Mpheta - chilombo chaching'ono champhongo. Ndiwothamanga, wosachedwa, wolimba mtima komanso wowerengera. Dzinalo silikuwonetsa zokonda zake mwanjira iliyonse. Imasaka nkhalango zazing'ono komanso mbalame zam'mapiri. Amadziwika kunja ngati "mpheta".
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sparrowhawk
Mbalameyi imachokera ku mtundu wa nkhono zenizeni za banja la akalulu komanso dongosolo la nkhandwe. Zinatengera umunthu kwa zaka zana ndi theka kuti alembenso subspecies zonse za mpheta. Amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake. Pali kusiyana pang'ono pakukula ndi utoto.
Asayansi afotokoza zazing'ono zisanu ndi chimodzi:
- Accipiter nisus nisus amakhala ku Europe, komanso mu kachulukidwe pakati pa mapiri a Ural, Siberia ndi Iran. Lili ndi dzina lake mu 1758. Choyamba chofotokozedwa ndi Carl Linnaeus.
- Accipiter nisus nisosimilis amakhala ku Central ndi Eastern Siberia, Japan, China ndi Kamchatka. Yofotokozedwa mu 1833 ndi Samuel Tickel.
- Accipiter nisus melaschistos amakhala kumapiri a Afghanistan, Himalaya, Tibet, ndi kumadzulo kwa China. Yofotokozedwa mu 1869. Izi zidachitika ndi Allen Octavius Hume.
- Woperekera nisus granti anasankha zilumba za Canary ndi Madeira kuti akhale ndi moyo. Adatchulidwa mu 1890 ndi Richard Boudler Sharp.
- Woperekera nisus punicus ndi yaying'ono kwambiri ya mpheta. Amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa komanso kumpoto kwa Sahara. Idafotokozedwa mu 1897 ndi baron waku Germany Carlo von Erlanger.
- Mitundu ya Accipiter nisus wolterstorffi ku Sardinia ndi Corsica. Yofotokozedwa mu 1900 ndi Otto Kleinschmidt.
Ma subspecies akumpoto amapita nyengo yozizira ku Mediterranean ndi North Africa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Sparrowhawk
Sparrowhawk ali ndi mawu owoneka bwino. Koma kumva zolusa ndizovuta mokwanira. Oyang'anira mbalame ndi akatswiri achilengedwe amakhala obisalira kwa maola ambiri. Ndikothekanso kujambula mawu a mbalameyi nthawi ikasaka komanso ikuswana. Mosiyana ndi abale ake akulu, Accipiter nisus samaukira nyama zazing'ono. Nthawi zonse amasaka mbalame.
Akazi a Sparrowhaw amakhala ochulukirapo kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa amuna. Amuna ambiri amalemera magalamu 170, pomwe akazi amalemera magalamu 250-300. Mapiko amfupi ndi mchira wautali zimapangitsa kuti mbalameyo izitha kuyendetsa bwino. Phiko lachikazi silipitilira masentimita 22 m'litali, mwaimuna - masentimita 20. Thupi lake ndi masentimita 38 pafupifupi. Pamwamba ndi imvi, pansi pake pamayera ndi mtundu wa bulauni komanso mtundu wofiira. Masaya achimuna nawonso ndi ofiira. Mwa amuna ndi akazi, nsidze yowala imadziwika bwino.
Vidiyo ya Sparrowhawk:
Mkazi amasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wakuda pamwamba. Pansi pake pali zoyera ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Akazi, mosiyana ndi amuna, alibe nthenga zofiira konse. Mwa akazi ndi amuna, mikwingwirima isanu yopingasa imawonekera bwino pamchira pothawa. Matupiwo ali ndi mikwingwirima yopindika. Zimamveka ngati mbalameyi ili ndi zida.
Achinyamata amasiyana ndi achikulire mwakuya komanso khungu lowala. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, zoyera sizipezeka mu nthenga. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi nthenga zachilendo - mawanga omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe amitima amawoneka pansi. Sparrowhawks ali ndi mawanga atatu achikaso kumbuyo kwa mtundu wonse. Maso, miyendo ndi m'munsi mwa milomo ndi zachikasu. Mlomo ndi waung'ono, mutu wake ndi wozungulira.
Kodi mpheta zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Sparrowhawk wamwamuna
Mtundu wa mpheta ndi wokulirapo modabwitsa. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimapezeka ku Siberia, Far East, Europe, Afghanistan komanso ngakhale kumadera akutali monga Himalaya ndi Tibet. Ena a subspecies adasankha kukhala osati kumtunda, koma kuzilumba za Canary, Madeira, Sardinia ndi Corsica. Oimira mitundu iyi ya mbalame akhazikika ngakhale ku Africa.
Sikuti zonse zazing'ono za Sparrowhawk zimasamukira. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku Europe zimagawana nthawi yozizira mdera la Mediterranean, Middle East, komanso ku Japan ndi Korea. Amakhala m'nyumba zawo chaka chonse ndipo amakhala ndi malo okhala bwino. Njira zosamuka za mbewa zazing'ono ndizofanana kwambiri ndi malo okhala mbalame zazing'ono, zomwe nyamayi imadya. Kupita m'nyengo yozizira, mbewa zimauluka kumpoto kwa Caucasus, Iran ndi Pakistan - madera okhawo omwe nkhwangwa zimadya zinziri, zomwe zimapezeka kumeneko zochuluka. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mpata wowonjezera kutentha kwa kupumula ndi kunenepa kwa nyama zosamuka.
Chosangalatsa: Dzinalo la mpheta linali chifukwa chakukonda kwamunthu kusaka zinziri zamphamba. Mwachilengedwe, mbewa sizimakonda kusaka mbalameyi.
Sparrowhawk amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Amapezeka m'nkhalango ndi m'mapiri, komanso m'midzi. Amakhala mosavuta kumapiri. Zisa za nkhamba za zinziri zimapezeka pamtunda wa mamita 5000 pamwamba pa nyanja. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi nkhalango zosawerengeka, mitsinje yamadzi osefukira, zigwa, zigwa ndi zipululu.
Kodi mpheta imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mkazi wa Sparrowhawk
Sparrowhawk ndi mbalame yokongola kwambiri yomwe imadya chakudya chamoyo. Amasaka mbalame zazing'ono. Menyu imaphatikizapo mpheta ndi mawere. Amakonda kusangalala ndi mbalame ndi mbalame zakuda. Imasaka nkhunda zamatabwa, nkhunda komanso ngakhale nkhalango. Zogwidwa ndi nkhwangwa zazimayi nthawi zina zimakhala zazikulu kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa iye. Pali zochitika pomwe akalulu amasaka ma hazel grows ndi akhwangwala.
Chosangalatsa: Sparrowhaw nthawi zambiri amasaka masana. Mbalameyi imapuma usiku. Komabe, pamakhala zochitika pamene nkhwangwa imakhalabe ikusaka mpaka madzulo, ndiyeno kadzidzi ndi mileme zimawoneka pazakudya zake. Mbalame zazing'ono makamaka zimachimwa izi.
Chakudya cha Sparrowhaw chimadalira kusamuka komanso nyengo. Zakudya zake zimatha kutsimikizika ndi malo omwe amakoka. Asanadye, mpheta imachotsa nthenga mwa wodwalayo. Nthenga ndi zinyalala zogwiritsa ntchito zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuweruza momwe mbalame zimadyera. Zakudyazi zimadalira kwambiri nthawi ya chaka komanso gawo lomwe mpheta zimasamukira. M'chaka, oyang'anira mbalame amapeza nthenga za zoryanka, titmouse ndi nyenyezi mu kubudula.
Ngakhale ndizovomerezeka kuti mpheta zimasakira mbalame zokha, pali zochitika zosaka makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi achule. Monga ananenera asayansi, pafupifupi 5% yazakudya za mpheta ndi timakoswe tating'onoting'ono komanso amphibiya. Zikamawoloka nyanja ya Baltic, mbalame zimapha timphamba tating'onoting'ono, ndipo mbalame zazing'ono zimaponya mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe.
Sparrowhawk sachita manyazi kudya nkhuku. Chifukwa chakuti hawk saopa kukhazikika pafupi ndi anthu, minda yothandizirana payokha imavutika. Zakudya zopitilira 150 zapezeka mu zoyeserera zoyesera zokonzedwa ndi owonera mbalame. Mpheta wamkulu amadya mbalame zazing'ono zoposa 1000 pachaka. Mndandanda wa sparrowhawk umaphatikizaponso tizilombo ndi ma acorn.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Sparrowhawk m'nyengo yozizira
Chiwombankhanga sichimachoka pankhondo ndipo sichisiya nkhondoyi popanda wolanda. Sagwetsedwa ndi chipwirikiti cha gulu lankhosa lomwe ladzala ndi mantha. Amagwiritsa ntchito mantha a mbalame posaka. Sparrowhawk, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama, samauluka mlengalenga posaka nyama. Ndiwodziwa kukonzekera. Pogwiritsa ntchito mchira wotseguka, imayenda mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali.
Chosangalatsa: Chifukwa chakusalingana kukula kwa mbalame muwiri, amuna amasaka nyama zing'onozing'ono, pomwe zazikazi zimakonda zazikulu.
Ali ndi nzeru zambiri. Amayankhulana ndi munthu. Woweta komanso wophunzitsidwa. Mnzanga wamkulu wosaka. Mbali iyi ya zinziri ya chiwala imayimbidwa mu ndakatulo ndi sewero. Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame yomwe amakonda kwambiri anthu kuyambira nthawi ya Middle Ages. Ku Russia, mbalameyi inkatchedwa kabawi kakang'ono. Mwambo adaphunzitsidwa kusaka zinziri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake dzina loti "mpheta ya mpheta", lodziwika bwino ku Europe, silinakhazikike ku Russia.
Kusaka kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe a anatomical a hawk. Mapiko afupipafupi amakulolani kuyendetsa pakati pa masamba amitengo ndikuchepetsa kuthamanga. Mchira wautali wa nthenga umapereka kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri. Izi zimathandiza kuti mbalameyi izingoyendayenda kwa nthawi yaitali kufunafuna nyama yomwe ikufuna.
Chosangalatsa: Sparrowhawks ali ndi mabanja osakhazikika ndipo amaswa zisa. Zikakhala zoopsa, awiriawiri samachoka pamalopo, koma amakweza chisa pamwamba. Akung'amba zakale ndi kumanga zatsopano kuchokera ku zomangira zomwe zilipo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Sparrowhawk
Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo, mbalame zimakhala zitatha msinkhu ndipo zakonzeka kuti zigwire koyamba. Nthawi yocheza imatha ndikupanga banja lokhazikika. Mgwirizano umatha zaka zambiri. Mabanja ena ali ndi zisa zingapo nthawi imodzi. Asayansi awona kuti mtundu uwu "umasuntha" kuchoka pachisa china kupita china. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakufunika, kutengera nyengo ndi chilengedwe.
Hawks amamanga chisa chakuya kutalika kwa mita 10 kapena kupitilira apo. Pakhala pali milandu yakukweza mbewa chisa chaka ndi chaka. Khalidwe la mbalame limabwera chifukwa chakusokonekera kwakunja. Mazira amaikidwa kumapeto kwenikweni kwa masika ndi koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Komabe, pamakhala milandu pamene kuyala kumamalizidwa kumapeto kwa Epulo. Pafupifupi, awiri amatayira mazira asanu. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo akuti kukula kwa ziphuphu kwatsika posachedwa. Amakhulupirira kuti zachilengedwe zimathandizira kuchepa kwa mazira.
Mazira a Sparrowhaw ndi oyera. Mtundu wachisokonezo wamtundu wa njerwa zophika umaziphimba kuzilombo zazikulu. Pomanga zisa, zinziri za nkhwangwa zimangogwiritsa ntchito nthambi zowuma ndi udzu, nthenga kuchokera ku kubudula. Malo ogona ndi akuya, otsekedwa bwino chifukwa chotseka maso, mphepo ndi mvula.
Chosangalatsa: Pakuthyola, mkazi amakhala wamakani. Pali milandu yodziwika yaukazitape wa zinziri pa anthu. Ku Ryazan, katswiri wamankhwala anaukiridwa ndi banja lomwe linakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala.
Kusakaniza mazira kumatenga masiku 30. Akamaliza, anapiye amawoneka. Kuyika sikugwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Malinga ndi akatswiri a maphunziro a mbalame, mzaka khumi zapitazi, kuthekera kokugwirana ndi 70-80%. Ngati clutch imamwalira, mpheta zimakonza zatsopano. Nthawi zina anapiye amisinkhu yosiyana amapezeka zisa.
Adani achilengedwe a Sparrowhawk
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Sparrowhawk
Adani achilengedwe a Sparrowhawk ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimadya. Goshawk saphonya mwayi wosaka mchimwene wake wamng'ono. Podziteteza ku ziwopsezo zoterezi, mpheta sizimanga zisa pafupi ndi goshawks, zomwe zimakhala zotalika pafupifupi 10 km.
Koposa kamodzi, milandu yakuzunzidwa ndi khwangwala kapena nkhunda imafotokozedwa, yomwe, yolumikizana pagulu, imamenyera nkhwangwa. Kuukira kwamagulu pa Sparrowhawk kumawonekeranso m'midzi ndi kumidzi, komwe mbalame zimakhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu kufunafuna chakudya. Magulu angapo a anthu odutsa amakopa nkhwangwa. Koma nkhwangwa sikuti nthawi zonse imatha kupindula ndi nyama zosavuta. Magulu olinganizidwa bwino samangobweza zigawenga, komanso amathamangitsa chilombocho kuchoka pamalo obisalira.
Amayi amakhala adani achilengedwe a mpheta. Amalanda zisa zawo ndi anapiye ang'onoang'ono ndi mbalame zazing'ono.
Anthu amapanganso zinthu zomwe zingachepetse kuchuluka kwa mbalame:
- Kusintha kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu.
- Kuchepetsa malo okhala mbalame zachilengedwe.
- Kudula mitengo, kulima minda, kumanga nyumba ndi kutukuka.
- Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe kwa akalulu achilengedwe.
- Kupanga mafakitale owopsa omwe amaipitsa malo okhala nkhuku, amachepetsa kupezeka kwa chakudya, komanso amakhudza kutha kubereka.
- Kugwira mbalame zamaphunziro ndi kugulitsa.
- Njira zankhanza zotetezera minda ya nkhuku zachinsinsi kwa nkhwangwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Sparrowhawk pamtengo
Chiwerengero cha mitunduyi chikuchepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kutengera kwa anthu pa iyo. Kumapeto kwa zaka makumi awiri, mbalameyo inagwa pansi pa kuwombera mopanda chifundo. Sparrowhawk amakhulupirira kuti imawononga kwambiri ulimi wa nkhuku. Atachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame pafupifupi kotala, anthu pamapeto pake adazindikira momwe kuchepa kwa mpheta kumakhudzira chilengedwe. Kubereka kosalamulirika kwa anthu odutsa kwawononga kwambiri ulimi ndi zokolola.
Tsopano pa 100 sq. km simungapeze zisa zoposa 4. Kusaka mbalame, zachilengedwe, ndi zinthu zina zidakhudza chiwerengerocho.
Malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwa kwambiri, pali mpheta zopitilira 100,000 padziko lapansi:
- Ku Ulaya, palibe magulu opitirira 2,000;
- Pali Russia awiriawiri 20,000;
- Pali magulu awiri,000 ku Asia;
- Africa ili ndi awiriawiri 18,000;
- America ili ndi awiriawiri 22,000;
- Pali zilumba 8,000 pazilumbazi.
Mpheta palokha sizimakhudza konse kuchepa kwa anthu odutsa, ngakhale kuti imadyetsa mbalame zamtunduwu. Komanso sizowopsa pakukula kwa mafamu a nkhuku. Amakhala ndi chilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/14/2019
Idasinthidwa: 18.09.2019 pa 10:46
