Mpaka pano, pali kutsutsana pakati pa asayansi ngati choyikapo nyali ndi nsomba, kapena ndi gulu lapadera la majeremusi. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osazolowereka komanso owopsa, imakopa chidwi, ndipo ndimavuto ake osavuta, lamprey ndi m'modzi mwamphamvu kwambiri okhala m'madzi padziko lapansi. Ngakhale nsomba nyali ndipo amawoneka osawoneka bwino, anthu amawadya mofunitsitsa ndipo amachita malonda akuluakulu oyatsa nyali.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Lamprey
Lamprey nsomba ndi chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Sanasinthe mawonekedwe ake konse kwazaka pafupifupi 350 miliyoni. Chifukwa cha chiyambi chake chakale, asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti lamprey adayambitsa kukula kwa zinyama zakuthwa. Chifukwa chake, oyatsa nyali sanasinthe kwambiri pakusintha, koma asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti idasintha kwambiri kukula kwake ndipo nthawi yoyamba kukhalapo kwake idalipo kakhumi mpaka khumi ndi kasanu motalikirapo.
Kanema: Lamprey
Nsomba za lamprey ndi za gulu la cyclostomes - nyama zopanda mafupa zopanda msana. Zolengedwa za kalasiyi zidalandira dzina ili chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka dera lakumlomo, momwe mulibe nsagwada. Kuphatikiza pa nyali zambiri, palinso zosakanikirana - zolengedwa zakale zomwezi zomwe zimawoneka ngati nyali zowoneka. Ngakhale kuti mtunduwu ndiofala kwambiri, nthawi zina nsomba za lamprey zimasiyanitsidwa m'magulu osiyana kapena zimawerengedwa ngati nsomba zamtundu wa myxine.
Lampreys ndi gulu losiyana kwambiri lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa makumi anayi. Nsomba za Lamprey zimagawika m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa morphological, malo okhala, machitidwe ndi zokonda zawo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba ya Lamprey
Kukula kwapakati pa nsomba za lamprey kumakhala pakati pa masentimita 10 mpaka 30. Lampreys amakula m'moyo wawo wonse, ngakhale kukula kwawo kumachepa ndi ukalamba. Zowunikira zakale kwambiri zitha kukhala mita imodzi kutalika. Thupi la nyali ndi lochepa komanso lopapatiza, lofanana ndi njoka kapena nyongolotsi.
Zipsepse za Lamprey zachepetsedwa ndipo pafupifupi sizigwira ntchito zawo - monga lamulo, zimakhala zovuta kuziwona pamagulu anyali. Lampreys amasambira ngati njoka kapena mbewa, chifukwa cha kuyenda kwawo.
Zida zowonera za nyali sizachilendo. Ali ndi maso atatu, awiri omwe amawoneka bwino pamutu. Maso awa sawona bwino, komabe amagwirabe ntchito. Diso lachitatu linali pafupi kutayika pakusintha: lili pakati pamutu, pafupi m'mphepete mwake. M'mbuyomu, zamoyo zambiri zinali ndi diso lotere, koma zidasinthika kukhala glandal gland ndikuphatikizika ndi kotekisi wakunja kwa ubongo. Choyatsira nyali chikadali ndi diso ili, ngakhale silikuwona nalo.
Lampreys alibe mafupa am'mafupa ndipo thupi lawo lonse limapangidwa ndi khungwa, lomwe limalola kuti nsombazo zizisinthasintha. Thupi lawo limakutidwa ndi ntchofu zoterera, zomwe zimateteza nyali kuchokera kuzinyama zomwe zingadyetse: ntchofu imalepheretsa mdani kuti agwire mwamphamvu nyali, popeza ntchofu imatsetsereka. M'magetsi oyatsa nyale, ntchentchezi zimakhala ndi poyizoni, chifukwa chake, zimakonzedwa mosamala musanaphike ndi kudya nsomba.
Zida zake zam'kamwa ndizofunika kwambiri. Popeza kuti nsombayo ilibe nsagwada, pakamwa pake pamakhala mphero, yokhala ndi mano akuthwa konsekonse. Pakamwa pake chimakhala ngati chikho chokoka, chomwe chimaphatikizidwanso kumano. Lilime loyatsa nyali lilinso ndi mano ofanana.
Kodi nsomba za lamprey zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: River lamprey
Nsomba za Lamprey zimapezeka pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa chaukadaulo wawo komanso kudzichepetsa. Malinga ndi malo okhala nsomba, zoyikapo nyali zitha kugawidwa kukhala omwe amakhala mumchere ndi m'madzi abwino.
- m'madzi amchere: nyanja zochokera ku France kupita ku Karelia. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka ku Baltic ndi North Seas;
- m'madzi oyera: nyanja za Ladoga ndi Onega, Neva. Lampreys amapezeka kwambiri kumadzulo kwa Russia. Amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'madzi a m'dera la Kaliningrad.
Ma Lampreys samapezeka kwenikweni kumpoto kwa Russia, ngakhale mitundu iyi imakhala ndi moyo wochuluka kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina nyali zimapezeka m'madzi ozizira kapena mitsinje yokhazikika. Ma Lampreys amasamuka mosavuta, chifukwa chake, ngakhale ataswa m'madzi amtsinje, amatha kusambira mpaka kunyanja ndikukhala komweko. Komanso zoyikapo nyali sizipezeka konse ku Black Sea, ndipo ndizosowa kwambiri m'madzi a Belarus.
Pali umboni wotsimikizira kuti anthu ena amawona nsomba za nyali ngati cholengedwa chauchiwanda.
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha nyali chinalembedwa mzaka za m'ma 1990 kufupi ndi mzinda wa Lipetsk. Masiku ano, magetsi oyatsa nyali m'dera lino atsika kwambiri, koma kuchuluka kwawo ndikadakulabe.
Kodi nsomba zamagetsi zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Lamprey
Njira yodyetsera nyali imakhala yosangalatsa chifukwa chakapangidwe kam'kamwa mwake. Ilibe njira yotafuna, ndipo zonse zomwe nyali angachite ndikumamatira thupi, kudziphatika ndi mano akuthwa ndi lilime.
Choyamba, nyali, atasankha wovulalayo, imamangiriridwa mwamphamvu ndi thupi lake. Kenako amaluma ngakhale khungu lolimba kwambiri ndi mano akuthwa ndikuyamba kumwa magazi. Chifukwa cha zinthu zapadera m'matumbo a nyali - ma anticoagulants, magazi a wozunzidwayo sagundana ndipo amapitilizabe kuyenda pomwe nyaliyo ili m'thupi la wozunzidwayo.
Choyikapo nyali chimatha kudya kwa maola angapo, chifukwa mkamwa mwake sikugwira ntchito yopumira. Pamodzi ndi magazi, nyaliyo imatafuna ziwalo zovulaza malovu za mnzakeyo zomwe zimagwera mkamwa mwake. Nthawi zina zoyatsira nyali zimamangirira kwambiri mpaka kudya mpaka ziwalo zamkati momwe. Zowonongekazo, amafa ndi zilonda zoterozo komanso kutaya magazi.
Lampreys nthawi zambiri amakhala ogwidwa ndi:
- Salimoni;
- mbalame yamphongo;
- kodula;
- nsomba ya trauti;
- ziphuphu.
Sikuti nyali zonse zimakhala zolusa. Nyali zina zimakana kudya konse, kuthera moyo wawo wonse kuzakudya zomwe zidasungidwa akadali mphutsi.
Zipangizo zoyatsira nyali zam'madzi zimamatira ku nsomba ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe njala, koma zimangokhala pafupi ndi yemwe angazunzidwe. Chifukwa chake, ngati dzanja kapena mwendo wa munthu uli pafupi, woyikapo nyali nthawi yomweyo amamuukira ndipo amadyetsa. Mwamwayi, nthawi zambiri nyali sizowopsa kwa anthu, ngakhale kuyezetsa dokotala izi zitachitika.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyali yam'nyanja
Ngakhale nsomba za lamprey zimakhala za adani, zimangokhala, kukhala aulesi. Kwenikweni, choyikapo nyali chagona pansi pamadzi ndikudikirira nyama yomwe ingakhalepo kuti isambire kudutsa, pomwe nyaliyo imatha kuyamwa. Ngati kulibe nsomba m'deralo kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo oyatsa nyali akumva njala, ndiye kuti imatha kuyamba kusaka chakudya.
Milandu ingapo yowunkhira nyali anthu yajambulidwa. Palibe mwa iwo omwe anali okhumudwitsa kwambiri anthu, koma nthawi zonse, ozunzidwa adapita kuzipatala kuti akathandizidwe.
Lampreys nthawi zambiri amadyetsa zotsalira kuchokera ku nsomba zina, makamaka kukhala owononga. Amafuna kudya minofu yakufa yomwe imagwera pansi. Lampreys samasambira malo ndi malo, ngakhale amatha kuyenda okha maulendo ataliatali, zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zambiri kuchokera kwa iwo. Nthawi zambiri, oyatsa nyali amayenda, akumamatira ku nsomba zazikulu masiku angapo - chifukwa cha njirayi, afalikira pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi.
Lampreys ndiwopanda mantha koma osachita nkhanza. Ngakhale kuti samaphonya mwayi uliwonse wodya, sateteza ufulu wawo komanso samatsutsana ndi nyali zina ndi nsomba zomwe sizikhala ndi thanzi lawo. Ngati lamprey iyenso amakhala chakudya cha wina, sichingalimbane ndi womutsutsayo.
Ma lampreys amakhala okha, koma makamaka amakumana m'magulu apansi. Izi zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi zakudya zomwe zasankha nyali zingapo nthawi imodzi, kapena nthawi yobereka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsomba ya Lamprey
Nsomba zokhala pawekha komanso zaulesi zimakhala mwamphamvu kwambiri nthawi yobereka, zikukhazikika pagulu.
Mosiyana ndi malo okhala, kubereka kumachitika mosiyanasiyana pachaka:
- Caspian lamprey - Ogasiti kapena Seputembala;
- Nyali yamchere yaku Europe - kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala;
- Nyali yakum'mawa kwa Europe - Meyi mpaka Juni.
Popeza maso awo amakwiya kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, kuswana nthawi zonse kumachitika usiku komanso nthawi zonse m'madzi abwino. Chifukwa chake, zoyatsira nyali zam'nyanja zimayamba kusunthira pasadakhale kuti zizitha kusambira m'madzi abwino pofika nthawi yobereka. Munthawi imeneyi, mano amakula ndikukhala opanda tanthauzo, chifukwa zoyatsira nyali zimasiya kudya.
Amakwera pamwamba pa beseni lamadzi pagulu lalikulu, ndikupanga magulu awiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Munthawi imeneyi, mkazi amayamba kutulutsa mahomoni ena, chifukwa chomwe mazira amapangidwira ziwalo zawo zoberekera zamkati. Zomwezo zimachitika mkati mwa ziwalo zoberekera zamwamuna - mkaka umapangidwa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nyali sizikhala ndi ziwalo zoberekera zakunja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira yokhotakhotayo ikhale yosatheka, komanso momwe thupi limakhalira pobereka ndilachilendo kwambiri.
Amuna amapanga chisa cha miyala yolimba pansi pa dziwe, pomwe wamkazi, woyamwa pamiyalayo, amadikirira moleza mtima kuti amange. Amuna amanyamula miyala ija kupita nayo ku chisa, kuyamwa mwala womwe wasankhidwa ndikusambira nawo kupita kumalo omwe angafune. Matanthwewo akaunjikidwa, amwaza dothi ndi mchira ndi mchira wake, ndikupangitsa kuti chisa chikhale chotsuka. Amuna ndi akazi amalumikizana, akusesa mazira ndi mkaka kupyola ziboo za thupi. Njirayi ndiyamphamvu kwambiri, motero pamapeto pake onse amafa.
Kuchokera mazira zikwi khumi, mphutsi zimaswa, zomwe zimalowa mu silt - masangwere. Amadyetsa kusefa madzi pakamwa, potero amasankha michere, ndipo amatha kukhala mderali kwa zaka 14. Ndiye iye mu kanthawi kochepa amakumana ndi kusintha kwakukulu, kukhala akulu.
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba zopepuka
Chithunzi: Caspian lamprey
Ngakhale nyaliyo ndi chilombo chachikulu, ili ndi adani ambiri. Lamprey amakhala chakudya cha nsomba zazikuluzikulu ndi nkhanu, ndipo mphutsi zake zochepa zimakula kukhala munthu wamkulu chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri amadyedwa ndi anthu ena am'madzi.
Nsomba zomwe oyatsa nyali amadya amathanso kukhala adani awo - zonsezi zimadalira kukula kwa nsombayo komanso nyaliyo. Salmon, yomwe nsomba za nyali zimadya, imatha kudya momwemo.
Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, mbalame zimatha kusaka nyali. Ngati tikulankhula za madzi osaya, ndiye kuti adokowe ndi ma theon oyikapo nyali kuchokera pansi pa silt masana, pomwe zoyikapo nyali zimabisala ku cheza cha dzuwa chomwe chimakwiyitsa maso. Cormorants ndi mbalame zosambira; amathanso kugwira nyali ngati chakudya.
Vuto lofala pamiyala ndi burbot, nsomba zakuya kwambiri zomwe zimakhala pansi pamadzi. M'nyanja, nyali zazikulu m'nyengo yozizira zimakhala nyama ya nsomba zazikulu kwambiri monga beluga. Nthawi zina nyali zimagwidwa mwachidwi ndi zisindikizo za ku Caspian komanso nyama zina zam'madzi zam'madzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Lamprey
Lampreys ndi mitundu yambiri yomwe imakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha kubereka kwawo komanso kutha kusamuka msanga, kumamatira ku nsomba, sanakhalepo pafupi kutha ndipo kuneneratu kotere sikukuyembekezeredwa. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi zaka zana zapitazi, ziwerengero zawo zidatsikabe, ndipo chifukwa chake chinali kusodza kwakukulu.
Mayiko monga Russia, Finland, Sweden ndi Latvia akuchita nawo nyali zazikulu. Ngakhale amawoneka osawoneka bwino, nyali amakhala ndi thanzi labwino, ndipo nyama yake amaiona kuti ndiyabwino. M'nyanja ya Baltic, pafupifupi matani 250 a nyali amagwidwa chaka chilichonse, ndipo ambiri amaunjikana.
Amadyanso ziphuphu - mphutsi za lamprey. Amakhalanso ndi thanzi labwino komanso kukoma kokoma.
Nthawi zambiri nyali Zowonetsedwa mwachangu. Nyama yake ndiyabwino kulawa ndi kapangidwe kake, ndikosavuta kuphika ndipo safunika kusenda, chifukwa chake nsomba iyi imakondedwa m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.03.2019
Idasinthidwa: 18.09.2019 ku 21:00
