Nsomba ya nsomba kapena singano (lat. Syngnathidae) ndi banja lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu ya nsomba zamchere komanso zamchere. Dzinalo limachokera ku Chigriki, σύν (syn), kutanthauza "palimodzi," ndi γνάθος (gnatos), kutanthauza "nsagwada." Mbali imeneyi ya nsagwada zosakanikirana ndizofala kwa banja lonse.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Singano ya nsomba
Banjali lili ndi mitundu 298 ya nsomba ya mitundu 57. Mitundu ina 54 imakhudzana mwachindunji ndi nsomba za singano. Singano yokhalitsa panyanja (Amphelikturus dendriticus), yochokera ku Bahamas, ndi mtundu wapakatikati pakati pama skate ndi singano.
Amadziwika ndi:
- anasakaniza pang'ono ana a bursa;
- mchira wa prehensile, ngati ma skate;
- pali chimbudzi chofanana ndi singano zam'nyanja;
- mphuno yake ndi yokhota kumapeto, mozungulira 45 ° poyerekeza ndi thupi.
Kukula kwa achikulire kumasiyanasiyana mkati mwa masentimita 2.5 / 90. Amadziwika ndi thupi lokhalitsa kwambiri. Mutu uli ndi manyazi tubular. Mchira ndi wautali, ndipo nthawi zambiri umakhala ngati nangula, mothandizidwa ndi omwe akuyimira mitunduyo amamatira pazinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso ndere. Mapiko a caudal ndi ochepa kapena kulibiretu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! M'malo mwake, dzina loti "singalfish" lidagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambirira kwa anthu aku Europe ndipo pambuyo pake linagwiritsidwa ntchito ku nsomba zaku North America ndiomwe amakhala ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 18.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Singano ya nsomba zam'nyanja
Masingano am'madzi amatha kusintha momwe zinthu zilili kunja ndikusintha mtundu wawo, kusintha mawonekedwe akunja. Amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yosintha mitundu: ofiira owoneka ofiira, obiriwira, ofiira, otuwa + pali mitundu yambiri yophatikizika. Mu mitundu ina, kutsanzira kumapangidwa bwino. Akayenda pang'ono m'madzi, amakhala osadziwika ndi ndere.
Kanema: Singano Yansomba
Mitundu ina imadziwika ndi zida zazitali zankhondo zokutira matupi awo. Zida zankhondo zimapangitsa thupi lawo kukhala lolimba, kotero iwo amasambira, mofulumira akuthira zipsepse zawo. Chifukwa chake, amakhala ocheperako poyerekeza ndi nsomba zina, koma amatha kuwongolera mayendedwe awo molondola kwambiri, kuphatikizaponso kuyenda kwa nthawi yayitali.
Chidwi! Palinso masingano odziwika bwino am'madzi opanda nthenga, omwe alibe zipsepse ndipo amakhala m'matanthwe a coral, akumira 30 cm mumchenga wamakorali.
Kodi singano imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Singano ya Nsomba Yakuda
Singanoyo ndi nsomba zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Zosiyanasiyana zimapezeka m'miyala yamchere yamchere, m'nyanja zotseguka, ndi m'madzi osaya komanso abwino. Amapezeka munyanja zotentha padziko lonse lapansi. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imakhala m'madzi osaya a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma ina imadziwika kuti ndi yakunyanja. Pali mitundu isanu m'nyanja Yakuda.
Singano zimalumikizidwa makamaka ndi malo osaya kwambiri am'madzi kapena nyanja yayikulu. Mitundu ina imaphatikizapo mitundu yopezeka m'malo am'madzi, amchere komanso amchere, pomwe mitundu ina imangolekezera m'mitsinje yamadzi opanda mitsinje, kuphatikiza Belonion, Potamorrafis, ndi Xenenthodon.
Singanoyo imafanana kwambiri ndi nsomba zam'madzi zaku North America (banja la Lepisosteidae) chifukwa ndizotalika, ndi nsagwada zazitali, zopapatiza zodzaza ndi mano akuthwa, ndipo mitundu ina ya singano ndi nsomba zotchedwa flamboyant koma zogwirizana kwambiri ndi anyamata enieni.
Kodi nsomba za singano zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Singano ya nsomba mu aquarium
Amasambira pafupi ndikudya nsomba zazing'ono, cephalopods ndi crustaceans, pomwe mwachangu amatha kudya plankton. Masukulu ang'onoang'ono a singano amatha kuwoneka, ngakhale kuti amuna amateteza malo owazungulira akudya. Nsombazi ndi nyama yothamanga kwambiri yomwe imasaka mutu wake utayang'ana m'mwamba kuti igwire nyama ndi mano ake akuthwa.
Zosangalatsa! Singano ilibe m'mimba. M'malo mwake, dongosolo lawo logaya chakudya limatulutsa michere yotchedwa trypsin yomwe imawononga chakudya.
Masingano apamadzi ndi masiketi amakhala ndi njira yodyetsera yapadera. Amatha kusunga mphamvu kuchokera ku matupi awo a epaxial, omwe amawamasula. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mutu uzizungulira mwachangu kwambiri, kuthamangitsa pakamwa pawo kupita kuzinyama zosayembekezereka. Ndi mphuno yake yamachubu, singano imakoka nyama mtunda wa 4 cm.
Mwachangu, nsagwada yakumtunda ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa yakumunsi. Munthawi yachinyamata, nsagwada zakumtunda zimakhalabe zosakwaniritsidwa motero, achinyamata sangathe kusaka atakula. Munthawi imeneyi, amadyetsa plankton ndi tizilombo tina tating'ono ta m'madzi. Nsagwada zakumtunda zikangokwanira, nsomba zimasintha zakudya zawo ndi nyama zomwe zimadya nsomba zazing'ono, ma cephalopods ndi nkhanu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Singano ya nsomba
Singano si nsomba yayikulu kwambiri m'nyanja osati yachiwawa kwambiri, koma popita nthawi yapha anthu angapo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Singano imatha kufikira liwiro la 60 km / h ndikudumphira m'madzi mtunda wautali. Nthawi zambiri amalumpha mabwato ang'onoang'ono m'malo mosambira pansi pawo.
Chifukwa singano zimayandama pafupi ndi madzi, nthawi zambiri zimadumphira m'mabwato ang'onoang'ono m'malo mozungulira. Ntchito yolumpha imalimbikitsidwa ndi kuwala kochita kupanga usiku. Asodzi a usiku ndi osambira angapo ku Pacific "awukiridwapo" ndi gulu la singano zodzidzimutsa mwadzidzidzi zomwe zimayang'ana gwero lakuwala mwachangu kwambiri. Milomo yawo yakuthwa imatha kubala mabala akuya kwambiri. M'madera ambiri azilumba za Pacific, omwe makamaka amawedza m'matanthwe m'mabwato otsika, singano zimayika pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuposa nsombazi.
Imfa ziwiri zidanenedwa ndi nsombazi kale. Choyamba chidachitika mu 1977, pomwe mwana wazaka 10 waku Hawaii akuwedza nsomba ndi abambo ake usiku ku Hanamulu Bay adaphedwa pomwe mtundu wa 1,2 mpaka 1.2 wamtali udatuluka m'madzi ndikuboola diso, kuvulaza ubongo. Mlandu wachiwiriwo ukukhudza mwana wazaka 16 waku Vietnam, yemwe mu 2007, nsomba yayikulu yamtundu wina, adaboola mtima wake ndi thumba la 15 sentimita pakudumphira usiku pafupi ndi Halong Bay.
Zovulala ndi / kapena kufa kuchokera ku nsombazi zalengezedwanso m'zaka zapitazi. Mnyamata wina wosambira ku Florida adatsala pang'ono kuphedwa pomwe nsomba idadumphira m'madzi ndikuboola pamtima pake. Mu 2012, kitesurfer waku Germany Wolfram Rainers adavulala kwambiri mwendo ndi singano pafupi ndi Seychelles.
Meyi 2013 Kitesurfer Ismail Hater adabayidwa pansi pa bondo lake pomwe singano idadumphira m'madzi ikitesurfing. Mu Okutobala 2013, tsamba latsamba ku Saudi Arabia lidanenanso zakumwalira kwa wachinyamata wa ku Saudi Arabia yemwe sanatchulidwe dzina yemwe wamwalira ndikutuluka kwa magazi komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi singano kumanzere kwa khosi lake.
Mu 2014, alendo aku Russia adatsala pang'ono kuphedwa ndi singano m'madzi pafupi ndi Nha Trang, Vietnam. Nsombayo idaluma khosi ndikusiya mano mkati mwa msana wake, kumufooketsa. Kumayambiriro kwa Januware 2016, mayi wazaka 39 waku Indonesia wochokera ku Palu, Central Sulawesi adavulala kwambiri pomwe singano yayitali mita imodzi idalumphira ndikumubaya pamwamba pa diso lake lamanja. Anasambira m'madzi akuya masentimita 80 ku Tanjung Karang, malo otchuka kutchuthi mdera la Donggal ku Central Sulawesi. Adanenedwa kuti wamwalira patadutsa maola angapo, ngakhale adayesetsa kuti amupulumutse kuchipatala chakomweko.
Posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, zithunzi za zowawa zake zowopsa zidafalikira kudzera pamapulogalamu atumizirana mameseji, pomwe malo angapo atolankhani akumaloko adanenanso za zochitikazo, ndipo ena molakwika amati chiwembucho chidachitika ku marlin. Mu Disembala 2018, singanoyo idapangitsa kufa kwa gulu lapadera la Thai Navy. Kanema waku Japan All About Lily Chou-Chou ali ndi chithunzi chachidule cha singano ndipo akuwonetsa chithunzi chenicheni kuchokera kwa kalozera wachilengedwe yemwe adaboola munthu pamaso pake.
Thupi ndilolitali kwambiri ndipo limapanikizika pang'ono. Mphepete yam'mphepete nthawi zambiri imalowetsedwa kutsogolo kwa ofukula kudzera koyambirira kwa kumapeto kwa anal. Siliva wobiriwira kutsogolo, woyera m'munsimu. Mzere wasiliva wokhala ndi m'mbali yakuda umadutsa mbaliyo; mndandanda wa mawanga anayi kapena asanu (kulibe ana) mbali pakati pa zipsepse za pectoral ndi kumatako. Zipsepse zakuthambo ndi kumatako okhala ndi m'mbali zakuda.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Singano ya nsomba zam'nyanja
Mamembala am'banja ali ndi njira yoberekera yapadera, yotchedwa mimba yamwamuna. Amuna amaika mazira m'minda yapadera kwa milungu ingapo. Zogonana zimachitika mu Epulo ndi Meyi. Mwamuna amasaka chachikazi ndipo amapikisana ndi amuna ena kufunafuna wokwatirana naye.
M'mitundu yambiri, yamphongo imabala mazira mu "thumba la ana". Mtundu wa chipinda chotsekera nazale uli pamimba mu mchira wa thupi. Mkazi amaikira mazira pamenepo m'magawo amitengo. Munthawi imeneyi, mazirawo amakhala ndi umuna.
Chidwi! Mazirawo amadyetsedwa kudzera mumitsempha yamagazi yamphongo.
Yamphongo imatsata yaikazi yosuntha pang'onopang'ono, itamugwira, imayamba kunjenjemera kuchokera mbali mpaka mbali mpaka ikufanana. Mwamuna amatenga mutu wopepuka, mutu wake wamkati utakulungidwa pansi potsegulira mpweya wa mkazi. Awiriwo amayamba kugwedezeka mpaka mazirawo atuluka. Mkazi aliyense amatulutsa mazira khumi patsiku.
Mu singano, "thumba la ana" lokhala ndi mbali yayitali limadula ndikumenyetsa kawiri mbali. Mu mitundu yambiri, mavavu awa amatsekedwa kwathunthu, motero kupatula mazirawo kuzinthu zakunja. Mitundu yambiri imasamukira kumadzi osaya pobereka. Kumeneko zimatulutsa mazira 100. Mazirawo amatuluka pakatha masiku 10-15, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti achite singano zambiri.
Pambuyo powaswa, mwachangu amakhala mchikwama kwakanthawi. Yaimuna, kuti iwatulutse, ayenera kukhotetsa kumbuyo kwake. Mwana amabisala m'thumba la kholo, pakagwa ngozi, komanso mumdima. Poona izi, ofufuzawo adapeza kuti yamphongo, pakalibe chakudya, imatha kudya mazira ake.
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba za singano
Chithunzi: Singano ya nsomba m'nyanja
Thupi lawo locheperako, mafupa ofooka komanso chizolowezi chosambira chapafupi zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo cha adani.
Kwa nsomba zokhala ndi singano, samangosaka nsomba ndi zinyama zokha, komanso mbalame:
- nsombazi;
- dolphins;
- anamgumi;
- zisindikizo;
- ziwombankhanga;
- nkhwangwa;
- ziwombankhanga zagolide;
- mphepo.
Ndipo iyi sindiwo mndandanda wonse wa nyama zomwe zimadana ndi nsomba za singano.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Singano ya nsomba
Kusodza sikungakhudze anthu. Mitundu yambiri ili ndi mafupa ang'onoang'ono ndipo nyama yake ndi yabuluu kapena yobiriwira. Pali msika wochepa chifukwa cha mafupa ndi mnofu wobiriwira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisakhale zokopa kudya. Chiwerengero cha singano chikukula ndipo palibe mitundu ya singano yomwe ikuwopsezedwa pakadali pano.
Zolemba! Pakadali pano, zanenedwa kuti odyetsa singano ndiwo amachititsa anthu awiri kufa, koma nthawi zambiri sawononga anthu.
Asodzi ambiri oyenda mosiyanasiyana komanso usiku amaopseza nyama iyi. Kuukira anthu ndikosowa kwambiri, koma singanoyo imatha kuwononga ziwalo monga maso, mtima, matumbo ndi mapapo ikadumpha kuchokera m'madzi. Ngati a nsomba singano imakhudzana ndi ziwalo zofunika za mdani wake, imfa imangokhala yosapeweka kwa wovutikayo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12.03.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/18/2019 nthawi 20:54
