Nkhondo ndi mmodzi wa oimira akale kwambiri a nyama. Akatswiri a zinyama amamuona ngati nyama yosamvetsetseka komanso yodabwitsa kwambiri. Chifukwa cha chipolopolo chawo chachikulu, ma armadillos amadziwika kuti ndi achibale. Komabe, atachita maphunziro angapo amtundu, adasiyanitsidwa mumtundu wina ndi dongosolo, lomwe limafanana ndi malo ochitira zisudzo komanso ma sloth. Kudziko lakwawo lakale, ku Latin America, nyama zimatchedwa "armadillo", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ma dinosaurs amthumba.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nkhondo
Nyama ndizovutitsa. Amagawidwa pagulu lankhondo. Asayansi akuti nyama izi zidapezeka padziko lapansi nthawi ya ma dinosaurs. Izi pafupifupi zaka 50-55 miliyoni zapitazo. Zombo zankhondozi sizinasinthe kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kupatula kuchepa kwakukulu kwakukula.
Makolo akale amtunduwu anali oposa mamita atatu. Oimira awa a zinyama ndi zinyama adakwanitsa kupulumuka ndikusunga mawonekedwe awo pachiyambi chifukwa cha chipolopolo cha mafupa akuluakulu, omwe amateteza molondola kwa adani ndi masoka achilengedwe.
Kanema: Zankhondo
Aaztec, omwe amakhala m'mayiko aku America, amatcha armadillos "akamba amchere." Izi ndichifukwa chogwirizana ndi hares zakutchire, zomwe zinali ndi makutu ataliatali ngati armadillos. Kufanana kwina pakati pa armadillos ndi hares ndikutha kukhala m'mabowo okumba.
Pafupifupi zotsalira za makolo akale a nyama izi zidapezeka ku South America. Izi zimapereka chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ili ndiye gawo la mpira ngati kwawo komanso malo okhala mitundu yambiri ya nyama izi. Popita nthawi, makontinenti onse aku America atalumikizidwa kudzera pamtunda, adasamukira ku North America. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi zotsalira zakale zakale. Zotsalira za ma glyptodonts, makolo akale a armadillos, apezeka kudera lalikulu mpaka ku Nebraska.
Pakati pa zaka za zana la 19, zombo zambiri zankhondo zidakhazikika kumwera kwa America ndipo akukhala komweko mpaka pano. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, anthu angapo adathawa kwa eni ake komanso m'malo awo achilengedwe anakhazikitsa madera akumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa America.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal armadillo
Chodziwika bwino cha nyama zapaderazi ndi chipolopolo chawo. Amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo, zomwe zimagwirizana: mutu, phewa ndi m'chiuno. Kulumikizana kumaperekedwa ndi nsalu yotanuka. Chifukwa cha izi, ma department onse ali ndi mayendedwe okwanira. Komanso pathupi pali mikwingwirima yoboola pakati yozungulira kumbuyo ndi mbali. Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima yotereyi, mtundu umodziwo umatchedwa malamba asanu ndi anayi. Kunja, carapace imakutidwa ndi zingwe, kapena mabwalo a khungu.
Miyendo ya chirombo imatetezedwanso ndi zida zankhondo. Gawo la mchira liri ndi mbale za mafupa. Pamimba ndi pakatikati pamiyendo ndi khungu lofewa komanso lodziwika bwino, lokutidwa ndi tsitsi lolimba. Tsitsi limatha kuphimba mbale zakhungu zomwe zili pamwamba pa chipolopolocho.
Nyama zimatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mdima wakuda mpaka pinki wonyezimira. Tsitsi limatha kukhala lakuda, laimvi, kapena loyera. Chombocho, ngakhale chinali chaching'ono, chimakhala ndi squat, chotalikirana komanso cholemera kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumasiyana masentimita 20 mpaka 100. Kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 50-95.
Kutalika kwa gawo la mchira wa thupi ndi masentimita 7-45. Mphuno ya armadillos siyachikulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi. Zitha kukhala zozungulira, zazitali, kapena zazing'ono. Maso ake ndi ang'onoang'ono, okutidwa ndi khungu lolimba, lopindika khungu.
Miyendo ya nyama ndi yaifupi, koma yamphamvu kwambiri. Zapangidwira kukumba maenje akulu. Mapazi akutsogolo amatha kukhala ndi zala zitatu kapena zala zisanu. Zala zili ndi zikhadabo zazitali, zakuthwa komanso zopindika. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya nyama ili ndi zala zisanu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pongoyenda mozungulira mobisa mobisa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Armadillos ndiwo nyama zokha zomwe zilibe mano ofanana. Mwa anthu osiyanasiyana, atha kukhala kuyambira 27 mpaka 90. Chiwerengero chawo chimatengera jenda, zaka, ndi mitundu.
Mano amakula m'moyo wonse. Pakamwa pamakhala lilime lalitali, lowoneka bwino lomwe nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito kunyamula chakudya. Ma Armadillos ali ndi kumva kwabwino komanso kununkhiza. Maso a nyama izi samakula bwino. Sakuwona mitundu, amangosiyanitsa ma silhouettes. Nyama sizilekerera kutentha pang'ono, ndipo kutentha kwa thupi lawo kumadalira kutentha kozungulira, ndipo kumatha kukhala madigiri 37 mpaka 31.
Kodi sitima yankhondo ikukhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhondo ku South America
Madera komwe nyama imakhalako:
- Central America;
- South America;
- Kum'mawa kwa Mexico;
- Florida;
- Georgia;
- South Carolina;
- Chilumba cha Trinidad;
- Chilumba cha Tobago;
- Chilumba cha Margarita;
- Chilumba cha Grenada;
- Argentina;
- Chile;
- Paraguay.
Armadillos amasankha kotentha, kotentha, kouma ngati malo awo okhala. Amatha kukhala m'dera la nkhalango zosawerengeka, zigwa za udzu, zigwa zam'madzi, komanso madera omwe alibe masamba ochepa. Akhozanso kukhala m'zipululu, m'nkhalango zamchipululu, m'chipululu.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya oimira nyama amasankha dera lawo ndi malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, bwato lankhondo laubweya limakhala kumapiri. Ikhoza kukwera mpaka kutalika kwa 2000-3500 mita pamwamba pa nyanja.
Zombo zankhondo sizichita manyazi ndi kuyandikira kwa munthu. Ball armadillos amadziwika ndi chikhalidwe chawo chofewa. Mutha kuzolowera malo omwe mumakhala nthawi zonse ndi munthu. Ngati nayenso amamudyetsa ndipo sawonetsa nkhanza, ndiye kuti amatha kusewera naye. Nyama zimatha kukhazikika mwachangu ndikuzolowera chilengedwe chatsopano posintha malo okhala.
Chomwe chida cha nkhondo chimadya
Chithunzi: Mammal armadillo
Ikamakhala mwachilengedwe, imadya chakudya cha nyama ndi zomera zomwe. Chakudya chachikulu chomwe armadillos amadya mosangalala kwambiri ndi nyerere ndi chiswe. Mitundu yambiri yama armadillo ndimasamba. Mikanda isanu ndi inayi ya armadillo imawerengedwa kuti ndi yopatsa tizilombo.
Zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu zakudya:
- Nyongolotsi;
- Nyerere;
- Akangaude;
- Njoka;
- Achule;
- Chiswe;
- Zinkhanira;
- Mphutsi.
Amatha kudyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono monga abuluzi. Iwo samanyozanso zakufa, zinyalala za chakudya, masamba, zipatso. Mazira a mbalame amadyedwa. Monga chakudya chomera, chimatha kugwiritsa ntchito masamba okoma, komanso mizu yamitundumitundu. Kuukira njoka kumakhala kofala. Amawukira, amadula thupi la njoka ndi nsonga zakuthwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Wamkulu m'modzi amatha kudya nyerere zokwana 35,000 nthawi imodzi.
Pofunafuna tizilombo, nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo zamphamvu ndi zikhadabo zazikulu, zomwe zimakumba pansi ndikukumba. Akamva njala, amayenda pang'onopang'ono atasungunula nkhope zawo pansi n'kutembenuza zomera zowuma ndi zikhadabo zawo. Zikhomera zamphamvu, zakuthwa zimakulolani kusokoneza mitengo youma, ziphuphu ndi kusonkhanitsa tizilombo tomwe timabisala pamenepo ndi lilime lomata.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Zikhadabo zazikulu, zamphamvu zimakulolani kuti mupeze ngakhale phula.
Nthawi zambiri, ma armadillos amapanga maenje awo pafupi ndi tchire lalikulu kuti chakudya chawo chomwe amakonda azikhala pafupi. Mikanda isanu ndi inayi ya armadillo ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimatha kudya ngakhale nyerere zamoto zambiri. Nyama siziwopa kulumidwa kwawo kowawa. Amakumba nyerere, kudya nyerere ndi mphutsi zawo zochuluka kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, ndikayamba nyengo yozizira, pomwe kuli kovuta kupeza tizilombo, amasamukira kuchakudya chomera.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Battleship Red Book
Nyama zimakonda kukhala moyo wosangalala usiku. Achinyamata amatha kugwira ntchito masana. Pofika nyengo yozizira komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya, amathanso kusiya malo awo masana kufunafuna chakudya.
Nthaŵi zambiri, armadillos amakhala nyama zokha. Kupatula kosowa, amapezeka awiriawiri kapena ngati gulu laling'ono. Nthawi zambiri amakhala mumayenje omwe amakhala mobisa, amapita usiku kukafunafuna chakudya.
Nyama iliyonse imakhala ndi gawo linalake. M'malire awo okhala, ma armadillos amapanga maenje angapo. Chiwerengero chawo akhoza kukhala 2 mpaka 11-14. Kutalika kwa dzenje lililonse labisala mita imodzi kapena itatu. Pabowo lililonse, nyama imatenga masiku angapo mpaka mwezi mosinthana. Maenje nthawi zambiri amakhala osaya, opingasa pansi. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi khomo limodzi kapena awiri. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chakusawona bwino ikasaka, nyama sizimatha kupeza nyumba yawo ndikupanga yatsopano. Pokonza maenje, nyama zimateteza mitu kumchenga. Miyendo yakumbuyo sinachite nawo kuboola.
Nyama iliyonse imasiya zilembo ndi fungo linalake mkati mwake. Chinsinsicho chimasungidwa ndimatenda apadera omwe amalumikizidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana amthupi. Armadillos ndi osambira abwino kwambiri. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa thupi ndi chipolopolo cholemera sizimasokoneza kusambira, popeza nyamazo zimapumira mpweya wambiri, womwe suwalola kuti uzimire pansi.
Nyama zimawoneka zosasunthika, zovuta komanso zochedwa. Akazindikira kuti ali pangozi, amatha kubowola nthawi yomweyo. Ngati nyamayo iwopseza china chake, imalumpha kwambiri. Ngati ngozi ikayandikira, chida cha nkhondo sichikhala ndi nthawi yodzikwirira pansi, chimakankhana nacho, ndikubisa mutu, ziwalo ndi mchira pansi pa chipolopolocho. Njira yodzitetezera iyi imawapangitsa kukhala osafikirika ku zilombo zolusa. Komanso, ngati kuli kotheka, kuti athawe kuthamangitsidwa, amatha kukhala ndi liwiro lokwanira mokwanira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Armadillo Cub
Nthawi yaukwati ndi nyengo, nthawi zambiri nthawi yotentha. Amuna amasamalira akazi kwa nthawi yayitali. Pambuyo pa kukwatira, mimba imachitika, yomwe imatenga masiku 60-70.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Pambuyo popanga mluza mwa akazi, kukula kwake kumachedwa. Kutalika kwakuchedwa kotereku kumachokera miyezi ingapo mpaka chaka chimodzi ndi theka mpaka zaka ziwiri.
Njira yotereyi ndiyofunikira kuti ana awonekere panthawi yanyengo yabwino kwambiri, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wopulumuka wa ana.
Kutengera mtundu wake, wamkazi m'modzi wokhwima amatha kubereka mwana mmodzi mpaka anayi kapena asanu. Kubadwa kwa ana kumachitika osati kamodzi pachaka. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a akazi okhwima satenga nawo gawo pakubereka ndipo samapereka ana. Ana amabadwa aang'ono kwambiri. Aliyense wa iwo pakubadwa amawona ndipo amakhala ndi chipolopolo chofewa, osati keratinized. Amatha kwathunthu pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena isanu ndi iwiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Mitundu ina ya nyama, kuphatikizapo mikanda yoluka yamiyendo isanu ndi inayi, imatha kupanga mapasa amodzi. Mosasamala kuchuluka kwa ana obadwa, onse adzakhala azimayi kapena amuna ndipo amakula kuchokera dzira limodzi.
Maola ochepa atabadwa, amayamba kuyenda. Kwa mwezi umodzi ndi theka, anawo amadya mkaka wa amayi. Pakatha mwezi, amachoka pang'onopang'ono ndikudya chakudya chachikulire. Nthawi yakutha msinkhu mwa amuna ndi akazi imayamba ikafika chaka chimodzi ndi theka mpaka zaka ziwiri.
Nthawi zina, mkazi atakhala kuti alibe mkaka ndipo alibe chodyetsa ana ake mwamantha, amatha kudya wake. Zaka zapakati pazikhalidwe zachilengedwe ndi zaka 7-13, mu ukapolo zimawonjezeka mpaka zaka 20.
Adani achilengedwe a armadillos
Chithunzi: Animal armadillo
Ngakhale chilengedwe chimapereka ma armadillos ndi chitetezo chodalirika, amatha kukhala nyama ya nyama zazikulu komanso zamphamvu. Izi zikuphatikizapo oimira felines ndi mayini. Komanso, nyama zong'ambika ndi ng'ona zimatha kusaka ma armadillos.
Zombo zankhondo siziopa kuyandikira kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri amasakidwa ndi amphaka ndi agalu oweta. Komanso, chifukwa chowonongera nyama ndi munthu. Amamupha kuti atenge nyama ndi ziwalo zina za thupi, momwe amapangira zokumbukira ndi zokongoletsera.
Kuwononga anthu kumayambitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa ziweto. Malo odyetserako ziweto omwe amakumbidwa ndi ma armadillos amayambitsa ziwalo za ziweto. Izi zikakamiza alimi kuti awononge ziwetozo. Nyama zambiri zimawonongeka pansi pa magudumu amgalimoto panjirayo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nkhondo ku South America
Mpaka pano, mitundu inayi mwa isanu ndi umodzi yomwe ilipo yazombo zankhondo zalembedwa mu International Red Book. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zinyama akuti imodzi mwa zamoyozo, ngalawa yankhondo yokhala ndi mikanda itatu, mwina idatha. Izi ndichifukwa chakuchepa kwa kubadwa. Gawo limodzi mwa amayi atatu okhwima ogonana satenga nawo mbali pakubereka. Mitundu ina ya armadillos imatha kubereka mpaka ana khumi. Komabe, ndi ochepa okha mwa iwo omwe amapulumuka.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, aku America adawononga zombo zankhondo chifukwa cha nyama yawo yokoma, yokoma. Masiku ano ku North America, nyama yawo amaonedwa kuti ndi yokoma kwambiri. M'zaka za m'ma 20-30 za m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, amatchedwa ana ankhosa ndipo amapanga nkhokwe zanyama, kuwononga ziwetozo. Chida chodzitchinjiriza ngati chipolopolo chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kudya anthu, popeza sathawa, koma, m'malo mwake, amangodziponya kukhala mpira. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zakusowa kwa mitunduyi kumawonedwa ngati kuwononga chilengedwe, komanso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa.
Kuyang'anira zombo zankhondo
Chithunzi: Zankhondo kuchokera ku Red Book
Pofuna kuteteza mitunduyo ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwake, mitundu inayi mwa mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya nyama yomwe ilipo idalembedwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe ili ndi "mitundu yomwe ili pangozi". M'malo okhala zombo zankhondo, kuwononga kwawo ndikoletsedwa, ndipo kudula mitengo mwachangu kumakhalanso ndi malire.
Nkhondo ndi nyama yodabwitsa, yomwe idatchedwa ulemu wa asitikali aku Spain, omwe adavala zida zachitsulo. Amatha kuyenda pansi pamadzi ndikupumira kwa mphindi zopitilira zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mpaka pano, moyo wazinyama sizinaphunzirebe mozama ndi akatswiri azanyama.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06.03.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/15/2019 pa 18:37
