Mbiri yodziwika bwino ya whale whale monga nyama yokonda kukhetsa magazi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso ndi kanema. Ngati mukuwonera kanema wokhudza nyanja, ndipo ngwazi zili munyengo yovuta, dikirani zoopsa zoyandama. Adzaukira, ndipo chiwembu chonsecho chidzagwiritsa ntchito dzina la "killer whale". Kodi zonse zili motere kapena ndi malingaliro ambiri?
Nkhani yathu yokhudza whale whale idzakhala ngati kuthana ndi nthano. Choyamba, nthano yoyamba ndi dzina. Poyamba, timatcha nyama iyi "Asatka", ndikoyenera kunena - "KOsatka". Amatchulidwa choncho chifukwa chakumapazi kwamphongo kwamphongo, komwe kumawoneka ngati koluka kwakuthwa mawonekedwe ake.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuyambira nthawi zakale, nyamayo yadzipangira kutchuka ndi mlenje wopanda chifundo yemwe "amadula omwe akuwazunza." M'tsogolomu, pazifukwa zina, adayamba kumutcha Asatka. M'madikishonale, zosankha zonsezi zidalembedwa kuti ndizofanana, ndipo asayansiwo adatsutsana kwanthawi yayitali, koma sanapeze lingaliro lililonse, chifukwa chake, adalandiranso mayina onsewo.
Chifukwa chake, mutha kupeza mayina onsewo mosiyanasiyana, chabwino, kuti musasokonezeke, tiziwatchula kudzera mu kalata "A". Nthano yachiwiri. Nyama iyi imatchedwa "nsomba wakupha nsomba". Choyamba muyenera kudziwa - Whale whale ndi nsomba kapena dolphin? Iye si Nangumi, ngakhale iye ali wa gulu la cetaceans. Ndipo osati sharki, ngakhale kukhalapo kwa dorsal fin fin.
Heroine wathu ndi waukulu nyama dolphin. Makamaka, ndi nyama yam'madzi ya m'madzi ya anamgumi okhala ndi mano akulu a banja la dolphin. Musanapitilize kutsutsa zabodza zokhudza anangumi omwe akupha, muyenera kumudziwa bwino.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Pamene chimphona cham'madzi ichi chimasambira pafupi ndi madzi, ndipo chimaliziro chake kumbuyo kwake chimakwera pafupifupi mita ziwiri pamwamba pamadzi, zimakhala zowonekeratu kuti uku ndikusambira kwamphongo. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi, ndipo amafika 9-10 m m'litali ndi kulemera kwa matani 7.5-8. Mwa mkazi, chomaliziracho ndi pafupifupi theka lalitali komanso lopindika. Kutalika kwa mkazi ndi 7-8 m, kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi matani 4.5.
Mutu wa nyamayo ndi waung'ono, wokhala ndi chipumi chophwatalala, wopanda "mlomo" wa dolphin. Maso ndi ochepa nawonso. Mano ake ndi akulu komanso akuthwa, mpaka masentimita 13, pomwe amatha kuphwanya nyama zazikulu. Zipsepse za chifuwa - 60 cm kutalika ndi 15 cm mulifupi, osaloza, koma kutambalala, pafupi ndi chowulungika.
Mtunduwo ndiwothandiza kwambiri, wina amatha kunena - "peyala ya zovala". Khungu la satini kumbuyo ndi mbali kwake kumakhala kwakuda kwambiri, pomwe mimba ili yoyera kwambiri. Anangumi ena opha ku Antarctic ali ndi mbali yocheperako kuposa msana. Pali malo otuwa kumbuyo kwa chimaliziro, wofanana mofanana ndi chishalo.
M'mbali, paliponse pali mawanga oyera amachitidwe osiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe, palinso mawanga pansi pa maso. Mawonekedwe a mawanga onse pa thupi la chinsomba ndi osiyana, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira nyama, ngati munthu ndi zala.
Mwa njira, madera oyera ngati chipale pathupi la zinyama m'malo ena atha kukhala obiriwira pang'ono kapena achikasu chifukwa cha utoto wa ndere. Nthawi zina pamakhala anthu akuda kwathunthu - ma melanists, kapena azungu oyera - maalubino.
Zimakhala zosaiwalika kwenikweni Whale killer whale pachithunzichi... Palibe chifukwa chomwe tinatchuliranso nangumi pano, chifukwa pazithunzi zina zimawoneka bwino kwambiri momwe nyama yokongola, yokongola komanso yayikulu "imalola" kasupe wamadzi pang'ono. Monga momwe anamgumi amachitira.
Mitundu
Zitsanzo zina ziwiri zitha kutchulidwa ndi mtundu wa anamgumi akupha:
- Wakuda nsomba yakupha, kapena yaing'ono, amatchedwanso yabodza chifukwa cha mtundu wake wonse wakuda. Ndi yotsika poyerekeza ndi yachizolowezi kukula, chifukwa imakula mpaka 6 mita m'litali ndipo imalemera pafupifupi tani - imodzi ndi theka. Amakhala wopitilira muyeso kwambiri kuposa wachibale wake, ndipo adasankha madzi amalo ozizira ndi otentha kuti azikhalamo.
- Phereza ndi kakang'ono kakang'ono kakupha nsomba. Wakula mpaka 2 mita, amadya nsomba zazing'ono ndikuyesera kuti asawonedwe ndi anthu. Kujambula mdima wakuda.
Pafupifupi zaka 6-7 mawonekedwe osangalatsa adawonekera pa intaneti - nsomba yakupha wotchedwa Iceberg. Tinakwanitsa kuwombera kawiri pafupi ndi zilumba za Commander. Kanemayo adatsagana ndi arya kuti kuyambira 2008 mpaka 2015, anamgumi asanu akupha ngati awa adawoneka mdera la Russia ku Pacific Ocean. Komabe, kwadziwika kuti iyi si nyama yatsopano, koma albino. Mwachidziwikire, mtundu woyera wakhala chizindikiro chowopsa cha malo osayenera.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Whale wophika amapezeka mumtunda waukulu wa World Ocean, kuchokera kumadera otentha mpaka kumadera akumadzulo. Imayenda m'nyanja zambiri kuchokera ku Antarctica kupita ku Canada ndi Kamchatka, komanso kuchokera ku Norway kukafika kum'mwera kwambiri kwa South America. Makamaka dolphin awa okongola komanso owopsa adayamba kukondana ndi madzi akumpoto a Pacific, kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Bering, komanso gawo lomwe lili m'mphepete mwa zilumba za Aleutian ndi Alaska.
Kuchokera kunyanja, adakondanso Barents ndi White. Sapezeka kawirikawiri ku Mediterranean. Ndipo iwo sapezeka konse mu Laptev Sea, komanso mu Black, Azov ndi East Siberia nyanja. Ku Russia, chinsomba chakupha chimakhala pafupi ndi Commander Islands komanso pafupi ndi phiri la Kuril. Imakonda malo am'nyanja ozizira, chifukwa chake sichikhala kotentha kwanthawi yayitali.
Pambuyo pakuphunzira kwanthawi yayitali, akatswiri azachthyoloisiti adagawaniza ambuyewa am'nyanja m'magulu awiri: "okhala", ndiye kuti, anthu okhazikika m'dera linalake; ndi "kwakanthawi" kapena "mayendedwe", omwe amayenda kukula kwa nyanja. Palinso nyama zosambira mwaulere, koma amaphunzira pang'ono, sizikudziwika komwe amasambira, zomwe amadya, chifukwa chake sitilankhula za iwo.
"Okhala" amapanga mabanja athunthu, amapanga mabanja omwe samatha kwazaka zambiri. Amakhala m'malo ochepa. Makhalidwe azikhalidwe amatengera ukachenjede. Mkazi wokhala ndi ana amuna ndi akazi amapanga gulu limodzi.
Gululi limaphatikizapo anthu pafupifupi 15. Anangumi opha ndi anzeru kwambiri, ali ndi malamulo awo azikhalidwe, gulu lirilonse liri ndi chilankhulo chake. Anangumi ankhondowa amaonedwa kuti ndi amtendere kwambiri, titero kunena kwake. Anangumi aku "Transit" samaphunziridwa kwenikweni, kuchuluka kwawo kumakhala kocheperako kuposa kosakhazikika.
Amasamala kwambiri, amasuntha mwakachetechete, apatsidwa dzina "osaka mwakachetechete", ndizosatheka kuwazindikira komanso ovuta kuwatsata. Amamva pafupipafupi ngati anamgumi ndipo amamveka mofananamo ndi omwewo, chifukwa chake samalumikizana panthawi yosaka kuti asawopsyeze. Ngati awona "wokhalamo", amadzipereka kuti asayambane.
Kufufuza kwa DNA kwawonetsa kuti maguluwa sanasakanikane kwazaka zambiri. Chifukwa chake, pang'onopang'ono adayamba kusiyanasiyana, ngakhale sizinali zochuluka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zipsepse zakuthambo kwawo ndizosiyanasiyana. Maguluwa amakhalanso ndi zokonda zosiyanasiyana, kuwonjezera apo, amalankhula "zilankhulo" zosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti, amapereka mawu osiyanasiyana.
Zakudya zabwino
Inde, ambiri amachita chidwi ndi izi Nyamawe zakupha zimadya? Nyama izi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana azakudya. Anthu onse ali ndi zokonda zochepa. M'nyanja zaku Norway, amasangalala kugwira herring wotchuka, ndipo nthawi yophukira iliyonse amasamukira kufupi ndi gombe.
Pafupi nawo, alenje ena amakhazikika pamapini. Ngati, kuti tivomere, tavomereza kugawaniza anamgumi opha mitundu iwiri - "okhala ndi mayendedwe", tiwagawanenso malinga ndi momwe amadyera. Zoyambirira kudya nsomba, zomalizazi ndizodyera.
"Okhala" amakhazikika mu nkhono ndi nsomba, posankha kusaka mwamphamvu. Amayandikana ndi unyolo ndikusaka nyanjayo posaka nsomba zamasukulu, kwinaku akulumikizana pafupipafupi pogwiritsa ntchito echolocation. Atapeza jamb, amazungulira ndi gulu lonse ndiku "kugogoda" mu mpira, kenako "kulowa" mmenemo, kutenga nyama yawo.
Koma "anamgumi opha ankhandwe" - ndi ankhanza okhawo othamangitsa. Kusaka kwawo kuli ngati "ulendo" wosayembekezereka wopangidwa kuti ugwire chakudya chokoma komanso chopatsa thanzi. Nthawi zambiri, zisindikizo zaimvi ndi zisindikizo zakumpoto zamakona, zomwe timadziwika kuti mikango yam'nyanja, kapena Steller's kumpoto mikango yam'nyanja (wotchulidwa ndi dokotala Georg Steller, yemwe adapita paulendo motsogozedwa ndi Bering ndipo anali woyamba kufotokoza nyamazi).
Anangumi opha amapita kukasaka chisindikizo wamba mu atatu kapena anayi, kuyendetsa wozunzidwayo ndikutseka ndi michira yamphamvu. Pa mikango ya Steller, apita kukasaka asanu kapena asanu ndi mmodzi a iwo. Amatha kuthamangitsa nyama mpaka maola 2-3, komabe amakwaniritsa zomwe akufuna - atakwapulidwa mwamphamvu, amamiza wovulalayo ndi michira yawo.
"Gulu" lonse lasonkhana kale chifukwa cha anamgumi akulu. Ophawo akuzungulira colossusyo ndikuyamba kumulemetsa, kumamupangitsa kumva kuti ndi wosazindikira. Mlandu udafotokozedwa: pagombe la California, anamgumi makumi atatu akupha anazungulira chinsomba chamamitala 20 ndikumupha.
Wina amamumenya kumutu ndi mchira, ena amayesa kumumenya pambali, ena adalumphira pamsana kapena kutsika kuchokera pansi. Chiwembu chokonzekera bwino. Pomaliza, adayamba kung'amba nyama yake. Zinali zowopsa komanso zopanda pake kulowererapo pantchitoyi. Ndizosatheka kuyimitsa anamgumi akupha posaka.
Mikango yam'nyanja, monga momwe akatswiri azachipatala aku Canada apezera, acheperachepera kwambiri mzaka zapitazi. Ngati mzaka za m'ma 80 zapitazo, panali mazana angapo a iwo, tsopano pali pafupifupi zikwi makumi atatu. Palibe chachilendo, posachedwapa pomwe anthu alengeza zakuletsa kusaka kwawo. Koma anamgumi opha sakudziwa izi.
Nyama ya nyama izi ndi yowutsa mudyo komanso yosalala, ilipo yambiri, mtundu uliwonse umalemera mpaka tani. Odyera osusuka anayamikira kukoma kwa mikango ya m'nyanja ndipo anachepetsa kwambiri anthu. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa zisindikizo ndi mikango yam'nyanja, palinso zinthu zina zomwe zimapha nsomba zam'madzi.
M'mimba mwa adani ogwidwa, zotsalira za akamba am'nyanja, ma penguin, zimbalangondo zakutchire komanso nyama, zachilendo kwa wosaka madzi, zidapezeka - mphalapala! Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za kudya kotere, osaka nthawi zina amadzionetsa ngati okonda kudya ndipo amakonda kudya ma otter anyanja, kapena mwanjira ina otters a m'nyanja.
Tikudziwanso nyama izi monga owombera nyanja ndi Kamchatka. Zakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda, koma izi sizimasokoneza chidwi cha anamgumi opha. Otter ya m'nyanja imalemera makilogalamu 16-40, ndiyabwino komanso yosavuta kumeza. Kuti akwaniritse, ayenera kudya nyama pafupifupi 7 tsiku lililonse.
Nyama imodzi yamphongo yakupha pachaka imatha kumeza pafupifupi 2000 za nyama zam'madzi izi, ngati zimawasaka tsiku lililonse. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa ma otter am'nyanja kwatsikiranso kwambiri kwazaka makumi atatu, ngakhale kuti kuwasaka kuli ndi malire.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Maubale am'banja omwe ali mgulu lomwelo amalepheretsa zimphona izi kuti zisakwatirane. Chifukwa chake, anthu amtundu wosiyanasiyana amalowa m'banja. Kutha msinkhu kumafika zaka 12-14. Nthawi yoswana imayamba nthawi yotentha ndipo nthawi zonse imatsagana ndi gule wokongola.
"Munthu wolimba mtima" kwenikweni "akuzungulira" bwenzi lake mwachidwi, akusambira mozungulira iye. Amamukhudza ndi ziwalo zonse za thupi lake - zipsepse, mphuno, mchira, ndikupangitsa kuti mayendedwe awa akhale odekha komanso osangalatsa. Izi zimachitika kuti chibwenzi chimapereka zikumbutso kwa wosankhidwa wake - zinthu zosiyanasiyana zochokera kunyanja, matanthwe kapena zipolopolo.
Komanso, mkazi amatha kusunga mphatsozi kwa nthawi yayitali. Pomaliza, zonse zidatsalira m'mbuyomu - maola onse awiri okondana, ndipo ngakhale mikangano yansanje ndi amuna ena, njira yokhwimirirana "m'mimba mpaka pamimba" idachitika, ndipo tsopano mayi woyembekezera ayamba njira yayitali yoyembekezera. Imakhala miyezi 16-18.
Pakadali pano, gulu lonse la nkhosa limamusamalira komanso kumuteteza. "Mwana" amabadwa kale ndi kukula koyenera, pafupifupi 2.5-2.7 m. Mwana atatha "kugwa" m'madzi, "opitilira" amasiya mayi ndi mwana yekha, kuwapatsa mwayi wolumikizana payekha. Dolphin yaying'ono poyamba imangoyendayenda mopanda thandizo m'madzi, koma kholo limabwera kuti liwathandize.
Amamukankha ndi mphuno yake pamwamba pamadzi kuti apume mpweya, ndipo mapapo ake amagwira ntchito. Mkazi amabereka pafupifupi kamodzi zaka zisanu zilizonse. Pa moyo wake, amatha kubereka "iris" 6-7. Pafupifupi zaka 40-50, "dona" amakhala ndi vuto logonana, sangathenso kubereka, ndipo amapita mgulu la "matron".
Whale whale ndi grindas (ma dolphin wakuda) ndi mitundu yokhayo ya nyama yomwe, monga anthu, imakumana ndi ukalamba pakati pa abale awo. Ndipo m'malo olemekezeka kwambiri. Amatha kusamba ndikupitiliza kukhala ndi moyo ndikusaka zaka zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri.
"Amuna" amakhala ndi zaka 50, ndipo "akazi okalamba" amakhala ndi zaka 75-80, ngakhale zaka 100. Mu ukapolo, nthawi izi zimachepetsedwa ndi theka kapena katatu. Palibe, zivute zitani, "okhalamo" amakwatirana ndi "mayendedwe" mwawokha. Ichi ndi chisonyezero china chogawa iwo m'magulu osiyana.
Nchifukwa chiyani whale whale amatchedwa killer whale?
Kuzindikira chifukwa chiyani killer whale killer whale, muyenera kumizidwa mu mbiri. M'zaka za zana la 18th dolphin yayikuluyi idatchedwa ndi a Spaniards "wakupha anamgumi" - "asesina ballenas", ndipo aku Britain adamasulira molakwika kuchokera ku Spain kupita mchilankhulo chawo, ndipo zidapezeka kuti "killer whale" - "killer whale". Umu ndi momwe tidapezera nthano yachitatu. M'malo mwake, mawonekedwe awo ndi osiyana, monganso momwe ife tiriri. Ali ndi "mbatata" zawo ndi "oyendayenda".
"Homebodies" ndimkhalidwe wabwinobwino wokhala ndi "ankhandwe" wakupha. Sakonda kudya zolengedwa zamagazi ofunda ndipo samachita zankhanza kwa anthu ndi zinyama zina.
"Tramp" ndimakhalidwe oyandikira "anamgoneka" wakupha anangumi. Mwachidziwikire, kutchuka kowopsa kunawayenda ngati akupha. Osati chifukwa chakuti ali okonzeka kupha cholengedwa chilichonse m'nyanja. Choyamba, amatchedwa otere chifukwa, monga achifwamba enieni, amapha anthu ambiri kuposa omwe angadye. Ngati apha chinsomba, ndipo sangathe kudya nyama yonse nthawi imodzi, amangodya ziwalo zina za thupi, zomwe zimakhala zokoma komanso zofewa (lilime, milomo, ndi zina).
M'madzi akuya, anamgumi akupha alibe otsutsana nawo oyenera. Ngakhale nsomba yoyera yoopsa komanso yoopsa siyopikisana naye, koma ndi nyama yolanda. Zikumveka zosamveka, koma ndi zowona: chilombo choyipa chowopsa chili ndi mdani yekhayo - nsomba yakupha.
Chaka chilichonse, asayansi amapeza mano ake mthupi la nyama zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ambiri adavutika kangapo. Oposa theka la anangumi onse, ndipo iliyonse ya izo ndi yofanana kulemera kwa njovu 10, inalandira zipsera za mano a adani.
Ndipo gulu la anangumi achikuda ndi anangumi a minke (minke whale) amakhala pachiwopsezo nthawi zonse chifukwa cha kuukira kwa mlenje wopanda chifundo, ndipo mathero awo nthawi zambiri amakhala achisoni, monga zikuwonekera ndi mafupa a nyama omwe amapezeka pagombe.
Kukonda magazi kwake kunadziwika ndi anthu akale. Nyama zambiri zam'madzi, ngakhale anamgumi ofanana kwambiri a beluga, amavutika kwambiri ndi anangumi omwe amapha. Mosakayikira, ngati chimphona chotere chinsombacho chikuwathawa mochititsa manyazi, nthawi zina kukhumudwitsa omwe amapita kukasaka nyama.
Mdani yekhayo wa whale killer yekha ndi munthu. Zachidziwikire, kuwedza m'makampani kunaletsedwa kwa iwo mu 1982. Koma izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa anthu wamba, komanso kusaka kwawo anamgumi opha, komanso kutchera misampha pazasayansi.
Koma apa pali zomwe zidapezeka atayang'ana ndikuwunika momwe nyama izi zilili - chinsomba chakupha ndichachidwi, komabe, m'chilengedwe, munthu samamukwiyitsa, ndipo panalibe milandu yakumenyera munthu panyanja. Chifukwa chake nthano yachinayi kuti ndi chilombo chowopsa, "imfa pakati pa nyanja", idasokonezedwa. Amamenyera chakudya chokha. Sizachilendo kwa iye kupha nyama zina chimodzimodzi.
Ali mu ukapolo, amatha kuwonetsa zankhanza, pokhapokha ngati ali ndi njala kapena wavulala. Mma dolphinariums amasungidwa ndi zisindikizo ndi ma dolphin pamalo amodzi ndikuphunzitsidwa limodzi. Nthawi yomweyo, amadyetsa kukhuta. Pakadali pano palibe nkhani zowopsa zomwe zalembedwa mwalamulo. Panali mphekesera zakumenyedwa kwa wophunzitsayo, koma palibe amene adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane nkhaniyi.
Zosangalatsa
- Anangumi opha amakhala ndi ulemu pafupi ndi "agogo" athu.Akazi achikulire, omwe sangathenso kubereka ana, amabweretsa ana, amawaphunzitsa nzeru za moyo: amamenya mitu ya "achichepere" zoyambira za njira zosakira, njira zosamukira, komanso komwe kuli fairway. Inde, zinthu zambiri zimayenera "kuuza" achichepere, pomwe m'badwo wapakati ukusaka.
- Whale wophika amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachifundo kwambiri. Sikuti achinyamata amangosamalira okalamba okha, kuthandiza odwala ndi ovulala, amagawananso nyama zomwe zabwera m'gulu lonse. Izi ndizochepa, koma ziyenera kukhala zokwanira aliyense!
- Asanapite kukasaka kumalo osadziwika, wakupha nyangayi "sonate" izo, chitani sonar ultrasound. Ayenera kudziwa ngati matupi awo akulu atha kuyenda mozungulira gombe losadziwika.
- Pakusaka, amakhala anzeru kwambiri, ali ndi njira zawo kwa aliyense wovutikira. Kwa wina mutha "kuthamanga" kwa nthawi yayitali kuwoloka nyanja, zikuwoneka kuti mukusangalala ndikuyenda, ndipo ndibwino kumenya wina ali ndi "nkhosa yamphongo". Kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, nyamazi zalimbitsa zigaza zawo kuti athe kuyendetsa. Ndi zodabwitsa kuti anatomically molondola ndikuganiza ofooka a tsoka - matumbo, mutu kapena pamimba.
- Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, palinso nsomba yotchedwa "killer whale" wa banja la orca la catfish. Amadziwikanso kuti "squeaky" chifukwa chakuti akagwidwa m'madzi, amamveka mokweza kwambiri.
