Madzi a m'nyanja zikuluzikulu ali ndi anthu ambiri osiyanasiyana, omwe amasiyana mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe osangalatsa, ndi mayina achilendo. Nthawi zina, zinali mawonekedwe achilendo okhala kunyanja ndi kufanana kwawo ndi zinthu zilizonse, zida zomwe zimawalola kupeza mayina awo. Anawona nsomba ndi m'modzi mwaomwe amakhala panyanja.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Anawona nsomba
Sawfish, monga mtundu, imakhala mu Nyanja Yadziko Lonse yomwe idakalipobe mpaka pano kuyambira ku Cretaceous. Sawfish ali m'gulu la nsomba zamatenda, zomwe zimaphatikizaponso nsombazi, kunyezimira komanso ma skate. Chochititsa chidwi ndi gululi ndikuti nsomba zake zimakhala ndi mafupa am'mimba, osati mafupa. Mu gulu ili, nsomba ya mbedza imaphatikizidwa m'banja la ma stingray, ngakhale ilibe munga momwe limakhalira, mawonekedwe a oimira subspecies iyi.
Chosangalatsa: Poyamba, chithunzi cha nsombazi chidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zikhalidwe zambiri ngati chizindikiro cha fuko, mwachitsanzo, Aaztec.
Sawfish idatchedwa dzina lake kuchokera pamutu pakukula kwamfupa kwamiyala yokhala ndi mapiri osongoka, ofanana ndi macheka okhala mbali ziwiri. Dzinalo la sayansi ndi rostrum. Mitundu ina ya nsombazi ndi kunyezimira zimakhala ndi izi. Komabe, mawu oti "sawfish" adalumikizidwa ndi ma stingray, dzina lachilengedwe kuchokera ku dzina lachilatini "Pristidae" limamveka ngati "dzenje wamba" kapena "saw-nosed stingray".
Kusiyana pakati pa saw shark ndi sawfish, komwe nthawi zambiri kumasokonezeka ngakhale ndi akatswiri ofufuza kwambiri, ndi:
- The saw shark ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa nsomba zamchere. Yoyamba nthawi zambiri imangofika mita 1.5, yachiwiri - 6 mita kapena kupitilira apo;
- Maonekedwe osiyana siyana. Zipsepse za nsombazi zimadziwika bwino ndikulekanitsidwa ndi thupi. Kwa cheza chodulidwa macheka, chimadutsa m'mizere ya thupi;
- Mu ray-nosed ray, ma gill slits amapezeka pamimba, shark, mbali;
- Zomwe zimatchedwa "saw" - kukula pamutu - mu cheza-mphuno zowunikira ndizolondola komanso m'lifupi, ndipo notches ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Mwa nsombazi, mphukira imachepa mpaka kumapeto, ndevu zazitali zimamera, ndi mano amitundumitundu.
- Kuyenda kwa nsombazi kumachitika chifukwa chakumapeto kwa mchira, ikamayenda mwamphamvu. Chowotcheracho chimayenda bwino, ndikuyenda matupi.
Sawfish imawerengedwa kuti siyiphunziridwa bwino, motero kuchuluka kwake kwa mitundu yake sikudziwika. Komabe, asayansi apeza mitundu 7 ya cheza cha mpeni: wobiriwira, Atlantic, European (mwa zonse zazikulu kwambiri - mpaka 7 mita kutalika), wamiyala yabwino, Australia (kapena Queensland), Asia ndi chisa.
Chosangalatsa: Sawfish imadyedwa, koma osati malonda. Mukasodza, zimakhala ngati chikho, chifukwa nyama yake ndi yolimba.
Magetsi onse opangidwa ndi macheka amagawika m'magulu awiri, kutengera kukula kwa notches: m'modzi amakhala akulu, ndi enawo - ang'ono. Sawbore amakhalanso ndi mano mkamwa, omwe ndi ocheperako koma kukula kwake. Kutengera mtundu wa nsombazi, ali ndi mano 14 mpaka 34 a mano.
Chosangalatsa: Kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri - sawfish kumatha kukhala zaka 80.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba zidawona nyama
Thupi la cheza-mphuno la ray ndilolitali, mawonekedwe ofanana ndi thupi la shark, koma lonyengerera. Ikutidwa ndi masikelo a placoid. Mtundu wa nsombazo kumbuyo ndi wakuda, wamtundu wa azitona. Mimba yake ndi yopepuka, pafupifupi yoyera. Gawo la mchira silimasiyana ndi thupi la sawbore, kunja kwake limaphatikizana nalo, pokhala kupitilira kwake.
Nsombazi zimakhala ndi mphuno yathyathyathya yokhala ndi kutalika kwakanthawi kofanana ndi kansalu kakang'ono, kamene kamadutsa pang'ono kuchokera pansi mpaka kumapeto, ndipo kakuzungulira mbali zake. Mano a machendowa amasandulika mitsempha yomwe ili ndi masikelo. Kutalika kwakumangako, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 20% mpaka 25% ya utali wonse wamatabwa onse, omwe ali pafupifupi 1.2 mita akuluakulu.
Kanema: Saw nsomba
Pamphepete mwa thupi la malo otsetsereka a sawtooth, kutsogolo kwa chimbudzi chilichonse cha pectoral, pali mizere iwiri yaziphuphu kumanja kumanzere ndi kumanzere. Mphuno ngati mawonekedwe a gill, omwe nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa chifukwa cha maso, ndipo pakamwa pakatseguka palimodzi ndikofanana ndi nkhope. M'malo mwake, maso a machekawo ndi ochepa ndipo amakhala kumapeto kwa thupi. Kumbuyo kwa iwo ndi owaza madzi, omwe amathandizidwa ndi madzi kudzera m'mitsempha. Izi zimalola malo otsetsereka a macheka kuti azitha kuyenda pansi.
Radi ya sawtooth ili ndi zipsepse zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha:
- mbali ziwiri mbali iliyonse. Zomwe zili pafupi ndi mutu ndizotakata. Akulira limodzi ndi mutu, osasunthika bwino. Zipsepse zazikulu zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri pamene macheka akugwedezeka;
- awiri apamwamba kumbuyo;
- din mchira, womwe mwa anthu ena umagawika magawo awiri. Mungawo, womwe umapezeka pachipilala cha caudal mumayendedwe ambiri, kulibe.
Kuwona ma radiation ndikokulirapo: kutalika kwake, malinga ndi akatswiri a ichthyologists, pafupifupi 5 mita, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka 6-7.5 mita. Avereji ya kulemera - 300-325 makilogalamu.
Kodi nsomba za macheka zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Saw fish (sawed stingray)
Ma Sawmill ali ndi malo okhala: nthawi zambiri awa ndi madzi otentha ndi nyanja zamchere, kupatula Arctic. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic kuchokera ku Brazil kupita ku Florida, ndipo nthawi zina ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean.
Ichthyologists anafotokoza ndi kusamuka nyengo: m'chilimwe, cheza-mphuno cheza kusuntha kuchokera kum'mwera kwa madzi kumpoto, ndipo m'dzinja kubwerera kum'mwera. Ku Florida, amatha kuwonekera kuma estuaries ndi kuma bays pafupifupi nthawi zonse m'nyengo yotentha. Mitundu yake yambiri (isanu mwa isanu ndi iwiri) imakhala pagombe la Australia.
Ngati timalankhula za komwe kuli mitundu ina ya cheza cha mphete, titha kusiyanitsa izi:
- Macheka aku Europe amapezeka m'malo otentha komanso otentha a m'nyanja ya Atlantic ndi dera la Indo-Pacific, kuwonjezera apo, amapezeka m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Santarem komanso ku Lake Nicaragua;
- utedza wobiriwira nthawi zambiri umapezeka m'malo otentha a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Indo-Pacific;
- Mautchet a Atlantic amapezeka m'malo otentha a m'nyanja za Pacific ndi Indian Ocean;
- macheka okhala ndi mano abwino komanso aku Asia amapezeka m'malo otentha a m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Indian ndi Pacific Ocean;
- Australia - m'madzi am'mbali mwa Australia ndi mitsinje ya kontinentiyi;
- chisa - m'nyanja ya Mediterranean, komanso kotentha ndi kotentha m'nyanja ya Atlantic.
Mazawa amawona madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ngati malo awo okhala, chifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kuwapeza munyanja yoyeserera. Nthawi zambiri, amasambira m'madzi osaya pomwe madzi amakhala otsika. Chifukwa chake, chinsalu chachikulu chakuthambo chitha kuwoneka pamwamba pamadzi.
Malo ochezerawo, amasonkhana m'nyanja ndi madzi abwino, nthawi zina amasambira mumitsinje. Ku Australia, amakonda kukhala mumtsinje nthawi zonse, akumva bwino. Sawfish samalekerera madzi owonongeka ndi anthu. Sawfish nthawi zambiri imasankha miyala yokumba, pansi pamatope, algae, dothi lamchenga monga malo awo. Ikhozanso kupezeka pafupi ndi zombo zouma, milatho, malo okwerera nyanja ndi zipilala.
Kodi nsomba ya macheka imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Stingray fish saw
Sawfish ndi chirombo, choncho imadya anthu okhala m'madzi am'nyanja. Nthawi zambiri, imadya nyama zopanda mafupa zomwe zimakhala mumchenga ndi silt kunyanja: nkhanu, nkhanu ndi ena. Wosemerayo amapeza chakudya chake mwa kumasula nthaka yapansi ndi mphuno yake yachilendo, kukumba, ndiyeno kudya.
Kuphatikiza apo, utchi wotchedwa stingray umakonda kudya nsomba zazing'ono monga mullet ndi oimira banja la hering'i. Pankhaniyi, iye anayamba sukulu nsomba ndipo kwa kanthawi akuyamba kupeta rostrum ake ku madera osiyana. Chifukwa chake, nsomba imapunthwa pazomata zake, ngati lupanga, ndikugwera pansi. Kenako pobowola macheka amatola pang'onopang'ono ndikudya nyama yake. Nthawi zina kunyezimira kwa nsomba kumakoka nsomba zazikulu, pogwiritsa ntchito notches zawo pa rostrum kuti atulutse nyama. Kukula kwa nsomba, kumakhala kothekera kwambiri kupondereza kapena kuletsa nsomba zochulukirapo.
Zomwe zimatchedwa "macheka" zimathandizanso macheka pakufunafuna nyama, popeza imapatsidwa zida zamagetsi. Chifukwa cha ichi, sawtooth imazindikira kuyenda kwa zamoyo zam'madzi, ndikugwira kayendedwe kakang'ono ka nyama zomwe zimasambira m'madzi kapena kubisala pansi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mukhale ndi chithunzi chazithunzi zitatu cha malo ozungulira ngakhale m'madzi amatope ndikugwiritsa ntchito kukula kwanu magawo onse osaka. Macheka amacheka amatha kupeza nyama yawo, ngakhale pamadzi ena.
Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zoyeserera zomwe zimachitika pamakina osema miyala. Magwero ofooka kwamagetsi ofooka adayikidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana. Ndi malo awa omwe ray-nosed ray idawukira kuti igwire nyama.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Saw Red Red Book
Chifukwa chakuti macheka ndi mlenje, ndi aukali ndithu. Zikuwoneka zowopsa makamaka mukaphatikiza kufanana ndi nsombazi. Komabe, kwa munthu, samakhala pachiwopsezo; m'malo mwake, ndizosavulaza. Monga lamulo, mukakumana ndi munthu, stingray ya-saw-nosed imayesera kubisala mwachangu. Komabe, akafika, munthu ayenera kusamala kuti asamupsetse mtima. Kupanda kutero, pozindikira ngozi, macheka amatha kugwiritsa ntchito rostrum yake ngati chitetezo komanso kuvulaza munthu.
Kamodzi kokha panali kuwukira kosawoneka bwino kwa macheka pamunthu wolembedwa. Izi zidachitika pagombe lakumwera kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic: adavulala mwendo wamunthu. Chitsanzocho chinali chaching'ono, chosakwana mita imodzi. Milandu ina yochepa yomwe idachitika ku Gulf of Panama idakwiyitsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, pali chosatsimikizika chokhudza kuwononga macheka pagombe la India.
Pali malingaliro okhudzana ndi zovuta za sawfish chifukwa chazitali zake zazitali. Komabe, kwenikweni, liwiro la mayendedwe ake ndizovuta. Izi zimawonekera pakukula kwa zochita, njira yosakira wovulalayo ndi nyama yake.
Nthawi zambiri, cheza chodulidwa macheka chimakonda kukhala pansi panyanja. Amasankha madzi amphepo ngati malo opumira ndi kusaka. Macheka achikulire amapereka mwayi wakuya kwakukulu - 40 m, pomwe ana awo samasambira. Nthawi zambiri, tsiku lopanga matabwa ndi nthawi yopuma, koma amakhala ogalamuka usiku.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Anawona nsomba
Sawfish imasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba osati kokha chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwachilendo, pali kusiyana pakumaswana. Sawmails siziikira mazira, koma zimaswana mwa kuzinyamula mkati mwa mkazi, monga nsomba ndi kunyezimira. Feteleza imachitika m'mimba mwa mkazi. Kutalika kwa ana m'thupi la mkazi sikudziwika. Mwachitsanzo, macheka ophunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri okhala ndi macheka amakhala ndi ana mthupi la wamkazi kwa miyezi isanu.
Palibe kulumikizana kwaposachedwa. Komabe, m'maselo aminyama yolumikizidwa ndi mluza, yolk imapezeka, yomwe sawtooth yachinyamata imadyetsa. Pakukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo, zipsera zake zimakhala zofewa, zokutidwa kwathunthu ndi khungu. Izi zimayikidwa mwachilengedwe kuti zisavulaze amayi. Mano amakhala okhwima pakapita nthawi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pali mitundu ya stingray-nosed stingray, yazimayi yomwe imatha kuberekana popanda kutenga amuna, motero imadzaza kuchuluka kwawo m'chilengedwe. Komanso, pakubadwa, maonekedwe awo ali ndi chithunzi chenicheni cha amayi.
Masamba obadwa amabadwa, okutidwa ndi khungu. Panthawi ina, nsombazi zimabereka ana pafupifupi 15-20. Kuyamba kwa kutha msinkhu kwa ana kumabwera pang'onopang'ono, nthawi imadalira kukhala wamtundu winawake. Mwachitsanzo, macheka ang'onoang'ono a mano, nthawi iyi ndi zaka 10-12, pafupifupi, pafupifupi zaka 20.
Ngati tizingolankhula za kukula kwa makulidwe ndi kukula kwakugonana, ndiye kuti macheka ophunzitsidwa zazing'ono m'nyanja ya Nicaragua adafika nawo kutalika kwa mita 3. Zambiri pazakuzungulira kwa makina opangira matabwa sizikudziwika chifukwa sizimamveka bwino.
Anawona nsomba zachilengedwe adani
Chithunzi: Nsomba zamchere zamchere zamchere
Adani achilengedwe a nsombazi ndi nyama zam'madzi ndi nsomba. Popeza mautchutchutchu ena amasambira m'mitsinje, ndipo pali mitundu ya nyama yomwe imakhalamo nthawi zonse, nsombazi zilinso ndi adani am'madzi abwino - ng'ona.
Pofuna kudziteteza, nsombazi zimagwiritsa ntchito nthambo yake yayitali. Mbalame yotchedwa saw-snout stingray imadziteteza bwino, ikumayenda mosiyanasiyana ndi chida chodulira ichi. Kuphatikiza apo, mothandizidwa ndi ma elektroreceptors omwe ali pa rostrum, sawtooth imatha kupeza chithunzi cha mbali zitatu. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muziyenda bwino ngakhale m'madzi amatope kuti mudziteteze kwa adani, ndipo pakafika zoopsa, mubisalire kumalo awo owonera. Zowonera m'nyanja yamchere yamatayala omwe ali ndi macheka amawonetsanso kugwiritsa ntchito "macheka" awo kuwateteza.
Asayansi ochokera ku Australia University of Newcastle, atasanthula momwe amagwiritsira ntchito rostrum, adapeza ntchito ina yomwe macheka amagwiritsa ntchito poteteza adani. Pachifukwa ichi, mitundu ya 3D ya cheza chodulidwa idapangidwa, yomwe idatenga nawo gawo pakufanizira kwamakompyuta.
Pakufufuza, zidapezeka kuti machekawo, akamayenda, amadula madzi ndi rostrum yake, ngati mpeni, osunthika osagwedezeka komanso ma eddies ovuta. Ntchitoyi imakupatsani mwayi wosunthira m'madzi osadziwika ndi adani anu ndi nyama, zomwe zitha kudziwa komwe kuli ndikugwedeza kwamadzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Big Saw Fish
M'mbuyomu, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, nsomba za sawfish zinali zofala, kotero sizinali zovuta kukumana ndi oimira mitundu iyi ya kunyezimira. Umboni wa izi ndi lipoti la msodzi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 kuti adapha anthu pafupifupi 300 munthawi imodzi yopha nsomba m'mbali mwa Florida. Komanso, asodzi ena adanena kuti adawona utchetcha wamitundu yosiyanasiyana m'madzi a m'mbali mwa nyanja kumadzulo kwa chilumbacho.
Panalibe kafukufuku yemwe adayeza kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamtchire zomwe zikadatha kufalitsidwa panthawiyi. Komabe, kuchepa kwa anthu ocheka matabwa kwalembedwa. Amakhulupirira kuti izi zimachitika chifukwa cha usodzi wamalonda, womwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zophera nsomba: maukonde, ma trawls ndi seines. Sawfish ndiyosavuta kuzikakamira, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake ndi rostrum yayitali. Ambiri mwa macheka omwe adagwidwa adatsamwa kapena kuphedwa.
Zitsulo zopangira matabwa sizitsika mtengo pochita malonda, chifukwa nyama yake sichigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha anthu chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kowuma. M'mbuyomu, adagwidwa chifukwa cha zipsepse zomwe msuzi amapangidwira, ndipo ziwalo zawo zinali zofala pochita malonda azinthu zosowa. Komanso, mafuta chiwindi anali ankafuna mu wowerengeka mankhwala. Rostrum ya sawtooth ndiyofunika kwambiri: mtengo wake umapitilira $ 1000.
Hafu yachiwiri yazaka za zana la 20 idawonongeka kwambiri pamitengo yochekera matabwa ku Florida. Izi zidachitika ndendende chifukwa chakugwira kwawo komanso kuthekera kwakubala pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, kuyambira 1992, kugwidwa kwawo kudaletsedwa ku Florida. Pa Epulo 1, 2003, sawfish idadziwika kuti ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi ku United States, ndipo patapita nthawi pang'ono idaphatikizidwa mu International Red Book. Kuphatikiza pa kusodza, chifukwa cha ichi chinali kuipitsa kwa anthu madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chosemacho sichingakhalemo.
Chosangalatsa: Nambala za Sawfish zawonongeka chifukwa cha kupha nyama mosavomerezeka. Pachifukwa ichi, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature, ray yaku Asia-nosed ray idapatsidwa mwayi wokhala "Wowopsa".
Chilengedwe chomwecho ndimachitidwe ake osinthika - parthenogenesis (kapena kubereka kwa namwali) - adalowa yankho kuvuto lakuwopseza kutha kwa mitundu ya sawmouth. Izi zidapangidwa ndi asayansi aku Stony Brook University ku New York. Anapeza milandu ya parthenogenesis mu nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono, zomwe ndizowopsa.
Munthawi ya 2004 mpaka 2013, asayansi adawona gulu la nsombazi zokhala ndi mano abwino, zomwe zinali kufupi ndi gombe la Charlotte Harbor. Zotsatira zake, milandu 7 yakubereka kwa namwali yadziwika, yomwe ndi 3% ya macheka okwanira ogonana omwe ali mgululi.
Anawona alonda a nsomba
Chithunzi: Anawona nsomba kuchokera ku Red Book
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu kuyambira 1992, kugwidwa kwa macheka ndikoletsedwa ku Florida. Malinga ndi zomwe nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha zomwe zidaperekedwa ku United States pa Epulo 1, 2003, zikuyang'aniridwa ndi feduro. Kuyambira 2007, aletsedwa padziko lonse kuti agulitse ziwalo zamatupi a utoto, monga zipsepse, rostrum, mano awo, khungu, nyama ndi ziwalo zamkati.
Pakadali pano, sawfish idalembedwa mu International Red Book. Chifukwa chake macheka ayenera kutetezedwa mosamalitsa. Pofuna kuteteza mitunduyi, amangolola nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono zomwe zimaloledwa, zomwe zimasungidwa m'madzi. Mu 2018, the EDGE adayika mitundu yazowopsa kwambiri pakati pazomwe zimasinthika kwambiri. Sawfish inabwera koyamba pamndandandawu.
Pankhaniyi, asayansi apanga njira zotsatirazi zotetezera nyumba yochekera:
- kugwiritsira ntchito choletsa cha CITES ("Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora");
- kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cheza chogwidwa mosazindikira;
- kukonza ndi kutsitsimutsa malo achilengedwe a macheka.
Nthawi zina, kusodza mwangozi kumalumikizidwa ndi macheka opha nyama. Chifukwa, pomuthamangitsa, nsombayo imatha kugwera m'makoka osodza. Pachifukwa ichi, asayansi ochokera ku Australia University of Queensland, motsogozedwa ndi a Barbara Wueringer, akufufuza momwe amasakira, kuyesa kupeza njira yowalepheretsa kuti asagwere muukonde wa asodzi.
Sawfish, monga mtundu, imakhala mu Nyanja Yadziko Lonse yomwe idakalipobe mpaka pano kuyambira ku Cretaceous. Zodziwika bwino kale, pafupifupi zaka 100 zapitazo, pakadali pano ali ndi mtundu wazamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi munthu. Ngakhale kuli kwakuti machekawo alibe vuto lililonse kwa anthu ndipo si nsomba zamalonda, zimagwidwa chifukwa chogulitsa magawo ena, komanso zimawononga malo ake.
Pakadali pano, radiation-nosed ray ilowa mu International Red Book, chifukwa chake ili ndi chitetezo chokhwima. Kuphatikiza apo, chilengedwe chomwecho ndi makina ake osinthira - parthenogenesis - adalowa yankho kuvuto lakuwopseza kutha kwa mitundu ya sawmouth. Anawona nsomba ali ndi mwayi woteteza ndi kutsitsimutsa anthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/20/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/18/2019 nthawi 20:50
