Kamba wofiira amphibian wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, motero adakhala wogulitsa kwambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20. Mitunduyi imapezeka kum'mwera kwa United States komanso kumpoto kwa Mexico. Komabe, pang'onopang'ono idayamba kufalikira kumadera ena, chifukwa chokana anthu kuti azisunga ngati chiweto ndikuponya m'madzi am'deralo.
Kulandidwa ndi kulandidwa kwa madera omwe amachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu mopanda nzeru kudadzetsa mavuto ndi nyama zamayiko ambiri, monga kamba wofiyira mwachuluka atulutsa mitundu yachilengedwe. Redfly yaying'ono imaphatikizidwa pamndandanda, womwe udasindikizidwa ndi IUCN, mwa mitundu 100 yovuta kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kamba wofiira
Zakale zakufa zikuwonetsa kuti akamba adayamba kuwonekera padziko lapansi zaka 200 miliyoni zapitazo, nthawi ya Upper Triassic. Kamba woyamba kudziwika anali Proganochelys quenstedli. Inali ndi chipolopolo chokwanira bwino, chigaza chofanana ndi chigaza ndi mulomo. Koma, Proganochelys anali ndi zinthu zingapo zakale zomwe akamba amakono alibe.
Pakatikati pa Jurassic, akambawa adagawika m'magulu awiri akulu: arched-necked (pleurodire) ndi lateral-necked (cryptodires). Akamba amakono okhala ndi nthiti am'mbali amapezeka kokha kumwera chakumwera ndikusunthira mitu yawo mbali pansi pa chipolopolocho. Akamba okhala ndi khosi lopindika atakhota mitu yawo mwa mawonekedwe a kalatayo S. Scutemy anali amodzi mwa akamba oyamba kukhosi.
Kanema: Kamba wofiira
Kamba wofiyira wofiira kapena wachikasu (Trachemys scripta) ndi kamba wamadzi am'mabanja a Emydidae. Amapeza dzina lake kuchokera pagulu lofiira laling'onoting'ono m'makutu ndikumatha kuthamangitsira miyala ndi zipika m'madzi mwachangu. Mtundu uwu kale unkadziwika kuti kamba wa Trosta pambuyo pa wochita zaku America Gerard Trosta. Trachemys scripta troostii tsopano ndi dzina lasayansi la subspecies ina, kamba ya Cumberland.
Kofiyira kakang'ono kali m'ndondomeko ya Testudines, yomwe ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 250.
Trachemys scripta palokha ili ndi ma subspecies atatu:
- T.s. kukongola (makutu ofiira);
- T.c. Scripta (wachikasu-bellied);
- T.s. Malangizo (Cumberland).
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa akazi ofiira kuyambira 1553. Pamene P. Cieza de Leone adawafotokozera m'buku "Mbiri ya Peru".
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamba wofiira wanyama
Kukula kwa nkhono za mtundu uwu wa akamba kumatha kufikira masentimita 40, koma kutalika kwake kumakhala pakati pa masentimita 12.5 mpaka 28. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa amuna. Chigoba chawo chimagawika magawo awiri: chapamwamba kapena chakumtunda carapace (carapace) + m'munsi, m'mimba (plastron).
The chapamwamba carapace tichipeza:
- zishango zamtundu wamkati zomwe zimapanga gawo lokwera;
- zishango zozungulira zomwe zimazungulira zishango zamtundu;
- zishango m'mphepete.
Zithunzizo ndi mafupa a keratin. Carapace ndi chowulungika ndi chofewa (makamaka mwa amuna). Mtundu wa chipolopolocho umasintha malinga ndi msinkhu wa kamba. Carapace nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mdima wobiriwira wokhala ndi kuwala kapena mdima. Mwa anthu achichepere kapena ongoswedwa kumene, uwu ndi utoto wa masamba obiriwira, omwe pang'onopang'ono amada mdima anthu okhwima. Mpaka itasanduke mdima wobiriwira kenako ndikusintha hue pakati pa bulauni ndi green olive.
Plastron nthawi zonse amakhala wowala wachikaso ndi mdima, wophatikizika, zolemba zosasunthika pakatikati pa zikopa. Mutu, miyendo ndi mchira wake ndi wobiriwira wokhala ndi mizere yachikaso yopyapyala, yopanda mawonekedwe. Chigoba chonsecho chimakutidwa ndi mikwingwirima ndi zolemba kuti zitha kubisala.
Chosangalatsa! Nyamayo ndi poikilotherm, ndiye kuti, siyitha kudziyendetsa payokha kutentha kwa thupi ndipo imadalira kutentha kozungulira. Pachifukwa ichi, amafunika kutentha nthawi ndi nthawi kutentha ndi kutentha thupi lawo.
Akamba ali ndi mafupa athunthu okhala ndi mapazi oluka pang'ono omwe amawathandiza kusambira. Mzere wofiira mbali iliyonse yamutu udapangitsa kamba wofiyira wofiira kuti atuluke mumitundu ina ndipo adakhala gawo la dzinalo, chifukwa mzerewo umakhala kuseri kwa maso, pomwe makutu awo (akunja) ayenera kukhala.
Mikwingwirima iyi imatha kutaya mtundu pakapita nthawi. Anthu ena atha kukhala ndi chilemba chaching'ono cha mtundu womwewo pamphumi. Alibenso khutu lowoneka lakunja kapena ngalande yakunja yowonekera. M'malo mwake, pali khutu lapakati lokutidwa kwathunthu ndi cartilaginous tympanic disc.
Kodi kamba wamakungu ofiira amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kamba kakang'ono kofiira kofiira
Malo okhala mumtsinje wa Mississippi ndi Gulf of Mexico, komanso nyengo zotentha kumwera chakum'mawa kwa United States. Madera akunyumba kwawo amachokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Colorado kupita ku Virginia ndi Florida. Mwachilengedwe, akamba ofiira ofiira amakhala m'malo omwe mumakhala bata, madzi ofunda: mayiwe, nyanja, madambo, mitsinje ndi mitsinje yocheperako.
Amakhala komwe amatha kutuluka m'madzi, kukwera miyala kapena mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo kuti adye dzuwa. Nthawi zambiri amawotcha dzuwa pagulu kapena ngakhale pamwamba pawo. Akamba amenewa ali kuthengo nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi madzi pokhapokha ngati akufunafuna malo atsopano kapena kuikira mazira.
Chifukwa chodziwika ngati ziweto, anthu ofiira ofiira amamasulidwa kapena kuthawira kuthengo m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi. Anthu achilengedwe tsopano akupezeka ku Australia, Europe, Great Britain, South Africa, Caribbean, Israel, Bahrain, zilumba za Mariana, Guam, ndi Southeast ndi Far East Asia.
Mtundu wowononga umasokoneza chilengedwe chomwe umakhalamo chifukwa uli ndi maubwino ena kuposa nzika zakomweko, monga zaka zotsika pakukula, kuchuluka kwakubala kwambiri. Amafalitsa matenda ndikuthamangitsa mitundu ina yamakamba yomwe amalimbirana nayo chakudya ndi malo oswanirana.
Kodi kamba wamakungu ofiira amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mnyamata wamfulu wofiira
Akamba ofiira ofiira amakhala ndi chakudya chambiri. Amafuna zomera zambiri zam'madzi, chifukwa ichi ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha akulu. Akamba alibe mano, koma amakhala ndi zitunda zothwanima komanso zowongoka pa nsagwada zakumtunda ndi zapansi.
Menyu yazinyama imaphatikizapo:
- tizilombo ta m'madzi;
- nyongolotsi;
- njoka;
- Nkhono;
- nsomba zazing'ono,
- mazira achule,
- ziphuphu,
- njoka zamadzi,
- ndere zosiyanasiyana.
Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kuposa achinyamata. Ali mwana, kamba wofiyira wofiira ndi wodya nyama, kudya tizilombo, mphutsi, tadpoles, nsomba zazing'ono komanso zowola. Akuluakulu amakonda kudya zamasamba, koma osataya nyama ngati angayipeze.
Chosangalatsa! Kugonana kwamakamba kumatsimikizika panthawi yamagulu a embryogenesis ndipo zimatengera kutentha kwa makulitsidwe. Zokwawa izi zilibe ma chromosomes ogonana omwe amatsimikizira kugonana. Mazira omwe amasungidwa pa 22 - 27 ° C amakhala amuna okha, pomwe mazira omwe amasungidwa kutentha kwambiri amakhala akazi.
Zokwawa izi ndizosavuta kuzolowera chilengedwe chawo ndipo zimatha kusintha chilichonse kuchokera kumadzi amchere mpaka ngalande zopangidwa ndi anthu komanso mayiwe amumzindawu. Kamba wofinya kwambiri amatha kuchoka panyanja ndipo amatha kukhala m'nyengo yozizira yozizira. Malo opezekako akapezeka, mitunduyi imakhazikika m'dera latsopanolo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu wamakhungu ofiira
Akamba ofiira ofiira amakhala zaka 20 mpaka 30, koma amatha kukhala zaka zoposa 40. Mkhalidwe wa malo awo umakhudza kwambiri chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi moyo wathanzi. Akamba amathera nthawi yawo yambiri m'madzi, koma popeza ndi zokwawa zokhala ndi magazi ozizira, amasiya madziwo kuti apume ndi dzuwa kuti azitha kutentha thupi lawo. Kutentha kwawo kumathandiza kwambiri pamene miyendo imatambasulidwa kunjaku.
Zofiira zazing'ono sizimangobisala, koma zimagwera mumtundu wazithunzi zoyimitsidwa. Akamba akayamba kuchepa, nthawi zina amakwera pamwamba kuti apeze chakudya kapena mpweya. Kumtchire, akamba amabisala pansi pamadzi kapena nyanja zosaya. Nthawi zambiri samatha kugwira ntchito mu Okutobala pomwe kutentha kumagwa pansi pa 10 ° C.
Munthawi imeneyi, akamba amapita modekha, pomwe samadya kapena kuchita chimbudzi, amakhala osasunthika, ndipo kupuma kwawo kumachepa. Anthu amapezeka nthawi zambiri pansi pamadzi, komanso amapezeka pansi pamiyala, mu zitsa zopanda pake komanso m'mabanki otsetsereka. M'madera otentha, amatha kukhala otentha m'nyengo yozizira ndikubwera pamwamba posambira. Kutentha kukayamba kutsika, amabwerera msanga kuderali.
Zolemba! Akamba ofiira ofiira amawagulira chakudya kuyambira koyambirira kwa Marichi mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo.
Ndikutentha, mitunduyi imatha kukhala ndi anaerobically (popanda kudya mpweya) kwa milungu ingapo. Kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kanthawi panthawiyi kumatsika kwambiri, ndipo kugunda kwa mtima ndi kutulutsa kwamtima kumachepetsa ndi 80% kuti muchepetse kufunika kwa mphamvu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kamba wamadzi wofiira
Akamba amphongo amakula msanga pamene zipolopolo zawo zifika pa masentimita 10, ndipo zazikazi zimakhwima zikakhala kuti zipolopolo zawo zili ndi masentimita 15. Amuna ndi akazi onse amakhala okonzeka kuberekana ali ndi zaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi. Wamphongo ndi wocheperako kuposa wamkazi, ngakhale magawo ena nthawi zina amakhala ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, popeza anthu omwe amafanizidwawo akhoza kukhala azaka zosiyanasiyana.
Kukwatirana ndi kukwerana kumachitika m'madzi kuyambira Marichi mpaka Julayi. Pakakhala chibwenzi, champhongo chimasambira mozungulira chachikazi, ndikulunjika ma pheromones ake kwa iye. Mkazi amayamba kusambira kupita kwa wamwamuna ndipo, ngati akumvetsera, amamira pansi kuti akwatirane. Chibwenzi chimatenga pafupifupi mphindi 45, koma mating amatenga mphindi 10 zokha.
Mkazi amaikira pakati pa mazira awiri kapena 30, kutengera kukula kwa thupi ndi zina. Kuphatikiza apo, munthu m'modzi amatha kuyika zigwiriro zisanu chaka chimodzi, ndikupatula masiku a 12-36.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Manyowa a dzira amapezeka nthawi yopuma. Njirayi imapangitsa kuti izitha kuyikira mazira munthawi yotsatira, chifukwa umuna umakhalabe wogwira ntchito ndipo umapezeka mthupi la mkazi ngakhale osakwatirana.
M'masabata omaliza atatenga bere, mkazi amakhala nthawi yocheperapo m'madzi ndikusaka malo oyenera oti aziikira mazira. Amakumba dzenje pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo yake yakumbuyo.
Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 59 mpaka 112. Mbewuyo imakhalabe mkati mwa chigobacho itatha masiku awiri. M'masiku oyamba, anawo amadyabe kuchokera mu yolk sac, omwe amakhalabe dzira. Malo omwe dzira lake limayamwa ayenera kudzichiritsa okha akamba asanasambire. Nthawi pakati pa kumamatira ndi kumiza m'madzi ndi masiku 21.
Natural adani a red-eared kamba
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu wamakona ofiira
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, kuluma kwake ndi makulidwe azamba zake, kamba wamkulu wamakungu ofiira sayenera kuopa nyama zolusa, zachidziwikire, ngati kulibe anyani kapena ng'ona pafupi. Amatha kukoka mutu ndi miyendo yake mu carapace akaopsezedwa. Komanso, zazikazi zofiira zimayang'anitsitsa zilombo zolusa ndipo zimabisala m'madzi zikangowopsa.
Komabe, izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa achinyamata, omwe amasakidwa ndi zilombo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:
- ziphuphu;
- zimbudzi;
- nkhandwe;
- mbalame zoyenda;
- adokowe.
Raccoon, skunk ndi nkhandwe zimabanso mazira amtundu uwu wa akamba. Achinyamata amakhala ndi chitetezo chachilendo ku nsomba zolusa. Akameza thupi lonse, amapuma ndi kutafuna mamina mkati mwa nsombayo mpaka nsomba iwasanza. Mitundu yowala ya nyama zazing'ono imachenjeza nsomba zazikulu kuti zizipewe.
M'nyumba zawo, akamba ofiira ofiira amakhala ndi gawo lofunikira lachilengedwe monga chakudya komanso nyama yolusa. Kunja kwa malo awo okhala, amadzaza mitundu yofanana ya ziphuphu ndikukhala chakudya chofunikira kwa nyama zolusa m'mizinda.
Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo, makutu ofiira ndiwo mitundu ikuluikulu ya akamba omwe amakhala m'mizinda. Mapaki ambiri m'mizinda yambiri ku United States ali ndi akamba otukuka ofiira kuti anthu azisangalala nawo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kamba wofiira
Kamba wofiira ndi wofiira walembedwa ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ngati "imodzi mwazinthu zoyipa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zachilengedwe." Amawerengedwa kuti ndi chilengedwe chovulaza chilengedwe kunja kwa chilengedwe chake chifukwa chimapikisana ndi akamba am'deralo popezera chakudya, zisa ndi malo osambira.
Zolemba! Akamba ofiira ofiira amadziwika ngati malo osungira omwe mabakiteriya a Salmonella amatha kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali. Kuwonjezeka kwa anthu komwe kumachitika chifukwa chosagwira bwino akamba kwadzetsa malonda ochepa.
Kamba wofiyira wofiira wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1970. Ziwerengero zambiri zidapangidwa m'minda yamakamba ku United States pazogulitsa ziweto zapadziko lonse lapansi. Akamba otsekemera ofiira ofiira akhala ziweto zodziwika bwino chifukwa chochepa, zakudya zopanda ulemu komanso mtengo wotsika.
Nthawi zambiri amalandiridwa ngati mphatso ngati ziweto pamene ali ochepa komanso osangalatsa. Komabe, nyama zimakula msanga kukhala akulu akulu ndipo zimatha kuluma eni ake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizisiyidwa ndikutulutsidwa kuthengo. Chifukwa chake, tsopano amapezeka m'malo azachilengedwe mumadzi ambiri otukuka.
Akamba aana ofiira ofiira azembetsedwa ndikutulutsidwa mosaloledwa ku Australia. Tsopano, m'malo ena mdzikolo, anthu amtchire amapezeka m'malo ambiri akumatauni komanso akumidzi. Ovomerezeka mwalamulo ku Australia ngati tizirombo tomwe timathetsa nyama zakomweko.
Kulowetsa kwawo kudaletsedwa ndi European Union, komanso ndi mayiko mamembala a EU. Kamba wofiira Aletsedwa kuchokera ku Japan kupita ndi kubwera, lamuloli lidzagwira ntchito mu 2020.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/26/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 18.09.2019 nthawi ya 22:30
