Marble bug - Hemiptera a m'banja lapamwamba la Pentatomoidea. Holyomorpha halys, kachilombo komwe kali ndi fungo losasangalatsa, kudadzetsa mavuto ambiri ndikuwukira kwake kwakumwera kwa dzikolo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chombo cha Marble
Tizilombo ta m'banja la nsikidzi m'dziko lolankhula Chingerezi talandira dzina lalitali kwambiri lomwe limadziwika bwino: kachilomboka kakang'ono ka ma marble. Monga achibale onse apamtima, iye ndi wa mapiko (Pterygota), amatchulidwanso kuti Paraneoptera, ndiye kuti, okhala ndi mapiko atsopano osasinthika.
Kanema: Chingwe cha Marble
Gulu lomwe nsikidzi zimalembedwera lili ndi dzina lachilatini lotchedwa Hemiptera, lotanthauza Hemiptera, lotchedwanso arthroptera. Nsikidzi zazing'ono (Heteroptera) ndizosiyanasiyana, pafupifupi mitundu 40,000, mdera la Soviet Union pali mitundu yopitilira 2 zikwi. Kuphatikiza apo, banja lapamwamba kwambiri lomwe kachilomboka kamakhala kakuyenera kutchedwa - awa ndi shitniki, nsana wawo umafanana ndi chishango.
Chosangalatsa: M'Chilatini, ma scutellids ndi Pentatomoidea. "Penta" - m'dzina limatanthauza "zisanu", ndi "tomos" - gawo. Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha thupi lomwe lili pentagonal la kachilomboka, komanso kuchuluka kwa zigawo zazitsulo.
Limodzi mwamaina a ma marbled, monga zolengedwa zina zofananira, ndi kachilombo konyansa. Izi ndichifukwa chakutha kutulutsa fungo losasangalatsa, chifukwa chachinsinsi, chobisika ndi timiyendo ta tizilombo. Amatchedwanso kuti bulauni wachikaso, komanso kachilombo koyamwa ku East Asia,
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a marble
Scutellum iyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, mpaka 17 mm kutalika, ili ndi mawonekedwe achishango chazitsulo cha pentagonal. Mtundu wakuda kumbuyo ndi matani otumbuluka pamimba. Ili ndi madontho oyera, amkuwa, amdambo amtundu wa marble, pomwe amatchedwa.
Kuti musiyanitse cholakwika ichi ndi anzanu, muyenera kudziwa mawonekedwe ake:
- ili ndimalo osinthasintha owala komanso amdima pamagulu awiri apamwamba a tinyanga;
- kumbuyo kwa scutellum, mapiko opindidwa amawoneka ngati malo akuda ngati daimondi;
- m'mphepete mwa gawo la m'mimba muli mkombero wa mawanga anayi amdima ndi asanu;
- miyendo yakumbuyo pa tibia imakhala yowala;
- pamwamba pa chishango ndi kumbuyo kwake kuli thickenings ngati mawonekedwe a zikwangwani.
Mapiko azitali zazing'ono ndi ang'ono, opindidwa pamimba pamitundu isanu ndi umodzi. Pa prothorax pali malo ogulitsira timadzi tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi fungo lamphamvu kwambiri, losasangalatsa, lomwe limayambitsa asidi wa cimicic. Pamutu pake pamakhala zovuta komanso zowoneka bwino.
Kodi kachilomboka kamakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chombo cha Marble ku Abkhazia
Ku USA, m'chigawo cha Pennsylvania, kachilomboka kanapezeka mu 1996, koma kovomerezeka m'kaundula mu 2001, pambuyo pake kakhazikika ku New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia ndi Oregon. Mu 2010, nsikidzi ku Maryland zidafika pachiwopsezo ndipo zimafuna ndalama zapadera kuti zithetsedwe.
Tsopano zalembedwa m'maiko 44 aku US ndi kumwera kwa Ontario, Quebec ku Canada. Idafika kumayiko aku Europe mozungulira 2000 ndikufalikira kumayiko pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri. Dziko lakwawo la hemiptera ndi Southeast Asia, lomwe limapezeka ku China, Japan, Korea.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tinalowa ku Russia mu 2013 ku Sochi, mwina ndi malo obiriwira. Shieldworm idafalikira mwachangu m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda, Stavropol, Kuban, Crimea, kumwera kwa Ukraine, idadutsa ku Abkhazia kupita ku Transcaucasus. Maonekedwe ake adalembedwa ku Kazakhstan komanso ku Primorye.
Chombo cha Marble chimakonda nyengo yotentha, yotentha ndipo imafalikira mwachangu kumene nyengo imakhala yofatsa, komwe imatha kupulumuka. M'nyengo yozizira, imabisala m'masamba omwe agwa, m'nkhalango zowuma udzu. M'madera achilengedwe a kachilomboka ka marble, komwe kumakhala kozizira kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira kuposa kwawo, amayesetsa kubisala munyumba, malo osungira, malo osungira, nyumba zogona, kumamatira m'malo onse.
Kodi kachilomboka kamadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chombo cha Marble ku Sochi
Marble bug ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndipo timadya zomera zosiyanasiyana; ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 300 pazosankha zake. Ku Japan, imakhudza mitengo ya mkungudza, cypress, mitengo yazipatso, masamba ndi nyemba monga soya. Kummwera kwa China, amatha kupezeka pamitengo yamaluwa, maluwa, zimayambira, nyemba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyemba ndi mbewu zokongoletsa.
Kuwononga maapulo, yamatcheri, zipatso za citrus, mapichesi, mapeyala, ma persimmon ndi zipatso zina zowutsa mudyo, komanso mabulosi ndi raspberries. Amadya masamba a mapulo, ailant, birch, hornbeam, dogwood, oak,
Masamba ambiri ndi mbewu monga horseradish, Swiss chard, mpiru, tsabola, nkhaka, dzungu, mpunga, nyemba, chimanga, tomato, ndi zina zotero Tizilombo timasiya mabala a necrotic patsamba laling'ono. Kuluma malo pazipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba kumatha kuyambitsa matenda ena, pomwe zipatsozo zimathothoka ndi zipsera, ndikugwa kosapsa.
Chosangalatsa: Ku United States mu 2010, zotayika zoyambitsidwa ndi marble zidaposa $ 20 biliyoni.
Mu hemiptera, zida zamkamwa zimakonzedwa molingana ndi mfundo yolowetsa. Pamaso pamutu pake pali proboscis, yomwe imapanikizidwa pansi pachifuwa modekha. Mlomo wapansi ndi gawo la proboscis. Ndi poyambira. Lili ndi nsagwada za bristle. Kachipindako kakutidwa pamwamba ndi milomo ina, yomwe imateteza yapansi. Milomo sichigwira nawo ntchito yodyetsa.
Chinsikacho chimaboola pamwamba pa chomeracho ndi nsagwada zake zakumtunda, zomwe zili pamwamba pa zonenepa, zapansi, zotsikirazo zimatseka ndikupanga ma tubules awiri. Malovu amayenda pansi pa njira yopyapyala, yotsika, ndipo utomoni wazomera umayamwa panjirayo.
Chosangalatsa: Opanga vinyo aku Europe ali ndi nkhawa yayikulu yakubwera kwa kachilomboka ka marble, chifukwa sikuti imangowononga mphesa komanso minda yamphesa, komanso imakhudzanso kukoma ndi vinyo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chida cha marble ku Georgia
Hemiptera iyi ndi thermophilic, iyo:
- imayamba mwakhama kutentha kosatsika kuposa +15 ° C;
- amamva bwino pa + 20-25 ° C.;
- pa + 33 ° C, 95% ya anthu amafa;
- pamwambapa + 35 ° C - magawo onse a tizilombo amaletsa;
- + 15 ° C - mazira amatha kukula, ndipo mphutsi zomwe zimabadwa zimafa;
- pa + 17 ° C, mpaka 98% ya mphutsi zimafa.
Kutentha kukayamba, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timabisala m'malo obisika. M'madera akumwera kwa Russia, izi sizinthu zachilengedwe zokha: zinyalala zamasamba, makungwa amtengo kapena dzenje, komanso nyumba. Tizilombo timayenda m'ming'alu, chimney, malo otsegulira mpweya wabwino. Amatha kudziunjikira mokulira m'matumba, nyumba zomangira, zipinda zam'mwamba, zipinda zapansi.
Chowopsa chachikulu kwa omwe amakhala mdera lino ndikuti nyamakazi izi zikugunda nyumba zawo. Iwo, atapeza ngodya zobisika, hibernate. M'zipinda zotentha, amakhalabe achangu, athawira kunja ndikuwunika, kuzungulira mababu, kukhala pamawindo. M'madera otentha, amakonda kubisala pamiyala yamitengo, mwachitsanzo, palovii, matenda.
Chosangalatsa: Ku United States, anthu 26,000 a kachilomboka ka marble adabisala m'nyumba imodzi nthawi yachisanu.
Tizilombo timagwira ntchito kwambiri, titha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Zimasinthasintha pazokonda zawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Marble bug Krasnodar Territory
Kutentha kutayamba, kachilomboka kamadzuka, kayamba kudya kuti chikhale champhamvu. Pakatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri, amakhala okonzeka kukwerana. M'madera ozizira, m'badwo umodzi wokha wa ana pa nyengo ndiwotheka, kumadera akumwera kwambiri, awiri kapena atatu. Kudziko lakwawo la bugbugs, mwachitsanzo, mdera lachi China laku China, mibadwo isanu ndi umodzi mchaka.
Mkazi amaikira mazira 20 mpaka 40 kumunsi kwa tsamba la chomeracho, chomwe chimakhala ngati chakudya cha nyongolotsi. Pa moyo wake, munthu m'modzi amatha kutulutsa mazira 400 (pafupifupi 250). Thumba lililonse loyera lachikaso limakhala ndi mawonekedwe a elliptical (1.6 x 1.3 mm), pamwamba pake limatsekedwa mwamphamvu ndi kapu yokhala ndi notches yomwe imagwira mwamphamvu.
Pakatentha pafupifupi 20 ° C, nyongolotsi imatuluka dzira patsiku la 80, pamlingo wokwera kuposa womwe udafotokozedwa ndi madigiri 10, nthawi iyi imachepetsedwa mpaka masiku 30. Pali mibadwo isanu ya nymphal (magawo osakhwima). Amayambira kukula kuyambira m'badwo woyamba - 2.4 mm mpaka wachisanu - 12 mm. Kusintha kuchokera m'badwo wina kupita kumapeto kumatha kusungunuka. Nymphs amafanana ndi achikulire, koma alibe mapiko; zoyambira zawo zimawonekera gawo lachitatu. Amakhala ndi zotsekemera ndi madzi onunkhira, koma ma ducts ake ali kumbuyo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa magawo azitsulo ndi miyendo ndizochepa, ndipo kulibe maso osavuta.
M'badwo uliwonse umasiyana munthawi yake:
- Yoyamba imakhala masiku 10 pa 20 C °, masiku 4 pa 30 C °, mtunduwo ndi wofiira-lalanje. Pakadali pano, ntchentche zikuzungulira mazira.
- Chachiwiri chimatenga masiku 16-17 pa 20 ° C ndi masiku 7 pa 30 ° C. Mtundu, nthiti ndizofanana ndi akulu.
- Lachitatu limatenga masiku 11-12 pa 20 ° C ndipo masiku 6 ndi 30 ° C.
- Wachinayi amatha masiku 13-14 pa 20 ° C ndipo masiku 6 ndi 30 ° C.
- Chachisanu chimatha masiku 20-21 pa 20 C ° ndi masiku 8-9 pa 30 C °.
Adani achilengedwe a nsikidzi
Chithunzi: Chombo cha Marble
Chimbudzichi chonunkha m'chilengedwe sichikhala ndi adani ambiri, sikuti aliyense amakonda kachilombo koyipa kameneka.
Mbalame zimamufuna:
- nyumba wrens;
- ma accentors;
- otema mitengo agolide;
- nyenyezi.
Komanso nkhuku wamba zoweta zimakondwera kuzidya. Owona aku America akuti m'zaka zaposachedwa mbalame zochuluka zasaka nsangalabwi, ndipo zakhala zofunitsitsa kuzitola.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale nkhuku zimadya tizirombo tofiirira, alimi adadandaula kuti nyama ya nkhuku pambuyo pa izi imakoma.
Pakati pa tizilombo, nsikidzi zimakhala ndi adani. Izi zikuphatikizapo nyerere ndi zina zoteteza ku hemiptera - zolusa, mapemphero opumira, akangaude. Palinso nsikidzi zina - podizus, ndi nyama zolusa mwachilengedwe ndipo zimatha kuvulaza omwe amadabwitsidwa. Mawonekedwe ake ndi ofanana kunja, koma ma podizus ali ndi miyendo yopepuka komanso malo akuda kumapeto kwa ng'ombe. Komanso, kachilombo kena ndi perillus, kamasaka kachilomboka ka marble, kumadya mazira ndi mphutsi.
Ku China, mdani wa marbled ndi mavu owuma parasitic Trissolcus japonicus ochokera kubanja la Scelionidae. Ndi ang'onoang'ono kukula kwake, pafupifupi kukula kwa mazira a kachilomboka. Mavu amaikira mazira ake mmenemo. Mphutsi za tiziromboti tamapiko timadya zamkati mwa dzira. Amawononga bwino nsikidzi za ma marble, zimawononga tizirombo ndi 50% m'malo awo. Ku America, kachilomboka komwe kumatchedwa ma Wheel Wheel kamawononga kachilomboka, ndipo mitundu ina ya nsabwe za nkhuni zimadya mazira awo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Tizilombo ta Marble
Kuchuluka kwa tizilomboti kukukulirakulira ndipo nkovuta kuchilamulira. Mwangozi kugwera m'malo omwe alibe adani m'chilengedwe, ma scutellids adayamba kuchulukirachulukira. Tizilombo tomwe timatha kuyendetsa bwino anthu awo amakhala m'malo omwe marbled adawonekera koyambirira. Anazolowera msanga nyengo, ndipo kutentha kwazaka zaposachedwa, kumathandizira kupulumuka komanso kuwonjezeka kwa tizirombo.
Njira yabwino kwambiri yomenyera nkhondo ndi nthawi yachisanu yozizira. Koma asayansi samadalira chilengedwe ndipo amayesa njira zosiyanasiyana zomenyera. Pamodzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amawononga tizilombo tothandiza, njira zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuyesedwa kwa bowa komwe kumafalitsa tizirombo kwawonetsa kuti mitundu ya bover imafalitsa ziphuphu 80%. Bowa la metaricium lidapezeka kuti silothandiza kwenikweni. Kuvuta kwakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ndikuti chinyezi chofunikira chimafunikira kuti athane ndi mankhwala ozunguza bongo, ndipo tizilombo timasankha malo owuma nyengo yachisanu. Misampha yokhala ndi ma pheromones siyothandiza nthawi zonse: choyamba, samakopa mphutsi, ndipo chachiwiri, akulu nawonso samachita nawo nthawi zonse.
Pali madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu pomwe nsikidzi zimatha kuwonekera ndikubala:
- Maiko aku South America: amatha kumva bwino ku Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina;
- M'madera akumpoto kwa Africa: Angola, Congo, Zambia;
- New Zealand, madera akumwera a Australia;
- Europe yonse mkati mwa 30 ° -60 ° latitude;
- Ku Russia, imatha kubereka bwino kumwera kwa dera la Rostov, imafalikira mwachangu kudera la Krasnodar ndi Stavropol;
- Kumene nyengo yachisanu imakhala yozizira, tizilombo timatha kuwoneka nthawi ndi nthawi, tikusamukira kumwera.
Kwa zaka zingapo nsangalabwi ichulukirachulukira kotero kuti zimatengera kukula kwachilengedwe. Njira zomwe zatengedwa ndizoletsa ndipo sizingakhudze kwambiri kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Kuchuluka kwachonde, kusinthasintha poyerekeza chakudya ndi nyengo, kusunthika kwachangu, kusinthasintha kwa kukonzekera kwa mankhwala - izi zimafooketsa zoyesayesa zonse zolimbana ndi kachilomboka.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 01.03.2019
Tsiku losintha: 17.09.2019 nthawi ya 19:50
