni kudera lamapulazi.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18, panali nyama pafupifupi 60 miliyoni zachilengedwe. Pambuyo pa 1840, kusaka mwakhama nyama zodyerako ziweto kunayamba. Zinatenga mawonekedwe osangalatsa patadutsa zaka 25. Panthawiyo, ntchito yopanga njanji yopitilira malire idayamba, ndikuti kukopa okwera, chifukwa chake, ndalama, okwera ndege adaitanidwa kuti atenge nawo gawo paulendo wosangalatsa.
Apaulendo okwera sitima yapamtunda amatha kuwombera nyama zadyera mwamtendere, ndikusiya anthu ambiri akufa. Anaphedwanso kuti apeze nyama yodyetsa antchito omwe ankagwira ntchito yomanga njanjiyo. Panali njati zochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi zambiri mitembo yawo inali osadulidwa, lilime lokha limadulidwa.
Mbiri yosangalatsa. Chiwerengero cha osaka njati chinakula pang'onopang'ono. Pofika 1965, anali oposa awiri miliyoni. Odzipereka kwambiri - Buffalo Beale - adawononga anthu 4280.
Mulonda wa njati
Chithunzi: Njati yochokera ku Red Book
Njati zalembedwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse lapansi ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Mu 1905, akuluakulu aku America adazindikira ndikuzindikira kuti nyama ziwopsezedwa kutheratu, ndipo adapanga American Convention for the Rescue of Animals. Malo angapo adapangidwa - Montana, Oklahoma, Dakota, dera lomwe linali m'manja mwa oyang'anira. Zochitika zoterezi zidapereka zotsatira zawo.
Pasanathe zaka zisanu, ziweto zinawonjezeka kawiri, ndipo pambuyo pa zaka khumi zina anthuwo anafika 9,000. Ku Canada, kanthu kena kanachitikanso, komwe kunapangitsa gulu lalikulu, logwira ntchito limodzi ndi olamulira komanso nzika zakomweko, cholinga chake ndikulimbana ndi kuwonongeka kwa njati.
Mu 1915, Wood Buffalo National Park idapangidwa, yopangidwa kuti iteteze ndikuwonjezera njati za m'nkhalango. Njati amatetezedwa mwamphamvu ndi omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndipo lero anthu ake ndi pafupifupi anthu 35,000.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 27.03.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 9:11
