Wolemba chithunzi: Cover Medvedeva Svetlana (@ msvetlana012018)
Jay - mbalame yapakatikati yokhala ndi nthenga zokoka ndikulira kwakukulu. Dzinalo m'Chilatini limalumikizidwa ndi mawu oti "phokoso", "chatty". Mtundu wa jays umaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ndi itatu ndi mitundu yoposa makumi anai, yomwe imasiyana mosiyanasiyana mumitundumitundu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Jay
Dzina lachi Latin - Garrulus glandarius adamupatsa mu 1758 ndi Karl Linnaeus. Ngati liwu loyambirira m'dzina limanena kuti mbalameyi imadziwika ndi kulira kwaphokoso, ndiye kuti yachiwiri imachokera ku Latin glandis, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chipatso ndikutsindika zomwe amakonda.
Linnaeus adapeza kufanana kwa mbalameyi ndi nthumwi za banja la corvidae, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ma rook, jackdaws, jugs, magpies, akhwangwala okha, pafupifupi mitundu 120 yonse. Makolo a mbalamezi adapezeka ku Europe; zotsalira zawo ndi za Middle Miocene, komwe amakhala zaka 17 miliyoni zapitazo.
Chosangalatsa: Mtundu wa nthenga za buluu jay siwowopsa momwe ukuwonekera. Chinyengo ichi chimapangidwa ndi kutulutsa kwa kuwala mkati mwake. Zimapanga chinsalu chotchinga chomwe chimapatsa mawonekedwe owala kwambiri. Mukadula cholembera ndikuyang'ana mbali ina, ndiye kuti mtundu wowalawo watayika.
Polemera, mbalame sizidutsa 200 g, koma zimawoneka zowoneka bwino, chifukwa cha mchira wautali ndi mutu waukulu. Kutalika kwa mbalameyi, poganizira mchira, kumatha kufika 400 mm, koma pafupifupi - 330 mm, ndikuwonjezeka pafupifupi 150 mm. Mlomo wolimba womwe umatha kuthyola zipatso za thundu, mtedza ndi njere zina zakuda zowirira. Ndi yaying'ono, koma yamphamvu, kukula kwake kuchokera m'mphuno pafupifupi 33 mm.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: bird jay
Mitundu yofala kwambiri, yosankhidwa ku Europe yokhala ndi ma subspecies asanu ndi anayi. Mbalame yokhala ndi nthenga zam'madzi, pamutu pake ndiyopepuka komanso yopindika pang'ono. Mantha, nthenga kumbuyo kwa mutu imadzuka. Mzere wakuda wofanana ndi masharubu umachokera pakamwa. Mtundu wa thupi ndi lofiira, imvi ya ku Siberia ili ndi mutu wofiyira, ndipo aku Europe ndi opepuka, pamakhala nthenga zakuda pamutu, ndikupanga mikwingwirima. Omwe amapezeka ku Caucasus ndi Crimea ali ndi "chipewa" chakuda.
Khosi ndi lopepuka kuposa khosi. Zobisalira za nthenga zouluka zakunja ndizobuluu ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, nthenga zouluka ndizakuda ndizizindikiro zoyera kumapeto. Nthenga za mchira ndizakuda, zakumwamba ndi zoyikapo penti ndizoyera. Mapazi ake ndi abulauni.
Kanema: Jay
Gulu lokhala ndi ma subspecies atatu ochokera Kumpoto kwa Africa: wokhala ndi nthiti wonyezimira, nthenga zaimvi, mutu wopepuka komanso kapu yakuda. Ma subspecies anayi ochokera ku Middle East, Crimea, Turkey: okhala ndi nthenga zofananira, korona wakuda ndi chigoba chopepuka.
Ku Mongolia ndi Central Asia kuli saxaul jay, imakhazikika m'nkhalangozi ndipo sakonda kuuluka. Ndi yaying'ono kukula ngati jackdaw, imvi yakuda ndi mchira wakuda, malo akuda pakhosi ndi kachitsotso kamene kamayambira kudiso mpaka pakamwa.
M'nkhalango za Caspian ku Iran, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mbalame ya saxaul yokhala ndi nthenga zakuda komanso korona wakuda umaoneka. Ku Himalaya - Himalaya, yomwe imapezekanso ku Afghanistan ndi India: imvi kumbuyo, pamimba, imvi ndi utoto wofiyira. Khosi limadziwika ndi nthenga zoyera, mutu ndi wakuda.
Jay wokongoletsedwayo amakhala kuzilumba zaku Japan ndipo amasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi abale ake amtundu: khosi lamutu ndi mutu, mapiko ndi mchira ndi zakuda buluu ndi utoto wofiirira, pali nthenga zoyera pakhosi. Thupi liri ndi nthenga zofiirira.
Jay crested amapezeka ku Malaysia ndi Thailand. Anapiye ake amakhala amizeremizere ndipo pang'ono ndi pang'ono amada kukhala akuda, kolala yokhayo imatsalira yoyera. Nthenga zonse zoyambirira, zowala modabwitsa, zabuluu, mu mbalame yochokera ku North America. Chifuwa, mimba ndi pansi pa mulomo zimakhala zoyera, mutu mozungulira khosi umakhala ndi nthiti yakuda. Mapeto a nthenga pamapiko ndi mchira ndi oyera ngati chipale.
Ku Florida, mitundu yabuluu ya shrub imakhala. Pakhosi ndi pamimba pamvi, pamwamba pake pamtambo wakuda, utoto wonsewo ndi wabuluu wakuda. Ku America kuli mtundu wina womwe umapezeka m'maiko aku Mexico, umakhala ndi dzina la mutu wa magpie jay chifukwa cha mchira wake wautali ndi mchimake, ngati parrot. Mtundu wa anthu otere ndi wowala buluu, mimba ndi yoyera, masaya ndi khosi zakuda, "kapu" ndi kakhosi kali ndi mtundu womwewo.
Palinso mitundu yosawerengeka ya Yucatan. Mwachidule, mbalamezi ndizofanana ndi nyani, koma ndi mchira waufupi. Mbalame yonseyi ndi yakuda, mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi wowala buluu, ndipo mlomo wake ndi wachikasu. Ndipo mtundu wina umawoneka ngati magpie, koma utoto: pamimba pake ponse pakuyera, nthenga yonseyo ndi yakuda, pamwamba pa diso pali nsidze yabuluu, pali kamzere kakang'ono kabuluu patsaya. Anthu oterewa amatchedwa azungu.
Jay amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Jay bird m'nyengo yozizira
Odutsawa amapezeka paliponse ku Europe, komanso ku Morocco ndi Algeria, malowa amapita chakum'mawa kupitirira Urals ndi kumpoto kwa Middle East, kudzera ku Azerbaijan ndi Mongolia mpaka China, Korea ndi Japan. Ku Russia, amapezeka kudera lonse komwe kuli nkhalango, kuyambira gawo la Europe, mpaka magombe a Far East, ku Kuriles ndi Sakhalin, kupatula malo ozizira otentha.
Kuphatikiza pa Eurasia, mbalame zimapezeka ku North America. Amakhala m'nkhalango zamitundumitundu, makamaka beech ndi hornbeam, koma thundu limakonda, lomwe limapezekanso m'mapaki, m'minda yazipatso yayikulu. M'madera akumpoto ndi ku Siberia, amakhala m'mapiri a birch ndi nkhalango za coniferous. M'madera ena akumwera, amakhala m'malo momwe muli zitsamba. M'mapiri, amapita kumalo okwera mapiri.
Saxaul jay yemwe amakhala kuderali amakhala ku Central Asia ndi Mongolia. Amakhala komwe shrub yomwe idatcha dzina lake imakula, popeza nthawi yozizira, mtunduwu umadyetsa makamaka mbewu za saxaul. Mbalamezi zimapezekanso pafupi ndi nyumba zakumidzi komanso kumanyumba awo achilimwe, chofunikira ndichakuti pali nkhalango pafupi. Amatha kuyendayenda m'nyengo yozizira pachaka, amawonekera m'nkhalango zowonda komanso m'magulu amitengo.
Kodi jay amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya banja la jay
Ndi mbalame zokonda kudya ndipo chakudya chawo chimadalira nyengo. Kuchokera m'zinthu zamoyo, amasaka tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, amatha kugwira chule kapena buluzi, kudya nkhono ndi nkhono. Mbalamezi zimaukira makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi mbalame, zimawononga zisa zawo, zimadya mazira ndi anapiye. Ngati m'nyengo yotentha mumakhala chakudya chanyama m'mimba, ndiye m'nyengo yozizira, ichi ndi chakudya chamasamba.
Mitengo ya Oak ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha woimira ma corvids m'mapiri osakanikirana komanso osakanikirana a madera a Eurasian ndi North America. Mgwirizano wakhala ukudziwika kale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi ndi zokolola za mitengo yamchere, malo okhala mbalamezi m'derali komanso kupezeka kwa mitengo ikuluikulu.
Chosangalatsa: Jays, chosungira mpaka zikwi zisanu zanthete m'nyengo yozizira, amazibisa m'malo obisika, ndikuzinyamula mozungulira. Mwanjira imeneyi, amathandizira kufalikira kwa chomeracho. Mitengo yambiri yomwe imakwiriridwa ndi moss kapena nthaka imamera kutali ndi komwe idakololedwa masika.
Mbalamezi zimazolowera kudya zipatso. Milomo yawo yowongoka imakhala ndi m'mbali mwake, komanso miyendo yotsika, koma yosinthika imakhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa komanso zolimba. Kuyambira nthawi yophukira mpaka masika, pakakhala chakudya china chochepa, m'mimba mwawo muli 70-100% yodzaza ndi zipatso. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi mbewu za zomera zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza spruce, paini, beech.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalameyi imatha kunyamula zipatso zisanu nthawi imodzi, pomwe imodzi ili pakamwa pake, ina pakamwa pake, ndi zitatu zina mumimbayo.
Nthenga, pang'ono pang'ono, osawononga mbewu, idyani:
- phala;
- mpendadzuwa;
- tirigu;
- chimanga;
- nyemba.
Nthawi zina amasangalala:
- rasipiberi;
- lingonberries;
- mabulosi;
- chitumbuwa cha mbalame;
- rowan.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Tizilombo tomwe jay amadya nthawi yotentha, 61% ndi tizirombo, ndi 1.5% yokha yofunika, enawo alibe chidwi ndi mbewu zaulimi.
Kuchokera kuzirombo za tizilombo, mndandanda wake umaphatikizapo:
- bronzes wagolide;
- Mulole kafadala;
- ziwombankhanga;
- kafadala ka barbel;
- wosaphimbidwa ndi mbozi ya paini;
- mphutsi za sawfly;
- tsamba lakung'amba.
Mbalamezi, pofunafuna chakudya, zimapita m'minda ya mphesa ndi minda. M'dzinja, atatha kukolola, amatha kuwonekera m'minda ndi m'mabedi, komwe amatola ndiwo zamasamba zotsalira: mbatata, beet, kaloti, ndi tirigu m'minda yokololedwa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Jay bird bird
Mbalamezi ndizanzeru kwambiri, izi zimawoneka pamakhalidwe awo mukakhala pafupi ndi nyumba. Ngati mumawadyetsa, ndiye kuti amafika pafupipafupi, akulengeza zakubwera kwawo ndikulira kwakukulu. Kudikirira mpaka magawo a mkate kapena zakudya zina ayikidwe m'malo awo.
Chosangalatsa: Jay pakalilore amadziona ngati chinyezimiro, mwachitsanzo, parrot amawona mchimwene wake pamenepo.
Anthu ena m'derali amangokhala, ena amasamukira kumadera otentha, ena amasamukira kudera lomwe amakhala. Amayenda m'magulu amanambala osiyanasiyana kuyambira mayunitsi asanu mpaka makumi asanu, pamakhala milandu pomwe ziweto zoterezi zidalipo mpaka zikwi zitatu. Mbalamezi zimabisala m'malo osiyanasiyana, m'nkhalango komanso pafupi ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, zimatha kukhazikika pachitsamba chachitali cha hawthorn.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zinyama zaphokosozi zimasamalidwa bwino, ndipo nyimbo zawo za sonic ndizosiyana kwambiri, zimatha kutengera mbalame ndi mapokoso osiyanasiyana. Kunyumba, amatha kuphunzitsidwa kuyankhula.
Amatha kupanga gulu loteteza mbalame zodya nyama. Mbalame zimadutsa molting mu theka lachiwiri, ndi anapiye kumapeto kwa chirimwe. Ma corvids awa amakhala zaka 7.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalame zimatha kuwonedwa m'ziswe, pomwe zimangodya tizilombo, asidi wawo amatulutsa tiziromboti. Ndizotheka kuti kulumidwa ndi tizilombo timathetsa kuyabwa pakukula kwa nthenga mukamayamwa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Mbalamezi zimapanga awiriawiri, zimatha kusochera m'magulu oyandikira komanso ziweto. Chilankhulo choyankhulirana kudzera pamawu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mamvekedwe ndi kufuula. Mitundu ina ya mbalame ndi nyama imazindikiranso kuwopsa kwa ma jays.
Mawonedwe, amatha kuwerenga zomwe zimachita atakhala nthenga pamutu. Ikachita mantha, phokoso lonse la mbalameyi limaphwanyaphwanya. M'malo otsekemera, nkhanza zimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe owongoka; ndi chisangalalo, nthenga zomwe zili pachilumbacho zimayang'ana kumbuyo kwa mutu kupita pakamwa.
Nthawi yokwatirana kumadera akumpoto kwamtunduwu kamodzi pachaka, kuyambira Meyi, kumadera akumwera - kawiri. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa masika, awiriawiri amapangidwa. Yaimuna imasamalira yaikazi, imawuluka pansi, imamveka mosiyanasiyana, ndipo imayamba kupempha chakudya, mwana wankhuku, mnzakeyo amamudyetsa. Pakadali pano, banjali likuyamba kumanga chisa. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka mamita anayi mpaka asanu kuchokera pansi, pamphambano ya nthambi yayikulu ndi thunthu lalikulu. Makulidwe ake ndi pafupifupi 19 cm, kutalika kwake ndi 9 cm.
Chosangalatsa: Mwambo wokondana ndikuti mbalame zimapanga zisa zingapo nthawi imodzi, koma zimangotsala chimodzi chokha.
Pazitsulo zakunja, nthambi zosinthika zimathyoledwa pamitengo yamoyo, chilichonse chimakutidwa ndi timitengo tating'onoting'ono, mizu, yolumikizidwa ndi dongo, pamwamba pake chofunda chouma chopangidwa ndi moss, ndere, udzu wouma ndi masamba. Ntchito yonseyi imatenga sabata. Wina akapeza chisa, ndiye kuti eni ake amachokapo. Ntchito yomanga ikataika, nthunzi imapanga yachiwiri.
Jays amayamba kuikira mazira ku Europe komanso madera akumwera a Russian Federation mu Epulo. Pali mazira 2-10 pachisa, koma pafupifupi pali mazira asanu amabuluu kapena obiriwira. Pakadali pano, mbalame sizimveka konse, zimapewa kukopa chidwi. Mkazi amakhala pamazira, patatha masiku 17 anapiyewo ndi akhungu ndipo amasiya chipolopolocho popanda nthenga. Pambuyo masiku asanu, maso awo amatseguka, nthenga zimayamba kukula pambuyo pa sabata.
Masiku khumi oyambirira mkazi amakhala pachisa, ndiye makolo amasinthana kuwadyetsa, kuwotha moto ndi kuwateteza. Pakudyetsa, makolo amauluka kukagula chakudya kwa maola 20 patsiku, nthawi yomwe amadyetsa anapiye maulendo 40. Pakatha milungu itatu, ana amakhala okonzeka kutuluka m'chisa. Masiku angapo m'mbuyomu, amakwawa ndikutuluka m'nthambi, koma samayenda patali.
Akayamba kuwuluka pawokha, amakhala mkati mwa 10-20 metres kuchokera pachisa. Mpaka nthawi yozizira, ana samasunthira kutali ndi makolo awo ndikuwuluka pagulu laling'ono. Pofika nyengo yozizira, amakhala odziyimira pawokha. Kukula msinkhu kumachitika chaka chotsatira.
Adani achilengedwe a jays
Chithunzi: Jay
Mbalamezi zimasakidwa ndi zilombo zazikuluzikulu. Usiku, kadzidzi ndi kadzidzi zimawopseza. Masana, nkhandwe zazikulu, nkhandwe za peregrine, goshawks, ndi akhwangwala zimaukira ma jay. Pakati pa zinyama, amasakidwa ndi nthumwi za banja la mustelidae: ma martens, ferrets, sables, ermines. Amadya anapiye ndi mazira, koma amathanso kulimbana ndi wamkulu yemwe amakhala pachisa.
Omwe amapikisana nawo pachakudya cha ma jays ndi nkhonya, nyenyezi, ma hazel grouses, mbalame zakuda, ndi zopingasa. Koma mbalame zaphokoso zimakhala zankhanza kwa alendo. Amatha kuwaukira, kuwopseza ochita nawo mpikisano, ngati mphamba.
Chosangalatsa: Kudera lomwe mbalame zakuda zimadyetsa mosalekeza, jay nthawi ndi nthawi amawulukira, kuthamangitsa opikisana nawo akuda ndi phokoso. Izi zidapitilira mpaka mbalame zakuda zitachoka m'derali.
Mwa zinyama, omwe akupikisana nawo oimira opitilirawa ndi makoswe, amadyanso zipatso za mbewa ndi mbewu zazomera, komanso kuwononga zidutswa za mbalame. Mbalame zimatha kuphedwa ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumunda polimbana ndi tizirombo. Iwo amawonongedwa mwadala m'minda ya zipatso ndi minda yamphesa. Zamoyo zamapiko a buluu sizimavulaza kwambiri minda yazipatso, koma zimagwera mumisampha limodzi ndi mbalame zakuda ndi mbalame zakuda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Russian bird jay
Ku Europe, jay ndi 7.5-14.6 miliyoni awiriawiri, omwe ndi akulu mpaka 15-29.3 miliyoni. Kudera lino lapansi, 45% ya chiwerengerocho ikupezeka, chifukwa chake, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kovuta, padziko lonse lapansi, kuchuluka kwawo ndi anthu okhwima mamiliyoni 33-65.1. Ku Europe, ngati mungafufuze zomwe zachitika pakati pa 1980 ndi 2013, kuchuluka kwapakati pa anthu kukuwonekera, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumayembekezeka ngati palibe chowopseza chilichonse. Zinthu zikuyesedwa ngati zokhazikika.
Odutsawa ali ndi magawo ambiri amagawidwe ndipo samayandikira pafupi ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Anthu a blue jay ku North America nawonso ndi okhazikika.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazing'ono za saxaul jay, Ili, ndizoyenera kuda nkhawa. Ndi mitundu yokhazikika. Amakhala ku Kazakhstan, mdera lakumwera kwa Balkhash. Zinalembedwa mu Red Data Book ya Kazakhstan ngati subspecies, yokhayokha, yokhala ndi zocheperako komanso manambala osakhazikika. Amapezeka ku Karakum, Kyzylkum, m'zipululu za Balkhash. Malo okhala pakati pa mitsinje ya Ili ndi Karatal, nthawi zina amatenga mabanki omwe akutsutsana ndi mitsinjeyi. Kwazaka makumi asanu zapitazi, malowa sanasinthe. Mbalame zimakhala pansi, osasamuka.
Kuteteza ma jay
Chithunzi: Jay bird
Podoces panderi ilensis - Ili jay wokhala ndi malo aku Central Asia. Ma corvids awa amakhala m'madambo, koma osati m'malo otsetsereka amchenga, koma m'nkhalango zamatchire: saxaul, zhezgun, mthethe. Amapewa madera olimba, amamanga zisa m'malo owonekera, pakati pa milu. Chiwerengero chawo sichidziwika bwino, komanso kuchuluka kwa midzi ndiosafanana.
Chosangalatsa: Mu 1982, pagombe lamanja la mtsinje. Kapena, zisa za 15 zidapezeka mdera la 15 km2, ndipo zisa 30 zidapezeka pa 35 m2 ina. Pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, mbalame zinali zochepa kumeneko, ngakhale panali zisa zakale. Ndiko kuti, mbalame zisanapezeke kumeneko. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi kukufotokozedwa ndikukula kwa malo olimapo pakubzala zikhalidwe.
Komanso, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kumakhudzidwa ndi kuchepa kwa anapiye amtundu uwu: osachepera mwana mmodzi pawiri. Clutch imodzi imakhala ndi mazira 3-5. Ma jays awa ali ndi adani ambiri: nkhandwe, nyama zolusa za weasel, ma hedgehogs ndi njoka, zimatha kufika mosavuta ku chisa, chomwe sichili pamwamba pamtunda. Ndipo palibe pobisalira mbalame zodya nyama m'chipululu.
Kuti tisunge biotope iyi, ndikofunikira kusiya madera akulu osakhudzidwa, zomwe zidatheka atakhazikitsa malo osungira a Pribalkhash mu 2016. Ndikofunikanso kuphunzira zifukwa zoberekera zochepa kwambiri.
Zowala komanso mokweza @alirezatalischioriginal ndi chokongoletsera chenicheni cha nkhalango zathu. Wochenjera, nthawi yomweyo, wokonda kudziwa, nthawi zambiri amapezeka mumzinda, amakhala m'mapaki a nkhalango, komwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Mbalame yochenjera yomwe imaleredwa kuyambira uchichepere imatha kukhala chiweto choyankhula.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03.03.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 07/05/2020 ku 12:47
