Mbalame ya hummingbird - mbalame yaying'ono, yonyezimira ndi nthenga, ngati kumwaza miyala ya safiro. Imachita chidwi ndi zovuta zake zakuthambo, imawuluka mwachangu, kenako imangoyima pomwepo, imanyamuka ndikunyamuka, kutsika kapena kubwerera ngakhale mozondoka, ndikuwongolera bwino magawo onse othamanga.
Amakweza mapiko awo mwachangu kwambiri (pafupifupi 80 pamphindikati), ndikumveka phokoso lakulira. Anawo adakopa azungu oyamba kubwera ku North America. Akatswiri ambiri a zachilengedwe a nthawi imeneyo ankadabwa ngati hummingbirds inali kwinakwake pakati pa mbalame ndi tizilombo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird
Pazaka 22 miliyoni zapitazi, mbalame za hummingbird zasintha mofulumira kukhala mitundu yambiri ya mitundu. Mbiri yawo yakukula ndikodabwitsa. Amanyamula mbalame zing'onozing'ono kuchokera ku kontinenti ina kupita ku ina, kenako amabwereranso, nthawi yonseyi ndikusintha mawonekedwe awo osiyana.
Nthambi yopita ku hummingbird yamakono idayamba pafupifupi zaka 42 miliyoni zapitazo, pomwe makolo a hummingbird adasiyana ndi abale awo, osinthana ndikupanga mtundu watsopano. Izi mwina zidachitika ku Europe kapena Asia, komwe zotsalira zonga hummingbird zidapezeka zaka 28-34 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kanema: Mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird
Mbalamezi zinapeza njira yopita ku South America kudzera ku Asia ndi Bering Strait kupita ku Alaska. Palibe mbadwa zomwe zatsala ku kontrakitala ya Eurasia. Kamodzi ku South America zaka 22 miliyoni zapitazo, mbalame zidapanga msanga zachilengedwe zatsopano ndikupanga mitundu yatsopano.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Kusanthula kwa majeremusi kumawonetsa kuti kusiyanasiyana kwa hummingbird kukupitilizabe kukula, ndipo mitundu yatsopano ikukula msanga kuposa kutha. Madera ena amakhala ndi mitundu yopitilira 25 mdera lomwelo.
Sizidziwikiratu kuti mbalame za hummingbird zimatha bwanji kukhala ku South America. Chifukwa zimadalira zomera zomwe zidakula nawo. Tsopano pali mitundu 338 yodziwika, koma chiwerengerochi chitha kuwirikiza m'zaka zikubwerazi. Pachikhalidwe, adagawika m'magulu awiri: azitsamba (Phaethornithinae, mitundu 34 m'mibadwo 6) komanso wamba (Trochilinae, mitundu ina yonse). Komabe, kuwunika kwa phylogenetic kukuwonetsa kuti magawowa ndi osakwanira ndipo pali magulu akulu asanu ndi anayi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya hummingbird
Mbali zapadera za hummingbird ndi mulomo wautali, nthenga zowala ndikumveka kwaphokoso. Anthu ambiri ndi okongola, koma palinso maalubino olimba kwambiri kapena oyera. Mitunduyi imasintha ndikuwunika kulikonse ndikupatsa nthengazo chidutswa chachitsulo. Mitundu yochepa chabe ya mitundu ndi yomwe imawoneka ndi diso la munthu. Kuzindikira mawonekedwe amthupi kumakuthandizani kudziwa zomwe zimapangitsa ana awa kukhala apadera:
- Kukula. Mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird ndi mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri (5-22 cm). Njuchi ya hummingbird ndi mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird ndi yokongola kwambiri kuposa yaikazi, koma yaikaziyo ndi yokulirapo. Chachikulu kwambiri ndi chimphona chachikulu chotchedwa hummingbird. Kulemera kwa thupi la mbalame ndi 2.5-6.5 g.
- Fomuyi. Mamembala onse am'banja amadziwika ndizofanana zakunja, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo. Thupi lalifupi lokhazikika, mapiko ataliatali ndi mlomo wopingasa wopingasa.
- Mlomo. Mlomo wonga singano ndi mtundu wapadera kwambiri wa mbalameyi. Ili yolumikizika komanso yopyapyala poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa hummingbird, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chubu kunyambulira timadzi tokoma kuchokera maluwa ndi lilime lalitali.
- Mapiko. Kutalika, kupapatiza, kulumikizana kuti kuwonjezere kuyendetsa mlengalenga. Ali ndi kapangidwe kapadera. Zilumikizano zamapiko (phewa + ulnar) zili pafupi ndi thupi, izi zimalola mapikowo kupendekeka komanso kutembenuka. Izi zimathandiza kuti mbalame ya hummingbird igwire bwino ntchito ikasintha kayendedwe kawo ndi kuuluka kwake.
- Paws. Zochepera komanso zazifupi, ndizochepa kwambiri, motero mbalame sizimayenda. Ali ndi zala zinayi zokhala ndi dongosolo la anisodactyl la chala chachinayi choloza kumbuyo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zigwire nthambi ndikukhala. Mbalame zimatha kudumphadumpha, koma chinthu chachikulu kwa mbalame zotchedwa hummingbird ndikuuluka.
- Mitengo. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi mitundu yolemera komanso mawonekedwe olimba mtima. Khosi lowala bwino la khosi ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chachimuna ndi mawonekedwe. Kapangidwe ka nthenga m'thupi zimakhala ndi magawo 10. Mtundu wa akazi ndi wosavuta, koma m'mitundu ina mumakhala utawaleza.
Kugunda kwa mtima kwa mbalame za hummingbird kumasiyana kuyambira 250 mpaka 1200 kumenyedwa pamphindi. Usiku, mkati mwa torpor, imachepa ndipo imakhala pakati pa 50 mpaka 180 kumenyedwa pamphindi. Mtima wa mbalamewo umachulukitsa kukula kwa mimba ndipo umakhala ½ mthupi. Mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird imatha kuuluka pa liwiro lalikulu pamtunda wamakilomita 30/60 pa ola limodzi.
Kodi mbalame za hummingbird zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame yaing'ono yamphongo
Mbalame zam'madzi ndi mbadwa za ku New World. Akhazikika kwanthawi yayitali ku South, North ndi Central America. Mitundu yambiri yamtundu imasankhidwa ndi madera otentha ndi madera otentha ndi Pacific. Madera ambiri amapezeka mzindawu ndipo ndi mitundu yochepa yokha yomwe imawoneka m'malo otentha.
Nthawi zambiri, mitundu ina yamtunduwu imakhudza chigwa chimodzi kapena malo otsetsereka, pomwe kwa oimira ena amtunduwu, malo awo amakhala m'malo opapatiza chakum'mawa kapena chakumadzulo kwa Andes; Palinso zilumba zambiri zam'mapiri.
Gawo lolemera kwambiri pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hummingbird ndi malo osinthira kuchokera kumapiri kupita kumapiri pamtunda wa 1800-2500 m wokhala ndi kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa 12-16 ° C. Zomera zolemera zimayimilidwa ndi zokwawa, zitsamba, ferns, orchids, mitengo, bromeliads, ndi zina zotero. Mbalame za m'gulu la mbalame m'dera lino zimakhala ndi matupi osiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe a milomo.
Chidwi! Mbalame za hummingbird ndi anzeru kwambiri ndipo amatha kuloweza malo ndi anthu chaka chilichonse.
Mbalame yaing'ono yotchedwa hummingbird imatha kuuluka mwamphamvu mtunda wa makilomita 2000 kuti isamuke, nthawi zina mpaka 500 mtunda mosalekeza. Nthawi zambiri zimauluka kumwera m'nyengo yozizira komanso kumpoto chilimwe. Kuti akwaniritse zosunthika zosamuka, amadyetsa kwambiri ndikuchulukitsa thupi lawo.
Mbalame yotchedwa ruby-throated hummingbird imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri kwambiri ya mitundu ya North America. Mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird yamtundu wakuda ndi mitundu yosinthika kwambiri ku North America. Amapezeka kuchokera kuzipululu mpaka kunkhalango zamapiri komanso kuchokera kumatawuni kupita kumalo achilengedwe.
Kodi mbalame zam'mimba zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyama ya hummingbird
Pazinthu zosinthika, mbalame zakhala ndi luso lapadera lodyetsa. Amakonda kudya timadzi tokoma, kuyamwa kwamitengo, tizilombo ndi mungu. Kupuma mofulumira, kupweteka kwa mtima ndi kutentha kwa thupi kumafuna kudya pafupipafupi komanso chakudya chochuluka tsiku lililonse.
Mbalame zam'mimba zimadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo udzudzu, ntchentche za zipatso ndi mapiko oyenda, kapena nsabwe za m'masamba. Mlomo wapansi ukhoza kupinda 25 °, kukulira m'munsi. Mbalame zam'mimba zimauluka m'magulu a tizilombo kuti zithandizire kudyetsa. Kuti akwaniritse mphamvu zawo, amamwa timadzi tokoma, timadzi tokoma mkati mwa maluwa.
Zosangalatsa! Mofanana ndi njuchi, mbalame za hummingbird, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, zimatha kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa shuga mumchere ndikutha maluwa omwe amatulutsa timadzi tokoma zosakwana 10% ya shuga.
Samakhala tsiku lonse akuuluka chifukwa mtengo wamagetsi ungakhale wovuta. Ntchito zambiri zimakhala kukhala kapena kukhala pansi. Mbalame zam'mimba zimadya kwambiri, koma m'magawo ang'onoang'ono ndipo zimadya pafupifupi theka la kulemera kwawo mu timadzi tokoma tsiku lililonse. Amagaya chakudya msanga.
Gwiritsani ntchito pafupifupi 15-25% ya nthawi yawo kudyetsa ndi 75-80% atakhala pansi ndikuwunika. Ali ndi lilime lalitali lomwe amanyambita nalo chakudya mwachangu mpaka kunyambita 13 pamphindikati. Magawo awiri amlomo ali ndi kulumikizana kosiyana. Gawo lakumunsi limakwanira bwino kumtunda.
Mbalame ya hummingbird ikamadya timadzi tokoma, kamwa imatseguka pang'ono, kulola lilime kutuluka m'maluwa. Ikamagwira tizilombo tikuuluka, nsagwada za hummingbird zimaweramira pansi, kukulitsa mpata wakuti zigwire bwino. Kuti akhalebe ndi mphamvu, mbalamezi zimadya kasanu mpaka kasanu pa ola.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Hummingbird
Mbalame za mtundu wa hummingbird zimawulukira mbali iliyonse ndipo zimayandama bwinobwino m'malo mwake. Ndi mbalame zina zochepa zomwe zitha kuchita izi. Mbalamezi sizimasiya kukupiza mapiko awo, ndipo kukula kwake kwakung’onoko kumawapangitsa kuoneka ngati anyani akuluakulu.
Amayendetsa molunjika pokhapokha ngati wamwamuna atenga chiwonetsero chamwamuna. Amuna amatha kuuluka mozungulira - pafupifupi 180 °, yomwe imawoneka ngati yaying'ono - ikungoyenda uku ndi uku, ngati kuyimitsidwa kumapeto kwa waya wautali. Mapiko awo amalira mokweza kumapeto kwa chipilalacho.
Chidwi! Mbalame za hummingbird zili ndi maselo apadera m'mapiko awo omwe amakhala ngati ma prism atawunikira dzuwa. Kuwala kukugawanika kukhala mafunde ataliatali, ndikupanga utoto wowoneka bwino. Mbalame zina za hummingbird zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosangalatsayi ngati chenjezo la malo.
Mbalame zam'madzi zimakhala ndi kagayidwe kabwino kwambiri pakati pa nyama zopanda tizilombo. Kuchulukitsa kwa kagayidwe kake kumapangitsa kuyenda kwamapiko mwachangu komanso kugunda kwamtima kwambiri. Paulendo wapaulendo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo mpweya pa gramu yaminyewa yaminyewa ndikokwana pafupifupi 10 kuposa momwe amasewera othamanga.
Mbalame zam'madzi zimachepetsa kwambiri kagayidwe kachakudya usiku kapena ngati zikulephera kupeza chakudya. Amadzigonetsa tulo tofa nato. Amakhala ndi moyo wautali. Ngakhale ambiri amamwalira mchaka choyamba chamoyo, omwe adapulumuka amatha kukhala zaka khumi, ndipo nthawi zina kuposa pamenepo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird
Kuyamba kwa nyengo yokhwima mu hummingbirds kumalumikizidwa ndi nyengo yamaluwa ochulukirapo ndipo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Zisa zimapezeka m'malo okhalamo chaka chonse. Mbalame zam'madzi ndi mitala. Amapanga awiriawiri okha chifukwa cha umuna wa mazira. Amuna amakhala pafupi ndi akazi kwa kanthawi kochepa ndipo samachita nawo ntchito zina zobereka.
Nthawi yakugwirizana kwakugonana, amuna amadzipereka kwa akazi mothandizidwa ndi kuyimba komanso mawonekedwe owala. Ena a iwo amaimba masana pafupifupi 70% ya nthawi nthawi yoswana. Mitundu ina imabala ndikumveka mokweza, kwakanthawi. Pakukwera ndege, mbalame za hummingbird zimatha kukupiza mapiko awo 200 pamphindikati, ndikupanga phokoso.
Mbalame zambiri zimamanga zisa zooneka ngati chikho pamtengo kapena panthambi ya tchire, koma mitundu yambiri yam'malo otentha imamangirira zisa zawo m'masamba komanso pamiyala. Kukula kwa chisa kumasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wina - kuyambira kakang'ono (theka la chipolopolo cha mtedza) mpaka kukulira (20 cm m'mimba mwake).
Zolemba! Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito njere ndi ndere kuti zimangirire pamodzi chisa ndi kuchikonza. Makhalidwe apaderawa amalola chisa kukula pamene anapiye akukula.
Zazikazi zimaikira mazira 1-3, omwe ndi akulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi la munthu wamkulu. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 14 mpaka 23, kutengera mtundu wa mbalame ndi kutentha kozungulira. Amayi amadyetsa anapiye ndi timadzi totsekemera tating'ono ndi timadzi tokoma. Achinyamata amayamba kuwuluka patatha masiku 18-35 atadulidwa.
Adani achilengedwe a mbalame za hummingbird
Chithunzi: Nyama ya hummingbird
Anthu ambiri ayamba kukondana ndi mbalame zazing'ono zokongola kwambiri ndipo odyetsa omwe amawapatsa shuga ndi madzi. Chifukwa chake, kuyesa kuthandiza kupewa kutayika kwa imodzi mwa mbalame zodabwitsa kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Komabe, amphaka nthawi zambiri amapezeka pafupi ndi nyumba, chifukwa ziweto ndi mbalame za hummingbird zimazunzidwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Kuphatikiza pa kuthamanga komanso kuwona bwino, mbalame za hummingbird zimatha kudziteteza ndi mchira wawo. Nyama ikagwira mbalame ya mtundu wa hummingbird kumbuyo, nthenga za mchira zosasunthika zimatha kutambasula msanga. Izi zimapatsa mbalame mpata wopulumuka. Komanso nthenga zabwinozi zimakula msanga.
Mbalame zam'mimba zimagwiritsa ntchito kangaude kupanga chisa. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zina amagwera mmenemo ndipo sangathe kudzimasula okha, kukhala nyama ya akangaude ndi tizilombo tambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, zolusa mbalame za hummingbird ndi izi:
- Mapemphero opembedzera - makamaka, mantis wamkulu waku China adatumizidwa kuchokera ku China ndikumasulidwa m'minda ngati wolusa tizilombo, komanso adakhala wolusa wa hummingbird.
- Ktyri omwe amakulunga mapiko awo mozungulira mbalame ya hummingbird, kuti isawuluke. Imapha mbalame za mtundu wa hummingbird popanda vuto lililonse.
- Achule. Mbalame za hummingbird zapezeka m'mimba mwa achule. Zikuoneka kuti anawakola pafupi ndi madzi.
- Mbalame zikuluzikulu: nkhwangwa, akadzidzi, akhwangwala, orioles, nkhono ndi ntchentche zimatha kukhala zolusa. Komabe, mbalame za hummingbird ndizankhanza ndipo nthawi zambiri zimamenyana ndi mbalame zazikulu m'dera lawo.
- Njoka ndi abuluzi ndizoopsa ku mbalamezi.
Mbalame za hummingbird zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, nthawi zonse zimayang'anitsitsa zoopsa ndipo zimatha kuthawa msanga kwa nyama iliyonse.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame yaing'ono yotchedwa hummingbird
Zimakhala zovuta kulingalira kukula kwa anthu popeza pali mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana yomwe ikukhudza madera akuluakulu. Kuyambira kalekale, mbalame za hummingbird zidaphedwa chifukwa cha nthenga zawo, koma masiku ano mbalame zimawopsezedwanso.
Kusintha kwa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhudza kayendedwe ka mbalame zam'madzi, zomwe zimabweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana m'malo opitilira muyeso wawo, momwe chakudya chimavuta kupeza.
Mbalame za mtundu wa hummingbird ndizofala padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu ambiri amapanga odyetsa mbalame za hummingbird kapena amalima maluwa omwe amakopa mbalame m'miyezi yotentha akamayenda ulendo wautali. Otsatira a hummingbird amayesetsa kuwonetsetsa kuti kumbuyo kwa nyumba, paki, ndi dimba lililonse kuli ndi malo abwino mbalamezi.
Pali malamulo oletsa kugwira mbalame za hummingbird mwanjira iliyonse. Komabe, ntchito zina za anthu zitha kuwopseza mbalame. Vuto lalikulu ndikuchepa kwa malo okhala, pomwe anthu akupitilizabe kumanga mizinda, malo oimikapo magalimoto, ndi zina zambiri.
Nyengo ndi vuto lina kwa mbalame za hummingbird. Kaya chifukwa chake ndi chiyani, nyengo yathu ikusintha. Mkuntho umawopseza kusamuka kwa mbalame. Kusowa kwa maluwa amtchire chifukwa cha maluwa osakhazikika, moto ndi kusefukira kwamadzi - kumakhudza mbalame.
Chitetezo cha hummingbird
Chithunzi: Mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird yochokera ku Red Book
M'zaka za zana la 19, zikopa za nkhuku mamiliyoni ambiri zidatumizidwa ku Europe kukakongoletsa zipewa ndikupanga zida zina za mafashoni ku likulu. Zikopa za hummingbird zoposa 600,000 pachaka zimalowa m'misika yaku London yokha. Asayansi adatha kufotokoza mitundu ina ya hummingbird yokhala ndi khungu lokha la mbalame. Mbalamezi zinasowa pankhope pa dziko lapansi, chifukwa chakuledzera kwa munthu zokongoletsa zowala.
Kuwonongeka kwa malo ndi chiwonongeko ndiye chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa mbalame masiku ano. Popeza mbalame za hummingbird nthawi zambiri zimasinthidwa kukhala malo ena apadera, ndipo zimatha kukhala m'chigwa chimodzimodzi osatinso kwina kulikonse, mitundu yonse yomwe ili pachiwopsezo kapena pangozi ili m'ndandanda wa IUCN Red List.
Kuwonongeka kwa malo kumayambitsidwa ndi:
- nyumba zogona ndi malonda;
- madera a zokopa alendo ndi zosangalatsa;
- ulimi;
- kudula mitengo mwachisawawa;
- chitukuko cha ziweto;
- misewu ndi njanji.
Mu 1987, onse m'banjamo adaphatikizidwa ndi CITES Zowonjezera II, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kugulitsa anthu amoyo. Mu Zowonjezera I, ramphodon yamtundu wa bronze yokha ndi yomwe idalembedwa. Chifukwa cha nthenga zokongola, anthu ambiri awonongedwa kale mbalame ya hummingbird, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mitunduyo. Chifukwa chake, mayiko omwe amakhala ndi hummingbird aletsa kutumizira mbalame zachilendozi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 24.03.2019
Tsiku losintha: 25.09.2019 nthawi ya 14:00
