Jaguar - zikumveka zonyada komanso zabwino! Chilombo cholimba ichi ndi chokongola modabwitsa komanso chachisomo, chikhalidwe chake chachifumu chimawoneka panjira zonse ndi zizolowezi zawo. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa komwe amakhala, kulibe jaguar wofanana ndi mphamvu ndi nyonga.
M'madera onse a ku America, ndiye woyimira wamkulu kwambiri wabanja lachifumu, ndipo padziko lonse lapansi amatenga malo achitatu aulemu. Malingaliro a nyamayi ndi odabwitsa kwambiri kotero kuti mawonekedwe ake amatsenga pakhungu lake amatha kuwonedwa kwamuyaya, kusilira kusagwedezeka kwake komanso kupirira kwake!
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Jaguar
Jaguar ndi nyama yodya nyama ya amphaka akuluakulu. Ndiye yekhayo woimira mtundu wa panther, womwe wakhazikika, ku North ndi South America. Maonekedwe a nyamayi ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi akambuku, koma choyambayo chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri.
M'madera osiyanasiyana, chilombochi chimapatsidwanso mayina osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Hispanics amalitcha nyalugwe, ngakhale ali achibale akutali kwambiri. Liwu loti "jaguar" mchilankhulo cha amwenye aku Quechua limatanthauza "magazi". Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'maina osiyanasiyana komanso m'mawu amitundu yonse. Amakhulupirira kuti mawuwa amanenanso za adani. Amwenyewa anayerekezera anthu olimba mtima komanso olimba mtima ndi ma cougars ndi jaguar. Pali liwu lofanana lomveka mchilankhulo cha Amwenye aku Guarani, limatanthauzidwa kuti "chirombo chomwe chimapha kulumpha kamodzi."
Kanema: Jaguar
Ngati tizingolankhula za komwe mtundu uwu wa feline udalipo, ndiye kuti pali zina zochokera pa njira za paleontology, zikuwonetsa kuti kholo lomaliza la banjali, ndiye wachibale wapamtima wa kambuku wamtambo, amakhala pakati pa zaka sikisi mpaka khumi miliyoni zapitazo.
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amati mtundu wamtundu womwewo udachitika zaka 3.8 miliyoni zapitazo.
Malingaliro onena za abale apafupi kwambiri a nyamayi pakati pa asayansi osiyanasiyana sagwirizana; Kafukufuku wa DNA ya nyama akuchitikabe mpaka pano. Komabe, mawonekedwe ofunikira akuwonetsa kuti nyalugwe ndiwokhudzana kwambiri ndi nyamayi. Zotsalira za mkango wa Barbary womwe sunathenso ndi jaguar waku Europe, omwe anali amtundu wa amphaka, akuwonetsa kuti nyama izi zinali ndi mkango komanso nyamazi.
Kusanthula kwina kwamolekyulu kopangidwa ndi asayansi kunawulula kuti mitundu yamakono ya nyamazi inawonekera mochedwa kwambiri kuposa momwe kafukufuku wofukulira akuwonetsera, izi zidachitika kuyambira 510 mpaka 280 zaka zikwi zapitazo. Poyambira kwa nyamazi zamakono zomwe zikukhala lero, pakadali zambiri zosamvetsetseka komanso zosamvetsetseka, chifukwa chake kafukufuku wa asayansi sasiya lero.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Jaguar ya nyama
Maonekedwe a nyamayi ndi osasunthika. Zifanizo zake, chisomo chake ndi malaya ake abwino aubweya atha kusilira. Ili ndiye mphaka wokha wa mtundu wa panther womwe umakhala ku America, kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake ndiopatsa chidwi. Pakufota, nyamayi imatha kutalika kwa masentimita 80. Thupi lake lolimba limatha kutalika kwa masentimita 120 mpaka 180, kupatula mchira, womwe nthawi zina umakhala ndi masentimita 90. Unyinji wa nyamazi umasiyana makilogalamu 68 mpaka 136.
Akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna. Pali nkhani yochititsa chidwi yoti cholemera kwambiri chidalembedwa muufalayi - nyamayi yolemera pafupifupi 158 kg! Zadziwika kuti nyama zolusa zomwe zimakhala m'malo otseguka ndizokulirapo poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimakhala m'malo okhala ndi mitengo. Mwachidziwikire, izi zimakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya, chomwe chimapezeka kwambiri m'malo opondereza, chifukwa gulu lonselo la anthu osungulumwa limadyera kumeneko.
Mutu wa jaguar ndi wawukulu komanso wolimba ndi nsagwada zamphamvu, zoyipa. Thupi la jaguar ndilolonda komanso lowonda. Makutu - apakatikati, ozungulira. Maso ndi achikazi, olusa, mawonekedwe ndiwokonda kwambiri komanso amwano pang'ono. Miyendo ya nyama ndiyolimba komanso yolimba, minofu yake imapangidwa bwino, kugwira kwawo ndi mphamvu zawo zimawonekera nthawi yomweyo. Othamanga a Jaguar nawonso ndi abwino kwambiri, nyama zolusa izi zimatha kufika liwiro la 100 km pa ola limodzi, ndipo zimathamangira mphezi mwachangu komanso mwachangu kotero kuti wolakwiridwayo alibe nthawi yoti adzuke.
Chikopa chokongola cha jaguar ndichosangalatsa mtundu wake wodabwitsa. Ubweya wa chilombocho ndi waufupi, koma wandiweyani kwambiri komanso wosangalatsa kukhudza.
Mthunzi wakumbuyo wa thupi ungakhale:
- beige;
- mchenga;
- chofiyira;
- bulauni.
Thupi lonse kulikonse yokutidwa ndi mawanga mdima, limene anthu osiyana zing'onozing'ono ndi zikuluzikulu, ndifilimu olimba kapena Rosette. Muzitsanzo zina, chitsanzocho chimaperekedwa ngati mphete. Nkhope yonse ya nyamayi yadzaza ndi timadontho tating'onoting'ono tomwe timawonekera bwino motsutsana ndi kupepuka konseko. Makutu a nyamayo ndi akuda ndi malo owala pakati. Pansi pa thupi la nyamayi pali imvi, pafupifupi yoyera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ma jaguar nawonso ndi akuda, siosowa kwenikweni, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa jini la panther m'zakudya. Zitsanzo zoterezi zimatchedwa melanists. Ali ndi mawanga pazovala zawo zaubweya, koma samawoneka konse motsutsana ndi mbiri yamalasha. Nthawi zambiri, ana amenewa amabadwa kwa anthu okhala m'nkhalango. Ku zoo za Odessa, panali zochitika zodabwitsa pamene banja la jaguar mwa ana linali ndi ana awiri amtundu wamba, ndi awiri akuda kwathunthu. Izi ndizomwe zimachitika machilengedwe!
Kodi nyamazi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Jaguar Panther
Jaguar amakhala ku Central ndi South America. Kumpoto, malire a malo ake amapitilira madera a Mexico ndi madera ena a United States, nyama zimakhazikika kumpoto kwa Paraguay ndi Argentina, ndipo zimapezeka pagombe la Venezuela. Zitsanzo zazikulu kwambiri zakhala zikupezeka ku Brazil, ndipo anthu ambiri amapezeka ku Amazon Valley. Malo okhala chilombo choyenerachi asowa kwambiri, m'maiko ena (Uruguay, El Salvador) asowa kwathunthu. Dera lomwe tsopano limakhalapo ndi nyama ndi pafupifupi ma kilomita miliyoni miliyoni zisanu ndi zinayi, yomwe ili pafupifupi theka la kukula kwa mbiri yawo.
Ma Jaguar odzala ndi tchire, malo owirira, osadutsa pafupi ndi madambo ndi matupi ena amadzi amakongoletsa; amakonda nkhalango zam'malo otentha, momwe nyengo imakhala yotentha kwambiri ndipo pali pobisalira. Amakhala pafupi ndi madzi, chifukwa amadziwika kuti ndi osambira abwino, ndipo amakonda malo amitengo, chifukwa amakweranso mitengo mokongola ndipo amakonda kukhala payekha. Nyamazi zimapewa malo ouma kwambiri; sizipezekanso m'mapiri. Kamodzi nyamayi idawoneka kumtunda pafupifupi makilomita 4 ku Costa Rica, koma mlanduwu ndiwosiyana ndi lamuloli, nyama zolusa siziika pachiwopsezo chokwera makilomita awiri ndi theka.
Kuti mukhale ndi moyo wosangalala, wopanda nkhawa komanso wolemekezeka, jaguar iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zitatu:
- gawo lamadzi m'malo mokhalamo kwamuyaya;
- nkhalango yowirira kubisa bwino;
- nkhokwe zazikulu (ungulates).
Zinthu zitatu izi zomwe zapangidwa pamodzi ndizabwino kwambiri pantchito yopambana ya amphaka akuluakulu ndi amphamvu awa.
Kodi nyamayi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Jaguar cat
Menyu ya nyamayi ndi yolemera kwambiri komanso yosiyanasiyana, ngakhale kuyerekezera ndi abale ake, akambuku ndi mikango, chilombo chowonacho sichisankha nyama zokhotakhota pakudya, zonsezi ndichifukwa cha malo ake. Kutengera izi, ma jaguar amayenera kukulitsa zosankha zawo zam'mimba mopweteketsa nyama zina. Akatswiri a zinyama awona kuti nyamayo ili ndi mitundu 87 ya nyama zomwe zimadya, zomwe sizidya kudya.
Kutengera ndi malo omwe amakhalako kwamuyaya, nyamazi zimakonda kudya ma capybaras, caimans, tapir. Palinso nyama yotereyi yomwe imawoneka ngati nguluwe, monga ophika buledi. Mphaka wowoneka bwino sangakane kuchokera ku nyama yam'mimba, nswala, nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi. Ma Jaguar amasakanso njoka zamtundu uliwonse (ngakhale ankhondas), anyani, iguana, possums, nkhandwe, makoswe osiyanasiyana, mphuno, otter. Mndandandawo ukhoza kupitilizidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa nyamayi ilibe omwe akupikisana nawo pachakudya, chifukwa iye ndi amene amalumikiza kwambiri chakudya, palibe amene angayerekeze kutsutsana ndi chilombo champhamvu chimenechi chifukwa cha nyamayo.
Ngakhale armadillos ndi akamba zilipo pamndandanda wa nyama. Samachita manyazi ndi zipolopolo zawo zamphamvu, chifukwa nsagwada zake zimakhala zolimba komanso zamphamvu kwambiri, zimang'amba zida zawo ngati mtedza. Ma Jaguar amakondanso kukhala ndi chotupitsa ndi mazira akamba, kuwononga zisa zawo popanda chikumbumtima. Nthawi zina olusa amatha kuwononga ziweto, koma amachita izi pafupipafupi.
Luso la kusaka nyamazi limangosilira. Kubisalira kopanda tanthauzo komanso kubisalira ndiomwe amamuthandiza kwambiri. Nyamayo imatha kubisala, m'mitengo ndi m'nkhalango zowirira. Nyamazi nthawi zambiri zimalondera anthuwo pafupi ndi njira zopita nazo kuthengo. Kuukira kwa msaki wa mphanga nthawi zonse kumakhala ngati mphezi komanso mwadzidzidzi, nthawi zambiri amadziponyera kumbuyo kapena kuchokera kumbali, ndikuluma m'khosi mwa wovulalayo. Kawirikawiri, kuwonjezera pa kuyendetsa kokakamiza, nyamayi imagwiritsa ntchito njira yoluma kudzera mu chigaza kapena mafupa a khomo lachiberekero, motero nyama yolusa imapha nyama. Chilombocho chimayesera kugwetsa zikuluzikulu pansi mpaka kudumpha kamodzi. Nthawi zambiri kugwa kotereku, wovulalayo amathyola khosi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ngati wovutikayo adapeza obisalira ndikuthamangira, ndiye kuti sadzakumana naye, ngakhale liwiro limatha kukhala labwino, chilombocho chimadikirira nyama yatsopano, yomwe imabwera kudzamwa.
Jaguar amasankha kuyamba kudya ndi mutu. Ngati nyama yayikulu igwidwa, amatha kuyidya m'magawo awiri ndikumapuma kwa maola 10 pakati pa chakudya. Amphaka amphaka okongola amakonda chakudya chatsopano, chifukwa chake samachita chidwi ndi zowola. Ngakhale nyamayi isanamalize nyama yake, iye sabwerera kwa iye, koma adzafunafuna nyama yatsopano.
Posakasaka, chilombocho chimapanga phokoso lodandaula, lolongolola, losokoneza. Amwenye amakhulupirira kuti nyamayi imatha kutsanzira mitundu yonse ya mawu a nyama ndi mbalame, kuwakopa pafupi ndi omwe amabisala. Ndipo anthu akuBrazil amakhulupirira kuti chirombocho chimatha kugwiritsira ntchito owazunza powagodomalitsa, kuwadziwa bwino. Osati pachabe kuti nyama yamphongo iyi imapatsidwa ulemu wapadera mu chikhalidwe cha anthu osiyanasiyana okhala ku South ndi Central America.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Jaguar ya nyama
Mwachilengedwe chawo, nyamazi zimakhala zosungulumwa zomwe zimayang'anira gawo lawo mosamala kulikonse. Malo ogwidwa ndi nyama amakhala ochulukirapo, amatha kukhala ndi malo a 25 mpaka 100 mita lalikulu. Km. Amuna, ndi wokulirapo ndipo amatha kulumikizana ndi katundu wa akazi angapo nthawi imodzi. Kwawonedwa kuti amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo amakona atatu, ndipo nyamazi zimasintha malo awo osakira masiku awiri kapena atatu alionse. Kwinakwake masiku khumi aliwonse, wamwamuna amayendera malire a gawo lake, ndikupatuka kuti pasakhale aliyense wama feline (puma, ocelot) amene asokoneze malo ake.
Jaguar imawonetsa mphamvu ndi zochitika nthawi yakumadzulo ndipo kutatsala pang'ono kucha, kutsogolera kusaka kosatopa panthawiyi. Jaguar imamva bwino pamtunda komanso m'madzi. Ngati pakusaka kumtunda sakonda kuti apeze nyama yomwe yatayika, ndiye kuti ali wokonzeka kuchita izi m'madzi mosangalala, chifukwa amasambira bwino kwambiri. Iye ndi chule wokongola kwambiri, omubisalira kwambiri, ali mu korona wamitengo.
Masana, nyama zolusa zimapuma zikafuna kusaka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'malo ozizira bwino, pomwe nkhalango zowirira komanso zosadutsika zimatha kugona pang'ono m'mapanga, ndikukhazikika pansi pamiyala yayikulu. Nthawi zambiri, malo onse omwe amakonda kwambiri amakhala pafupi ndi madzi. Pofika nyengo yamvula, nyamazi zimayenera kukwera pamwamba - panthambi za mitengo.
Mu nkhokwe ya nyamazi muli mitundu yonse ya mawu mothandizidwa ndi omwe amalumikizana ndi anthu amtundu mnzake. Nyama zimatha kusiyanitsa ndimamvekedwe amawu omwe amawapanga (amuna kapena akazi) ndipo chifukwa chiyani. Posaka, phokoso limamveka ndikung'ung'udza komanso guttural; munyengo yokhwima, amuna amabangula ngati belugas. Akazi amatulutsanso mawu ena modabwitsa nthawi ya estrus, nthawi zambiri amazichita mochedwa kwambiri usiku kapena m'mawa.
Ngati timalankhula za kuyanjana kwa nyamayi ndi munthu, woyamba sangadzalimbane ndi anthu ngati munthuyo sanapereke chifukwa chake. Nthawi zambiri mikangano imachitika nyamazi zikadziteteza, kumenyera nkhondo moyo wake. Nyama yamunthu siyikuphatikizidwa pazosankha za nyama, chifukwa chake nyamayi imakonda kusasokoneza ndi ma bip.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Jaguar Cub
Nyengo inayake yakumasirana siinawoneke mu nyamazi. Nthawi ya estrus, mkaziyo amawonetsa kukonzeka kugonana mothandizidwa ndi mamvekedwe ndi mamaki. Amayamba kukhwima ali ndi zaka zitatu. Amphaka nawonso amayankha kuitana kwa mayiyo ndikudzikuza kwapadera. Ndizosangalatsa kuti palibe kulimbana pakati pa amphaka kwa dona wamtima, tk. chisankho ndi chake chonse. Nthawi yokwatirana, yaikazi imasunthira kumalo a mkwati wake, kenako amagawanika ndikupitilira moyo wawo wamphaka.
Mimba imakhala pafupifupi masiku zana. Nthawi yobereka ikayandikira, mayi woyembekezera amachita nawo kukonza dzenje, lomwe limatha kukhala munkhalango yowirira, mdzenje lalikulu, kuphanga. Kawirikawiri, pali ana awiri kapena anayi m'matumba. Chitsanzo cha anawo sichinatchulidwebe ngati achikulire. Pa chovala chaubweya cha ana, mawanga akuda opatukana amakhala ochuluka. Pakabadwa, mphonda zimakhala zakhungu ndi zosathandiza. Pokhapokha pakadutsa milungu iwiri pomwe amayamba kuwona.
Mayi wachikondi salola ana ang'onoang'ono kutuluka mnyumba kwa mwezi umodzi ndi theka atabadwa. Mayi amawapatsa anawo mkaka mpaka atakwanitsa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kenako amayamba kuwaphunzitsa kusaka. Achinyamata amakhala pagawo la amayi awo mpaka pafupifupi zaka ziwiri, kenako amakhala odziyimira pawokha, ndikuwapatsa malo awoawo. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuzindikira kuti anyamata ambiri achichepere samakwanitsa kutha msinkhu chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu. Zowonongekazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala kuthengo mpaka zaka 10 - 12, zili mu ukapolo zimatha kukhala kotala zaka zana.
Adani achilengedwe a nyamazi
Chithunzi: Jaguar cat
Musaiwale kuti nyamayi ndiye yolumikizana kwambiri ndi chakudya, motero ilibe mdani pakati pa nyama zolusa m'deralo. Nthawi zina, nyamayi ikasaka nyama yayikulu (makamaka ma caimans), nyama yomwe imadya imatha kumuvulaza kwambiri. Pakhala pali milandu pomwe nyamayi idamwalira pomenya nkhondo ndi anaconda. Ma Jaguar amakhalanso ndi zolimbana ndi ma cougars kuti atenge gawo lawo, ngakhale nyama yowonayo ili yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa cougar, nthawi zina amatha kumuvulaza kwambiri.
Ngakhale zitakhala zovuta bwanji kuzindikira izi, adani owopsa a nyamayi ndi anthu omwe amakhala okonzekera nkhanza chifukwa chokhala ndi khungu lokongola la nyama.
Kuphatikiza pa zikopa, anthu amasangalatsidwa ndi zibambo ndi ziweto za nyama zodabwitsazi. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ambiri akumaloko omwe amaweta ziweto amapha nyamazi chifukwa choopa gulu lawo lankhokwe. Anthu ochulukirachulukira akuyenda kuchokera mbali zonse, kutengera madera omwe zolusa zakhazikika kuyambira kalekale, motero omaliza amayenera kubwerera kwawo, osangokhala malo awo okhala, komanso kuchuluka kwawo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Jaguar
M'nthawi yathu ino, munthu akhoza kuwona ziwerengero zomvetsa chisoni zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa nyamazi kumachepa mosalekeza. M'malo ambiri momwe adakumana kale, zilombo zasowa kwathunthu. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti ngakhale mbuye wa nkhalangoyo sangakhale ndi mphamvu zowononga zomwe nyama zambiri zimavutika nazo.
Jaguar mlonda
Chithunzi: Jaguar Red Book
Kubwerera mu 1973, asayansi anazindikira kuti nyamazi zili pangozi, ndiye kuti chilombochi chinaphatikizidwa mu International Red Book. Anthu anayamba kufalitsa nkhani, zomwe cholinga chake chinali kukana anthu kuvala ubweya. Kenako, kwakanthawi, kufunika kwa zikopa za nyamazi kunatsika. Ngakhale kusaka sikunayambebe kugwira ntchito ngati kale, kumapitilizabe, ngakhale kuli kosaloledwa. M'mayiko monga Bolivia, Mexico ndi Brazil, kusaka zochepa kumaloledwa.
Kuphatikiza pa kuwombera kosaloledwa, nyamazi zikukumana ndi ngozi ina - kudula mitengo mwachisawawa m'nkhalango zotentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama zambiri zizidya nyama zolusa. Amayi amakhala ndi ana ochepa komanso ocheperako, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kuti amayi awo aziwadyetsa chaka chilichonse.
Kwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, anthu ku kontinenti yaku South America akhazikitsa malo osungirako zachilengedwe otetezera nyamazi. Msonkhano wapadziko lonse waletsa kugulitsa nyamazi. Ngakhale izi zidachitidwa, kuchuluka kwa nyamazi kukupitilira kuchepa, zomwe ndizowopsa komanso zomvetsa chisoni.
Ambiri azikhalidwe zaku America amapanga nyamazi molimba mtima, kulimba mtima kwakukulu, mphamvu ndi ulemu. Ziboliboli zamiyala za nyama yokongolayi zimakongoletsa maguwa awo. Mafumu achi India adavala chikopa cha nyamayi ngati chizindikiro cha mphamvu. Mwa chombochi chodabwitsa, mfundo ziwiri zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosagwirizana zidalumikizana, monga mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukongola kosayerekezeka. Mwina, nyamazi ndipo chowonadi chili ndi mphatso ya kutsirikitsa, chifukwa kumuyang'ana, ndizosatheka kuti ungodzichotsa!
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.03.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/15/2019 pa 19:12
