Caiman - wokhalamo wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi, yemwe mawonekedwe ake sanasinthe. Kusintha kwa malo okhala ndi adani achilengedwe a caiman adathandizira pakupanga mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe achilendo. Cayman ndi woimira gulu la Ng'ona, koma ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu, komwe kumatha kuzindikirika mosavuta.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Cayman
Pachiyambi cha caimans, asayansi amavomereza kuti makolo awo akale adatha zokwawa - zabodza-suchia. Anakhala zaka pafupifupi 230 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo adayambitsa ma dinosaurs ndi ng'ona. Zakale zam'mbali zinali zosiyana ndi oimira amakono amtundu wamiyendo yayitali komanso chimbudzi chachifupi. Pafupifupi zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo, ma dinosaurs adatha, ndipo ng'ona, kuphatikiza ma caimans, zimatha kusintha ndikumakhala m'malo atsopano.
Kanema: Cayman
Mtundu wa caiman ndi gawo la banja la alligator, gulu la zokwawa, koma amadziwika ngati gawo lodziyimira palokha chifukwa cha mawonekedwe akunja. Pamimba pa caimans, popanga chisinthiko, chimango cha mafupa chimapangidwa ngati mbale zolumikizidwa ndimalumikizidwe osunthika. "Zida" zotetezerazi zimateteza ma caimans kuti asagwidwe ndi nsomba zowononga. Chinthu china chosiyana ndi zokwawa izi ndi kusapezeka kwa mafupa a septum m'mphuno, motero chigaza chawo chimakhala ndi mphuno imodzi.
Chosangalatsa: "Caymans, mosiyana ndi nyama zong'ambika komanso ng'ona zenizeni, alibe zilonda zam'mimba momwe amapangidwira, motero sangakhale m'madzi amchere kwambiri."
Kapangidwe ka thupi ka caimans amasinthidwa kukhala moyenera m'madzi. Kuti musunthike mosavuta pamadzi ndikumenya wodwalayo mosayembekezereka, thupi la caiman limakhala lathyathyathya, mutu ndi wolimba ndi mphuno yayitali, miyendo yayifupi ndi mchira wautali wolimba. Maso ali ndi nembanemba yapadera yomwe imatseka ikamizidwa m'madzi. Pamtunda, omverawa amatha kuyenda mwachangu mokwanira, ndipo achinyamata amathanso kuthamanga.
Zosangalatsa: “Anthu aku Cayman amatha kupanga mawu. Akuluakulu mawuwa amafanana ndi kukuwa kwa galu, ndipo makanda a caiman - kulira kwa chule.
Mtundu wa caimans umaphatikizapo mitundu isanu, iwiri mwa iyo (Cayman latirostris ndi Venezilensis) atha kale.
Pakadali pano mitundu itatu ya ma caimans imatha kupezeka:
- Ng'ona wa Cayman kapena wamba, wowoneka bwino (ali ndi ma subspecies anayi);
- Cayman nkhope yotakata kapena yotseguka (palibe subspecies);
- Paraguayan caiman kapena piranha, Yakar (palibe subspecies).
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Crocodile caiman
Oimira mitundu itatu ya ma caiman ali ofanana wina ndi mnzake, koma ali ndi zosiyana zakunja.
Ng'ona caiman imadziwika ndi zizindikilo zakunja izi:
- Makulidwe - kutalika kwa thupi la amuna - 1.8-2 mita, ndi akazi - 1.2-1.4 mita;
- Kulemera kwa thupi kumakhala pakati pa 7 mpaka 40 kg. Chosemphacho chimakhala chopindika komanso chopindika kutsogolo. Pakati pa maso pali ziphuphu zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe a magalasi, omwe dzina la mtundu uwu linachokera. Mbali yakunja ya diso pali kansalu kadontho, kotengera kwa makolo awo;
- Pakamwa pamakhala mano 72-78, nsagwada zakumtunda zimakwirira mano apansi. Patsaya lakumunsi, mano oyamba ndi achinayi amakhala akulu mokwanira, ndichifukwa chake notches amapangidwa pachibwano chapamwamba;
- Mtundu wa munthu wamkulu umasiyana wobiriwira wakuda mpaka bulauni, ndipo achichepere amakhala ndi utoto wachikasu wobiriwira wokhala ndi mawanga osiyanasiyana mthupi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: "Ng'ombe zopanga ng'ona zimasintha mtundu wawo kukhala wakuda kuzizira. Mphamvu iyi ya khungu lake imaperekedwa ndi ma cell pigment - melanophores. "
Caiman wokhala ndi nkhope yotambalala, poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina, ali ndi izi:
- Makulidwe - amuna mpaka 2 mita kutalika, koma pali oyimira mpaka 3.5 mita. Akazi ndi afupikitsa;
- Mphuno ya caiman ndi yotakata komanso yayikulu, pambali pake pali mafupa;
- Pa nsagwada kumtunda mulibe notches a mano akulu apansi, monga ng'ona caiman;
- Thupi - kumbuyo kuli mamba ambiri osungunuka, ndipo pamimba pali mizere ingapo yamafupa;
- Mtundu wake ndi wobiriwira wa azitona, koma wopepuka. Pali mabala akuda pakhungu la nsagwada zakumunsi.
Paraguayan Cayman ili ndi mawonekedwe awa:
- Makulidwe - kutalika kwa thupi nthawi zambiri kumakhala mkati mwa 2 mita, koma mwa amuna pali anthu a 2.5 - 3 mita;
- Kapangidwe ka nsagwada, ngati ng'ona caiman;
- Mtundu wa thupi ndi lofiirira, wosiyanasiyana pakati pamawonekedwe oyera ndi amdima. Pali mikwingwirima yakuda pamutu ndi mchira.
Kodi caiman amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Animal caiman
Malo okhala zokwawa izi ndizokwanira mokwanira ndipo zimadalira mtundu wa mitundu ya caiman. Gawo logawa ng'ona caiman ndi madera otentha komanso otentha a ku South ndi Central America. Amapezeka kuchokera ku Guatemala ndi Mexico kupita ku Peru ndi Brazil. Mmodzi mwa ma subspecies ake (fuscus) adasamutsidwira kudera la America lomwe lili m'malire a Nyanja ya Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico).
Ng'onoting'ono caiman imakonda matupi amadzi okhala ndi madzi osalala, pafupi ndi mitsinje yaying'ono ndi nyanja, komanso malo achinyezi. Satha kukhala moyo wautali m'madzi amchere, osapitilira masiku awiri.
Caiman wokhala ndi nkhope yayikulu imagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha pang'ono, chifukwa chake imapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic m'madzi amadzi ku Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina. Malo okonda kwambiri madambo ndi mitsinje ing'onoing'ono imadzaza ndi madzi abwino, nthawi zina amchere pang'ono. Ikhozanso kukhazikika m'madziwe pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu.
Paraguayan Cayman amakonda kukhala m'malo omwe nyengo imakhala yotentha. Amakhala kumwera kwa Brazil ndi Bolivia, kumpoto kwa Argentina, Paraguay kudera lachiwawa. Nthawi zambiri imatha kuwoneka pazilumba zoyandama.
Kodi caiman amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Cayman Alligator
Caimans, mosiyana ndi abale awo akuluakulu odyetsa, samasinthidwa kuti azidya nyama zazikulu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha momwe nsagwada zimapangidwira, kukula kwa thupi, komanso mantha oyamba a zokwawa izi.
Pokhala makamaka m'madambo, ma caimans amatha kupindula ndi nyama ngati izi:
- zamoyo zopanda msana zam'madzi ndi zinyama;
- amphibiya;
- zokwawa zazing'ono;
- nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono.
Pakudya kwa nyama zazing'ono, tizilombo timene timagwera pamadzi timakhala tambiri. Akamakula, amasintha kuti adye phindu lalikulu - nkhanu, nkhono, nsomba zam'mitsinje, achule, makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Akuluakulu amatha kudzidyetsa ndi capybara wapakatikati, anaconda woopsa, kamba.
Caimans imameza nyama yawo yonse popanda kuiluma. Kupatulapo akamba omwe ali ndi zipolopolo zawo zakuda. Kwa nkhalango zokhala ndi milomo yayikulu ndi Paraguayan, nkhono zamadzi ndizopatsa chidwi kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kukonda zakudya izi, zokwawa izi zimawoneka ngati dongosolo lamadzi, chifukwa zimayang'anira kuchuluka kwa molluscs.
Dzinalo la caiman wa ku Paraguay ndi piranha, chifukwa chakuti imadya nsomba zowonongekazi, potero ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwawo. Mwa ma caimans, palinso milandu ya kudya anzawo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Cayman nyama
Zokwawa izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokha ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kukhala awiriawiri kapena m'magulu, nthawi zambiri nthawi yoswana. Nthawi zowuma zikafika, amasonkhana m'magulu kufunafuna madzi omwe sanaumirebe.
Chosangalatsa: "Nthawi yachilala, nthumwi zina za caimans zimakumba pansi kwambiri ndikukhala malo obisalirako."
Pofuna kubisala masana, ma caimans amakonda kukhala m'matope kapena m'nkhalango, komwe amatha, kubisala, amakhala padzuwa nthawi zambiri. Zoyipa zosokoneza zibwerera mwachangu kumadzi. Akazi amapita kumtunda kuti apange chisa pamenepo ndikuikira mazira.
Usiku, dzuwa litangolowa, zokwawa izi zimapita kukasaka mdziko lawo lamadzi. Ikasaka, imamira m'madzi, ndikungotulutsa mphuno ndi maso ake pamwamba.
Chosangalatsa: "Pali timitengo tambiri tomwe timapangidwa ndi maso a caiman kuposa ma cones. Chifukwa chake, amawona bwino usiku. "
Zokwawa izi zimakhala ndi bata, zamtendere komanso zowopsa, chifukwa chake sizimalimbana ndi anthu kapena nyama zazikulu kuti zigwire nyama. Khalidwe ili mwina chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo. Anthu aku Caiman amakhala zaka 30 mpaka 40; mu ukapolo, chiyembekezo cha moyo ndichachidule.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Caiman Cub
Mwa anthu a caiman, monga gawo lazomangamanga, pali maudindo pakati pa amuna potengera kukula kwa thupi komanso kukula kwa kugonana. Ndiye kuti, m'malo ena ake, amuna okhawo akulu kwambiri komanso okhwima ogonana omwe amadziwika kuti ndiopambana ndipo amatha kuberekana. Amuna onse omwe amakhala nawo m'dera lomwelo alibe mwayi wololedwa kubereka.
Caimans amawerengedwa kuti ndi okhwima pogonana, atakwanitsa kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu wazaka 4 mpaka 7. Komanso, akazi ndi ochepa kukula kwake kuposa amuna. Nthawi yoyenera kubereka imayamba kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti. M'nyengo yamvula, akazi amapanga zisa zoyikira mazira, osati kutali ndi nkhokwe yokhalamo zitsamba kapena pansi pa mitengo. Zisa zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zomera ndi dongo, ndipo nthawi zina zimangokumba dzenje mumchenga.
Pofuna kuteteza ana, yaikazi imatha kumanga zisa zingapo kapena kulumikizana ndi ena kuti ipange chisa chimodzi, kenako ndikuyang'anira limodzi. Nthawi zina ngakhale yamphongo imatha kusamalira chisa pamene chachikazi chimasaka. Mzimayi mmodzi amaikira mazira 15-40 kukula kwa tsekwe kapena dzira la nkhuku. Kuti anthu azimuna ndi ziwirizi aswe chimodzi, wamkazi amaikira mazira m'magawo awiri kuti pakhale kutentha.
Kukhwima kwa mazira kumachitika mkati mwa masiku 70-90. Mu Marichi, ma caimans ang'ono ali okonzeka kubadwa. Amatulutsa phokoso "laphokoso" ndipo mayiyo ayamba kukumba. Kenako, m'kamwa mwake, zimawasamutsira posungira. Pakukula, nyama zazing'ono nthawi zonse zimayandikira amayi awo, omwe amawateteza kwa adani akunja. Mkazi mmodzi amatha kuteteza osati ana ake okha, komanso alendo. Achinyamata amakula mwachangu kwa zaka ziwiri zoyambirira, kenako kukula kwawo kumachepa. Pagulu la ma caimans omwe akukula, anthu okulirapo komanso otakasuka nthawi yomweyo amawonekera, pambuyo pake azikhala pamwamba pa gulu lawo loyang'anira akulu.
Adani achilengedwe a ma caimans
Chithunzi: Cayman
Ngakhale ma caimans ndi nyama zokonda kudya, ndi ena mwa magulu azakudya zazikuluzikulu komanso zankhanza. Mitundu itatu yonse ya caimans imatha kukhala nyama ya jaguar, anacondas akulu, otter giant, gulu la agalu akulu osochera. Kukhala m'dera lomweli ndi ng'ona zenizeni ndi nyama zakuda (iyi ndi ng'ona ku South America), zokwawa zazing'onozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta zawo.
Pambuyo poikira mazira, mkazi sayenera kuchita khama komanso kuleza mtima kuteteza chisa ndi mazira ake ku abuluzi akuluakulu omwe amawononga mpaka kotala la zisa za caiman. Masiku ano, anthu nawonso ndi adani achilengedwe a ma caimans.
Munthu ali ndi vuto lotere pagulu la caiman:
- Zovulaza malo - izi zikuphatikizapo kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuipitsa matupi amadzi ndi zinyalala zochokera pamagetsi opangira magetsi, kulima madera atsopano azolima;
- Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu chifukwa cha umbanda. Khungu la zokwawa izi ndizovuta kulikonza popanga zinthu zachikopa, chokhacho ndicho mawonekedwe owonekera pankhope. Ng'ona za ng'ona, zazing'ono zawo komanso zamtendere, nthawi zambiri zimawedza nsomba kuti zigulitsidwe m'malo azinsinsi.
Chosangalatsa: "Mu 2013, anthu omwe amakhala ku Tortuguero National Park ku Costa Rica adazunzidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe adalowa ku Rio Suerte kuchokera kuminda ya nthochi."
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Little Cayman
Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anali mu caiman adachepetsedwa kwambiri pakati pa zaka za zana la 20 chifukwa chogwidwa ndi kugulitsa kosalamulirika. Izi mbiri ndi chifukwa chakuti pa nthawi iyi ng'ona ndi mtundu wapatali khungu anali pafupi kuwonongedwa. Chifukwa chake, kuti abwezeretse msika wazinthu zachikopa ndi zopangira, anthu adayamba kusaka nyama, ngakhale khungu lawo ndiloyenera kukonzedwa kokha m'mbali za thupi.
Chikopa cha Caiman sichofunika kwenikweni (pafupifupi maulendo 10), koma nthawi yomweyo, chimadzaza gawo lalikulu pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi lero. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zochita zoyipa za anthu, kuchuluka kwa caiman kwasungidwa chifukwa cha njira zotetezera nyama zamtunduwu komanso kusinthasintha kwawo pakusintha kwamoyo. M'miyala ya ng'ona, anthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni, okhala ndi milomo yayikulu - 250-500 zikwi, ndipo ku Paraguay chiwerengerochi ndi chotsika kwambiri - 100-200 zikwi.
Popeza ma caimans ndi odyetsa, mwachilengedwe amatenga gawo loyang'anira. Kudya makoswe ang'onoang'ono, njoka, molluscs, kafadala, nyongolotsi, amadziwika kuti ndi oyeretsa zachilengedwe. Ndipo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ma piranhas, amasunga kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe sizidya. Kuphatikiza apo, ma caimans amalemeretsa mitsinje yosaya ndi nayitrogeni yomwe imakhala mu zinyalala za nyama.
Chitetezo cha Cayman
Chithunzi: Cayman Red Book
Mitundu itatu yonse ya caimans ili pansi pa pulogalamu yachitetezo cha ziweto pamsonkhano wa CITES. Popeza kuchuluka kwa ng'ona ndipamwamba, amaphatikizidwa mu Annex II ya Msonkhano uno. Malinga ndi zakumapeto, mitundu iyi ya caimans itha kuopsezedwa kuti idzawonongedwa ngati oimira awo sakulamulidwa. Ku Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil, mitundu yawo ndiyotetezedwa, ndipo ku Panama ndi Colombia, kusaka nyama ndizochepa. Ku Cuba ndi ku Puerto Rico, adasunthidwa makamaka kumalo osungira am'deralo kuti aswane.
Kumbali ina, apaporis wamba caiman, omwe amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Colombia, akuphatikizidwa mu Zowonjezera I za Msonkhano wa CITES, ndiye kuti, mtundu uwu uli pachiwopsezo ndipo kuchita nawo malonda ndikotheka kokha kupatula. Palibe oposa oimira chikwi chimodzi cha zazing'onozi. Zoyala zazikuluzikulu zimaphatikizidwanso mu Zowonjezera I za Msonkhano wa CITES, makamaka chifukwa khungu lawo ndiloyenera kwambiri kupanga zopangidwa ndi zikopa. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri amayesera kuti apereke ngati khungu labodza la alligator.
Mitundu ya Paraguay ya caimans imaphatikizidwa mu International Red Book. Pofuna kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu, mapulogalamu apadera omwe akukonzedwa ku Bolivia, Argentina, ndi Brazil. Ku Argentina ndi ku Brazil, akuyesera kuweta ziweto zokwawa zopanda pakezi, ndikupangitsa kuti azikhala minda ya "ng'ona". Ndipo ku Bolivia, amasintha momwe zimaswana mwachilengedwe.
Caiman nyama zachilendo zomwe zimakhala padziko lathuli. Amachita chidwi ndi mbiri yawo, yodabwitsa komanso, nthawi yomweyo, mawonekedwe owopsa, komanso moyo wosamveka bwino. Popeza ndi anthu akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, ali ndi ufulu kulemekeza ndikuthandizidwa kuchokera kwa anthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/16/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 18.09.2019 pa 9:32
