Sikuti aliyense anali ndi mwayi wowona kachilomboka kameneka. Komabe, zikawonekera, sizimakumbukika kwa nthawi yayitali. Ichi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakopeka ndi mawonekedwe ake odabwitsa. Chipembere idakhala ndi dzina lachilendo chifukwa chakumera pang'ono pamutu, komwe kumawoneka ngati nyanga ya chipembere. Mwa akazi, samatchulidwa kwambiri, koma amuna ali ndi nyanga yochititsa chidwi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a chipembere
Zipembere ndi za banja la tizilombo ta lamala. Pali mitundu yambiri yazachilengedwe: Australia, Japan, njovu, njovu, North America, chimphona, Asia, ndi mitundu ina yambiri. Sayansi imadziwa mitundu yoposa chikwi chimodzi ndi mazana atatu ya kachilombo kameneka. Oimira awo amakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula madera ozizira kwambiri.
Kanema: kachilomboka
Chikumbu cha chipembere chili ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana. Choyamba ndi nyanga yotchulidwa pamutu wamphongo. Amakankhidwira mmwamba, mwamphamvu mokwanira, ali ndi mphamvu. Mbali yachiwiri yofunika ndi chipolopolo champhamvu cha chitinous. Zimateteza kachilomboka kwa adani. Kunja chikufanana ndi zida za msirikali. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe osazolowereka komanso kukula kwake, chipemberechi chimadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Izi, ndichachidziwikire, chifukwa cha kukula kwake.
Chosangalatsa: Kapangidwe kabwino ka mlengalenga wa kachilombo kameneka kakhoza kunenedwa motsimikiza kuti sikakuyenera kuthawa. Komabe, kachilomboka kachilomboka sasamala za malamulo a sayansi. Samangouluka, koma amatha kuphimba maulendo ataliatali kudzera mumlengalenga. Zimbalangondo zotere zimatha kuyenda mtunda wopitilira makilomita makumi atatu. Izi zatsimikiziridwa ndi asayansi ndipo zalembedwa chifukwa chakuyesera.
Khalidwe lina labwino lomwe limakhalapo m'mabanja ndikumatha kupanga magetsi ang'onoang'ono. Amapangidwa pathupi pa kachilomboka chifukwa cha maburashi apadera. Pogundana, mdani amatha kumva kugwedezeka kwamagetsi pang'ono.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha Zipembere
Chikumbu chimakhala ndi zinthu zakunja izi:
- Makulidwe akulu. Tizilomboti timatha kutalika kwa mamilimita makumi anayi mphambu asanu ndi awiri. Amphongo amphongo ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi.
- Nyanga yodziwika. Kukula kumeneku kumatchulidwa mwa amuna. Mwa akazi, ndi ochepa, amafanana ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Palinso kutalika kwazitali pamatchulidwe a kafadala.
- Mutu wawung'ono. Nyanga imakhala pafupifupi mutu wonse wamphongo. Kafadala amakhala ndi lobes wamaso otakata komanso nsagwada yayikulu kwambiri. The occiput nthawi zambiri imakhala yosalala. Kumbali, mutu wa tizilombo umaphimbidwa ndi makwinya akuya.
- Kutulutsa kofooka. Mwaimuna, imakhala ndi mbali zazikulu. Gawo lakumbuyo kwa pronotum ndilopindika ndipo lili ndi ma tubercles. Amasalazidwa pang'ono kutsogolo. Nthiti yopingasa ili pa pronotum. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ma tubercles atatu.
- Convex elytra. Ziphuphu zam'mimba zimapangidwa modabwitsa. Propigidium ili ndi makwinya ndi tsitsi.
- Wamphamvu, miyendo yayifupi. Amakhala osiyana kwambiri. Zotsogola zimapangidwira kukumba, zina zonse zimathandiza tizilombo kuyenda mozungulira malowa popanda mavuto.
- Mtundu wosazolowereka. Chipembere ndi kachilombo kokongola kwambiri. Thupi lake limanyezimira bwino padzuwa. Ndi lowala ndipo lili ndi utoto wofiyira. Pansi pathupi pake pamakhala chikasu pang'ono, chopepuka kuposa pamwamba.
- Mphutsi yolimba, yofanana ndi C. Ili ndi utoto wachikaso ndi yoyera ndipo imatha kutalika mpaka sentimita khumi ndi chimodzi.
Zosangalatsa: Nyanga zomwe zikuyenda ndiye gawo lalikulu la kachilomboka. Koma asayansi sanathebe kufotokoza cholinga chawo. Zikuwoneka kuti iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yodzitetezera kapena kuukira, koma tizilombo timapulumutsidwa ku ngozi mwanjira ina. Akakumana ndi mdani, nthawi yomweyo amanamizira kuti afa. Tizilomboti timapinda miyendo, timalimbitsa tinyanga tawo, ndipo mofulumira kugwa pansi. Kumeneko amaphatikizana ndi nthaka, nthambi, masamba.
Kodi kachilomboka kamakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a zipembere
Zipembere, mitundu yawo yosiyanasiyana ndi yofala kwambiri. Amapezeka ku Europe. Kupatula kwake ndi madera akumpoto komwe kuli nyengo yozizira. Tizilombo tambiri timakhala ku Caucasus, kumwera kwa Siberia, kumpoto kwa Africa, Central Asia, Turkey, Asia Minor, ndi Syria. Chiwerengero chochepa cha kachilomboka amapezeka ku Crimea, m'madera ena a Ukraine.
Chikumbu chimafunika nkhalango zowuma kuti chizikhalamo, kuberekana ndi kudyetsa. Awa ndi malo awo achilengedwe. Nkhalango zamtundu uliwonse ndizolandilidwa: mitsinje, nkhalango zowirira mumtsinje, mapiri, masitepe apamwamba, chigwa. Ndi m'dera lotere momwe mabanja ambiri achifuko amakhala. Komabe, chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa anthu, tizilombo timeneti tidatha kulowa m'malo ena: steppe, semi-chipululu. Amakhazikika m'minda yopanga, imatha kupezeka mosavuta m'malo opanda mitengo.
Ku Kazakhstan, Central Asia, nyamayi imapezeka m'mapiri, m'chipululu. Idasinthidwa kukhala ndikukhala ndi kubereka m'malo okhala anthu. Tizilomboto timakula mumanyowa owola, mulu wa zinyalala, malo obiriwira osiyanasiyana komanso mayendedwe a ng'ombe. Mofananamo, kachilomboka kamakhala kumpoto kwa Europe komanso ku Europe ku Russia. Kumeneku kumatha kupezeka m'malo obiriwira, malo otentha, ndi zinyalala zosiyanasiyana.
Kodi kachilomboka kamadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chikumbu chachikulu
Zakudya za kachilomboka ndizovuta kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri a tizilombo. Mpaka pano, asayansi apadziko lapansi sagwirizana chimodzi. Pali mitundu iwiri ya zakudya za chipembere:
- Zakudya zake zimafanana ndi za mbawala yamphongo. Gulu limodzi la akatswiri a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda limatsimikizira kuti zipembere zimawononga zipatso zosiyanasiyana: makungwa a birch, thundu, birch, msondodzi. Chiphunzitsochi chili ndi umboni wotsimikizika. Mano odulira tizilombo sakukula bwino, nsagwada zakumunsi zimakutidwa ndi ziphuphu zapadera. Ziphuphu zimapanga chiwalo chomwe chimathandiza kuti nyama idye zipatso zake;
- Chikumbu sichidya konse. Ili ndiye lingaliro lachiwiri. Amanena kuti kachilomboka sikadya chilichonse pachikulire. Imadya michere yomwe yasonkhanitsidwa panthawi yamafuta. Mawu awa alinso ndi umboni wowoneka - gawo lonse lakugaya chakudya la tizilombo ndiloperewera.
Zosangalatsa: Ngakhale zili zochepa kapena kusowa kwa chakudya, kachilomboka ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Amatha kukweza kulemera kwake maulendo 800. Luso lodabwitsali lidamupangitsa kukhala wotchuka komanso wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Kafadala wamphamvu nthawi zambiri amapezeka pachikuto cha zolemba zosiyanasiyana zasayansi komanso zina.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a zipembere
Ngakhale kufalikira kwa kachilomboka kolimba, mawonekedwe ake ndi moyo wake sizinaphunzire mwatsatanetsatane ndi asayansi. Zowona zochepa zokha ndizodziwika bwino. Chifukwa chake, malo achilengedwe a tizilombo timeneti ndi nkhalango yotambalala, nkhalango. Komabe, monga tanena kale, m'kupita kwa nthawi, mamembala ambiri am'banja adziwa gawo lina - theka-chipululu, madera omwe ali ndi minda yokumba.
Njuchi za zipembere zimayamba kuwonetsa ntchito yawo kuyambira theka lachiwiri la Marichi. Amasinthidwa kukhala nyengo yotentha. Nthawi yandege ndi pafupifupi miyezi isanu. Masana, tizilombo timene timakhala mumsasa. Ming'alu ikuluikulu yamitengo, mabowo m'mizu, maenje obisika amatha kugwira nawo ntchito. Kumeneko nyama zimapuma. Nyongolotsi zimachoka m’nyumba zawo madzulo.
Chikhalidwe cha kachilomboka ndi chamtendere. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa sichiukira konse. Siluma ndipo singavulaze anthu kapena nyama zina. Pakakhala ngozi, zipembere zimakonda kubisala kapena kunamizira kuti zafa. Kafadala amayesa kudzikwirira pansi mofulumira. Ngati izi sizingachitike, ndiye kuti akuwonetsa kuwonongeka kwawo: amagwa mwachangu, khwimitsani miyendo ndi tinyanga.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha Zipembere ku Red Book
Zipembere zimaswana m'nyengo yotentha. Atadzipezera yekha, mwamuna amamupatsa mphamvu mkazi. Patapita nthawi, mkazi amayamba kufunafuna malo abwino oti agone.
Zoyenera kuchita izi:
- manyowa akale;
- Ziphuphu zovunda;
- milu ya zinyalala;
- mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yosiyanasiyana.
Mazirawo ali pakukula kwa pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Kenako amasanduka mphutsi. Mphutsi imakhwima nthawi yachilimwe. Amayamba kudya mwakhama, ndi wamkulu mokwanira komanso wosusuka. Mphutsi zimadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana zamasamba, zotsalira za mitengo yowola. Nthawi zambiri mphutsi zimavulaza zomera ndikulumira mizu yawo. Gawo la mphutsi limatha mpaka zaka zisanu ndi zitatu - iyi ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri ya moyo wa chipembere. Kutalika kwake kumadalira kwathunthu mtundu wa chakudya, dera lomwe nyama limakhala.
Chosangalatsa: Kumbu lachikazi la chipembere samaika mazira mumtengo wa mitengo ya coniferous kapena zipatso.
Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi nthawi yophunzira. Chibayo chikukula kwambiri ngati kachilomboka kakang'ono ka chipembere. Poyamba imakhala yachikasu, ndiye imatenga utoto wofiirira. Chipembere chimakhala ndi cholinga chongosiya ana atsopano. Chifukwa chake, kutalika kwa moyo wa munthu wamkulu ndi waufupi - masabata ochepa chabe. Nthawi zambiri imafika mwezi umodzi.
Adani achilengedwe a kachilomboka
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a zipembere
Mbalame zambiri zikuluzikulu zimadya tizilomboti. Khwangwala, magpies, odula mitengo samadana nawo. Zipembere zimakonda kugwidwa ndi nyama komanso zokwawa. Amakhalanso ndi vuto lalikulu la amphibiya. Adani achilengedwe cha tizilombo timeneti ndi akunja. Zimayambitsa kufa pang'ono kwa munthu wamkulu. Kachilomboka kakang'ono kamodzi kamalengedwa ndi tiziromboti tambiri.
Mphutsi nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa ndi tiziromboti. Amatayikidwa ndi mavu a scoliosis. Choyamba, mavu amalimbana ndi mphutsi, amaziluma ndi mbola yake yakuthwa. Jekeseniyo imalemetsa mphutsi. Mavu ndiye amaikira mazira. Scolia watsopano amatuluka dzira, lomwe limadyetsa kachilomboka kakadali kakufa ziwalo. Komanso, nthawi zambiri mphutsi zimakonda kuzunzidwa ndi mbalame, makamaka nkhwangwa. Alibe mwayi wobisala, kuti adziteteze kwa mdani.
Mdani woopsa kwambiri wa kachilomboka ndi munthu. Ndi anthu omwe amawononga tizilombo tambiri. Nthawi zina izi sizichita mwadala. Mwachitsanzo, mukamagwiritsa ntchito manyowa kuthira manyowa m'munda wamasamba kapena pokonza milu yazinyalala. Koma nthawi zambiri pamakhala zowononga mwadala ndi munthu. Anthu ambiri odziwa zachilendo amatenga tiziromboti pamitengo yathu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chikumbu chachimuna
Ngakhale kulipo mitundu yambiri ya zipembere za zipembere, kufalikira kwawo padziko lapansi, kachilomboka, kuchuluka kwa anthu m'maiko ambiri kukucheperachepera. M'mayiko ena, chipembere chidalembedwa m'buku lofiira ndipo chimatetezedwa ndi malamulo. Mitunduyi imapulumutsidwa kuti isatheretu pokhapokha pakupezeka mitundu yambiri ya zipembere, chilakolako chawo chofuna kusiya ana, komanso kubereka bwino.
Kutha pang'onopang'ono kwa banja ili chifukwa cha zifukwa izi:
- Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe. Ili ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limakhudza anthu onse tizilombo, nyama, amphibiya ndi nyama zina. Vuto la kuipitsa nkhalango chifukwa cha zinyalala zapakhomo ndilovuta kwambiri;
- Kuzula mitengo yakale. Mitengo yakale yamitengo ndi malo achilengedwe, chakudya cha mphutsi za chipembere. Mitengo yakale yocheperako, tizilombo tochepa timayenera kusiya ana;
- Kuyanika m'nkhalango, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa malo omwe tizilombo timatha kukhala ndi kuberekana;
- Kuwononga mwadala anthu. Izi zikukhudza vuto lakugwira tizilombo tokongola, tachilendo zanyumba. Ndipo anthu ena amapha kafadala wamkulu kuti azisangalala.
Chitetezo cha zipembere
Chithunzi: Red Book kachilomboka
Chikumbu chija chalembedwa m'mabuku angapo a Red Data Books ku Russia. Makamaka, amatetezedwa ku Lipetsk, Leningrad, Astrakhan, ndi madera ena ambiri. Komanso, tizilombo timatetezedwa ndi malamulo ku Slovakia, Poland, Czech Republic, Moldova.
Kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa tizilombo sikupezeka kokha chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso kuwononga nkhalango kwakukulu. Nyongolotsi zambiri zimafa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi ndi nkhalango. Mphutsi zambiri zimafa pakathiridwa manyowa m'minda, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala owopsa, kuchokera pakuchepetsa minda yamafamu.
Pofuna kuletsa kufa kwa kachilomboka, anthu akuyenera kukonzanso moyenera ntchito zaulimi ndi nkhalango, kuimitsa nkhalango yayikulu ndikuyamba kupanga minda yatsopano. Dziko likuyenera kuteteza malo achilengedwe a nyamazi, kuti apange zofunikira pamoyo wawo komanso kuti aberekane bwino. M'mayiko ndi madera omwe zipembere za chipembere zalembedwa mu Red Data Books, njira zoterezi zayamba kale. Chifukwa chake, posachedwa, tizilombo tomwe tidatulutsidwa mu Red Data Books za zigawo zina za Russia. Izi ndizolimbikitsa.
Chikumbu Ndi kachilombo kolimba, kokongola, koma kanthawi kochepa. Wamkulu amakhala masabata ochepa chabe. Kachilomboka kakhoza kutchedwa mitundu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yamtundu wa lamellar. Chiwerengero chake chikuchepa pang'onopang'ono ndipo chimafunikira kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu ndi mayiko ena.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/19/2019
Idasinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 16:48
