Gulugufe kabichi - tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a lepidoptera ochokera kubanja la whitefly. Dzina lake lachiwiri, loyera kabichi, limalumikizidwa ndi dzina la banja komanso mtundu. Mtundu uwu - Pieris brassicae adafotokozedwa ndi Linnaeus mu 1758, ndi wa mace.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wa kabichi
Dzinali, lachi Latin ndi Chirasha, likusonyeza kuti chomera chachikulu cha mphutsi ndi kabichi. Mapiko a Lepidoptera awa ndi oyera, omwe amawonekeranso dzinalo. Kabichi ali ndi achibale ena awiri - mpiru ndi mpiru, amawoneka ofanana, koma kabichi ndi wokulirapo. Kukula kwake kungafanane ndi mtundu wina wa njereza, mtundu wa hawthorn, koma ulibe zilembo zakuda.
Amapezeka pafupifupi ku Eurasia konse, amasamukira kumadera ena. Kumadera akutali akumpoto, amakula kwambiri pakati pa chilimwe, chifukwa cha kusamuka kumadera akumwera. Maulendo ataliatali komanso maulendo ataliatali amtunduwu ndiopanda chidwi, popeza paliponse chakudya chokwanira kulikonse, koma amatha kuyenda mpaka makilomita 800.
Zosangalatsa: Mu Ogasiti 1911, Pulofesa Oliver adapita pachilumba chaching'ono cha maekala awiri ku Norfolk. Danga lonselo linali lokutidwa ndi mitengo ya kabichi yokhuthala. Anagwidwa ndi masamba omata a chomera chotchedwa sundew chomera. Chomera chilichonse chaching'ono chimagwira agulugufe 4 mpaka 7. Pulofesa atawawona, pafupifupi onse adali amoyo. Adawerengera kuti pafupifupi anthu 6 miliyoni adagwidwa mumisampha.
Mwamuna akayamba kukopana ndi mkazi yemwe anali kale ndi umuna kale, nthawi yomweyo amalowerera muudzu kuti abisalirane ndi wokondedwayo. Imatseka mapiko ake ndikukhalabe osasunthika, kudalira kubisala pansi. Nthawi zambiri, wopemphapempha amakhoza kumupeza, chifukwa cha ma pheromones omwe amatulutsidwa, akuyesera mwamphamvu kuti adzikakamize.
Amayankha koyamba pogwedezeka pang'onopang'ono uku ndi uku. Pambuyo pake ndikutsegulidwa pang'ono kwa mapiko, komwe kumalepheretsa kulumikizana. Amakweza mimba yake pamtunda (mwina nthawi yomweyo akutulutsa mankhwala) kuti aonetse kuti wamusiya mwamuna wake, ndipo yamphongoyo imathawa.
Zosangalatsa: Amuna amapereka fungo lofanana ndi la pelargonium.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a kabichi
Kabichi ili ndi mapiko oyera ndi ngodya zakuda kutsogolo. Akazi ali ndi mawanga akuda pamapiko akutsogolo, ali owala; palinso mzera wakuda wooneka ngati misozi m'mphepete mwakumapeto kwa mapiko akutsogolo. M'mphepete mwake mwa phiko loyamba, masikelo ena ndi akuda, izi zimawoneka ngati chingwe chutsi. Chifukwa chake nsonga zakuda, pafupi ndi ngodya yamapiko, zimapepuka. Pali chikwangwani chakuda pakati pakumtunda kwenikweni kwa phiko lakumunsi, komwe sikuwonekere pamene kachilomboka kakakhala, chifukwa kophimbidwa ndi akutsogolo.
Mbali yakumapiko yamapiko achikazi ndi yobiriwira bwino ndi mungu wakuda ndipo ili ndi timadontho kutsogolo. Mwa amuna, kumunsi kumakhala kosavuta. Mapiko akapindidwa amakhala ngati kubisa kwabwino. Pamalo amenewa, mapiko akumbuyo amakhala pafupifupi okutira kutsogolo. Kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 5-6.5. Antenna ndi akuda ndi oyera pamwamba. Mutu, thorax ndi pamimba zakuda ndi tsitsi loyera komanso zoyera mkatikati.
Kanema: Gulugufe wa kabichi
Mbozi zimakhala zobiriwira buluu zokhala ndi mikwingwirima itatu yachikaso mthupi ndi madontho akuda. Pupa (2.5 cm) wachikasu wobiriwira ndimadontho otuwa. Amachimanga ndi ulusi wa silika womangirizidwa patsamba.
Azungu ndi mitundu yosakonda kupembedza, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi mitundu yochenjeza yomwe imaletsa zolusa. Mitundu ya aposematic imapezeka pamizere ya larval, pupa ndi imago. Amakhalanso ndi ma glycosides amafuta ampiru ochokera kuzomera. Mafuta a mpiru amakhala ndi mankhwala a sulfure omwe amatulutsa fungo lonunkhira kwa mphutsi ndi ndowe zawo. Fungo losasangalatsa limawopsyeza mbalame ndi tizilombo tambiri tomwe timatha kuzisaka.
Tizilomboto timakhala ndi ziwalo zokulirapo bwino ndipo timamva bwino kwambiri. Kukhathamira kokhala ngati chibonga pa tinyanga tambiri ndi miyendo yakutsogolo kumateteza. Asanayikire mazira, chachikazi chimakhala patsamba la chomeracho, chimachiyesa mosamala, chikuyesa kuyenerera, ndipo chokha chikayamba kuikira.
Kodi gulugufe wa kabichi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Butterfly belyanka kabichi
Mitundu iyi ya Lepidoptera imagawidwa ku Europe konse, kuphatikiza zilumba za Nyanja ya Mediterranean komanso madera akumwera kwa Scandinavia. Kabichi whitefish imapezekanso ku Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya ndi Asia konse komwe kuli nyengo yotentha mpaka kumapiri a Himalaya. Sizimachitika mwachilengedwe kunja kwa zigawozi, koma adadziwitsidwa mwangozi ku Chile.
Maonekedwe kabichi adalembedwa kale kumadera ena ku South Africa. Kuda nkhawa kwakukulu kunayambitsanso chifukwa chakuti mankhwalawa anapezeka mu 1995 ku Australia, komanso mu 2010 ku New Zealand. Kawirikawiri tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa United States. Momwe gulugufeyo anafikirako sikudziwika bwinobwino; mwina adafika mosaloledwa ndi katundu.
Gulugufe amatha kusamukira kwina, sizovuta kuti abweretse anthu pazilumba, monga zimachitikira ku England, komwe kabichi imawuluka kuchokera kumtunda. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo olima, m'mapaki, m'minda yamasamba ndi m'minda, amakonda malo otseguka. Amatha kukhala pamakoma, mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo, koma nthawi zonse pomwe pali magetsi pafupi ndi m'badwo wamtsogolo. M'mapiri amakwera mpaka kutalika kwa 2 zikwi mita.
Pamasiku otentha, akuluakulu amawuluka maluwa ndi maluwa, amadya timadzi tokoma, ndipo nyengo yamitambo kumakhala paudzu kapena tchire laling'ono, mapiko awo amatseguka theka. Chifukwa chake amafunda, gawo lina la kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, komwe kumawonekera m'mapiko, limagwera thupi.
Kodi gulugufe wa kabichi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wa kabichi
Zilombo zamapiko zimadya timadzi tokoma. Kuti achite izi, ali ndi chiboda cholumikizidwa mozungulira. Amatha kuwonedwa pa: dandelion, sivets meadow, nyemba ndi maluwa ena. Magwero a timadzi tokoma nawonso amakhazikika komanso amatuluka, pomwe ana a chilimwe amakonda:
- nthula;
- maluwa;
- marjoram;
- budley;
- scabiosum;
- hemp.
Agulugufe amaikira mazira awo pamitanda ya cruciferous, makamaka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kabichi. Zomera zomwe zili ndi mafuta a mpiru ndi zofunika pakudya. Zinthu izi zimapangitsa kabichi kuyera ndi fungo linalake lomwe limawopseza adani.
Chosangalatsa: Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mtundu wa chomeracho chomwe chayikidwacho chimatsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe kachilombo kalekawona. Akasankhidwa, amatsogoleredwa ndi mithunzi yobiriwira.
Mbozi zimadyera limodzi, zimayamwa masamba mwachangu, ndikusiya mitsempha yokha, kenako ndikupita kuzomera zoyandikana nazo. Ndi amodzi mwazirombo zazikulu ndipo zimawononga kwambiri banja la kabichi lomwe limalimidwa m'minda ndi minda yabwinobwino.
Izi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zotumphukira za kabichi, makamaka ziphuphu za Brussels, kolifulawa, kohlrabi, komanso mpiru, kugwiriridwa, mitundu yonse ya 79 yazomera zophatikizika, kuphatikiza nsikidzi, zerushnik, radish. Mbozi imakonda masamba osakhwima a nasturtium ndi mignonette.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo ta kabichi
Azungu a kabichi ndi amodzi mwa oyamba kuwonekera akangotentha. Ngakhale masiku amvula, kukadali tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono, amatha kuwonekera akuyenda m'malo obiriwira. Ali ndi ndege zowoneka mwamphamvu, zosadutsa, komanso zopinga monga tchire, mitengo, nyumba, zimauluka mosavuta kuchokera pamwamba kapena kuyendetsa pakati pawo.
Azungu akamafika kumene kuli maluwa, amakhala kumeneko masiku angapo. Nyengo yotentha, amapita pandege zazifupi koma zanthawi zonse, amangoima kwakanthawi masekondi angapo kuti amwe timadzi tokoma pamaluwa otsika.
Mibadwo iwiri ya agulugufe amakula munyengo. M'madera akumwera, m'badwo woyamba uli mu Epulo-Meyi, kumpoto - patatha mwezi umodzi. Nthawi yachiwiri, anthu ambiri amawoneka, imagwera theka lachiwiri la chilimwe. Mbadwo wina ukhoza kumera kumwera.
Ngakhale kuti mphutsi za mbozi zimakhala pachomera chomwe amadyacho, ziphuphu za tizilombo timeneti zimatha kupezeka pamtengo, mipanda, makoma, patali pang'ono ndi chomeracho. Nthawi zina kamwana kamene kamapezeka pa thunthu kapena tsamba la chomeracho. Nthawi zambiri, chibayo chimamangiriridwa ndi ulusi pamalo owongoka.
Chosangalatsa: Ziphuphu zomwe zimapanga thunthu kapena tsamba la chomeracho ndi zobiriwira zolimba, pomwe zomwe zimapangidwa pamakina opangira zimakhala zachikasu, zoterera ndi madontho akuda ndi achikasu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kabichi White
Azungu amakhala amitala, koma akazi ambiri amakhala ndi mnzake. Patatha masiku 2-3 atagundana, agulugufe amaikira mazira akulu-akulu ngati nthitizo ngati utoto wachikaso (pafupifupi ma PC 100). Patsiku loyamba, amakhala achikasu owoneka bwino komanso owonekera kumbuyo kwa tsamba lobiriwira. Masiku khumi mphutsi zisanatuluke, mazirawo amada ndipo chipolopolocho chimakhala chowonekera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngati agulugufe akuwona kuti akazi ena adayikira mazira pa chomera, ndiye kuti samaikanso okha pamenepo.
Nthawi zambiri, kuyala kumachitika kumbuyo kwa tsamba, motero sichiwoneka kwa nyama zolusa, osadukiza kapena kutentha kwa dzuwa.
Pakati pa chitukuko, mphutsi zimadutsa magawo asanu modutsa magawo anayi a molting:
- Yoyamba imadziwika ndi kuti mphutsi zimachokera dzira la mtundu wachikasu wonyezimira wokhala ndi thupi lofewa, lowuma komanso mutu wakuda.
- M'badwo wachiwiri, ma tubercles amawonekera pathupi, pomwe tsitsi limakula.
- Pamsinkhu wachitatu, amakhala okangalika, achikasu-obiriwira mtundu ndi madontho akuda, ndipo amawononga kale.
- Chachinayi chachinayi chimafanana ndi chachitatu, koma mbozi ndizokulirapo, zotakataka, thupi limakhala lobiriwira.
- Ali ndi zaka zisanu, amakhala akulu (40-50 mm), ndi thupi lokhalitsa, ndi mtundu wowala. Munthawi imeneyi, chakudya ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Ngati mphutsi sizilandila chakudya chokwanira mokwanira, zimatha kufa zisanakhale agulugufe. Pakalulu, ana a chilimwe samatha nthawi yayitali, ndipo pakadutsa milungu 2-3 chimakhala ndi mapiko oyera oyera. Ngati kubala kumachitika kumapeto kwa chirimwe kapena nthawi yophukira, ndiye kuti nthawi yozizira imafika mpaka masika.
Chosangalatsa: Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ma kabichi achikazi amatha kudyetsa timadzi tokoma ndi buddela. Ngati timadzi tokoma timakhala pachakudya chawo, ndiye kuti mphutsi zawo sizikhala ndi moyo, popeza mbewu izi sizikhala ndi michere yomwe imathandizira kukula.
Natural adani a kabulu gulugufe
Chithunzi: Kabichi Woyera
Pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya mphutsi zimaphedwa ndi mavu a Apanteles, Apanteles glomeratus, omwe amalowetsa mazira ake mwa iwo. Izi zimachitika pamene malasankhuli akadali aang’ono. Mphutsi za chilombo zimaswa pakati pa thupi la wolandirayo, ndipo zimazidya pang'onopang'ono, koma kabichi imapitilizabe kukhala ndi moyo ndikudya chakudya. Mphutsi zonyamula zikakula, zimadya ziwalo zofunika kwambiri za omwe akukhalamo ndikuzipha ndikuphulika pakhungu.
Nthawi zina mumatha kuwona zotsalira zouluka wa mbozi pa tsamba la kabichi, lozunguliridwa ndi nkhokwe 80 zachikasu. M'chaka chotsatira, okwera ndege amatuluka m'matumba awo ndikuuluka kukafunafuna mbozi zatsopano za kabichi yoyera. Atapeza nyama yomwe ingakodwere, wokwera wamkazi amayimva ndi tinyanga tawo kuti aganizire kukula kwake.
Kukula kwa mphutsi kuyenera kukhala kotere kuti ana omwe adzakhale mkati azikhala ndi chakudya chokwanira. Atakalamba kwambiri munthu akhoza kukhala chibonga asanayambe mphutsi za tizilombo tomwe timatulukira kumeneko. Okwerawo amalasa nyama ndi ovipositor ndikutulutsa dzira limodzi pamenepo. Mzimayi amatha kupanga jakisoni angapo mu mbozi imodzi.
Ziphuphu zambiri, zikangopanga kumene ndipo zikuto zawo zidali zofewa, zimakhudzidwa ndi mavu a parasitoid Pteromalus puparum. Amayikira mazira ake pamenepo. Mpaka 200 zodya zinyama zitha kukhala ndi pupa limodzi. Pakangotha milungu itatu, mphutsi zimakhala mu pupa la kabichi. Ngati izi zitachitika mchilimwe, ndiye kuti amatuluka ngati tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, m'dzinja, amakhalabe otentha mkati.
White kabichi ilibe gulu linalake lazilombo. Amasakidwa ndi mbalame zosiyanasiyana. Amadyedwa ndi zinyama zina, kawirikawiri ndi zokwawa, chomera chimodzi chodya.
Ndiwo chakudya cha ena:
- hymenoptera;
- hemiptera;
- kachilombo;
- Diptera;
- kachikachiyama.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wa kabichi
Lepidoptera iyi ili ndi gawo lalikulu logawidwa ndipo ndi tizirombo tambiri tankhwawa tambiri. Ngati simulimbana nawo, ndiye kuti kabichi imatha kutulutsa 100% yamitundumitundu ya kabichi, itha kudya radishes, turnips, rutabagas, rapeseed. Zowona kuti achikulire amakonda kusamukira kumayiko ena zimawopseza madera omwe kale anali ochepa kapena sanakumaneko nawo kale.
Kuwonongeka kwa njereza kumatha kubweretsa kutsika kwakukulu pamtengo wokolola. Kunja, mitu ya kabichi idzawoneka bwino, koma mkati mwake nthawi zambiri imawonongeka ndi mphutsi. Nthawi zambiri mbozi zimabisala mkati mwa kolifulawa, zomwe zimachepetsa mtengo wake. Kukhazikika kwakanthawi kwa mphutsi kumabweretsa mfundo yoti clutch imodzi imadya chomeracho mpaka mafupa, ndikupita kwina.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timadziwika ndi njira zowononga. M'madera ang'onoang'ono, mbozi ndi mazira amakololedwa ndi manja. Ngakhale kuti chiwerengerochi chimayang'aniridwa ndikuwongoleredwa ndi anthu, tizilomboto timawerengedwa ngati tizilombo m'maiko ambiri aku Europe, ku China, Turkey, India, Nepal ndi Russia, komwe kumawonongeka pachaka pamasamba osiyanasiyana.
Mu 2010, gulugufe adapezeka koyamba ku New Zealand. Kwa zaka zitatu, chachulukitsa ndipo awonedwa ngati kachirombo koopsa komanso kosafunikira.
Zosangalatsa: Kulimbikitsa ana kulowa nawo ntchito yothetsa kabichi, Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Zachilengedwe ku New Zealand yapatsa ana asukulu mphotho ya NZ $ 10 pagulugufe aliyense amene wagwidwa tchuthi kusukulu. Makope 134 adaperekedwa m'masabata awiri. Ogwira ntchito ku dipatimenti adagwira akuluakulu 3,000, zilonda zam'mimba, mbozi ndi masango a mazira.
Kuphatikiza pa njira zamankhwala komanso zamankhwala, njira zachilengedwe zidagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuthana ndi azungu kabichi. Mavu apadera olanda nyama amatulutsidwa kumunda. Ntchito yolimbana ndi tizilomboyi yatsirizidwa bwino. Kuchita bwino kumeneku kudachitika chifukwa chakuti alamu adatulutsidwa nthawi yomweyo ndipo njira zothetsera kabichi zidatengedwa koyambirira. Koma ku Australia ndi ku United States, ma Lepidoptera awa akupitilizabe kubereka ndikufalikira.
Chosangalatsa: Akazi Oyera amapewa kuyikira mazira pomwe amawona abale awo ena. Kuti muwapusitse, mutha kuyika "mbendera" zoyera zopangidwa ndi nsalu zopepuka pazikhomo kapena waya pakati pazokolola, zomwe zimatsanzira omwe akupikisana nawo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Gulugufe kabichi mutha kudzaza tsamba lanu mwachangu kwambiri. Pofuna kupewa kuberekana kwa kabichi, muyenera kulimbana ndi namsongole wam'mimba, kusesa kapena kutsuka mitengo ikuluikulu, mipanda m'dzinja ndi kasupe kuti muchotse ziphuphu. Pakati pa nyengoyi, m'pofunika kuyang'anitsitsa bwino mbewu ndikutola mbozi, kuyala dzira. Sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera mankhwala zomwe zitha kupha tizilombo tothandiza. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azitsamba kuli koyenera kwambiri: kulowetsedwa kwa chowawa, fodya, chamomile, ndi zina zambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.03.2019
Tsiku losintha: 17.09.2019 nthawi ya 19:45
