Amphibians samakondedwa ndi anthu. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, mphekesera zafalikira za kuwopsa komanso kuwononga kwa zisoti pa anthu. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kukhudza kamodzi kokha ku chinyama ichi kungapangitse kuti apange nthiti, ndipo nthawi zina amafa. Komabe, iyi ndi nthano chabe. Ndipo zowonadi ndizabwino - tozi yadothi ndi m'modzi mwa amphibiya athanzi kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Earth Toad
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake akunja, mphaka wapansi nthawi zambiri amafanizidwa ndi chule. Komabe, awa ndi mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya amphibians. Chulechi ndi cha banja la zisoti, dongosolo la zopanda zingwe. Lero banja ili lili ndi mitundu yoposa mazana asanu. Komabe, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yokha yamtunduwu ndi yomwe imapezeka ku Europe.
Ndikofunika kuti mudziwe bwino mitundu iyi mwatsatanetsatane:
- Chobiriwira. Amasiyanitsa ndi mtundu wonyezimira wa azitona. Kumbuyo, ndi maso, mutha kuwona mawanga obiriwira akongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Pachitetezo chawo, zitsamba zobiriwira zachikulire zimatulutsa madzi apadera. Ndi owopsa komanso owopsa kwa adani. Ma amphibiya otere amakonda kuyenda masitepe, pafupifupi samadumpha.
- Zachilendo. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri m'banja. Thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi lotambalala, lofiirira, laimvi kapena la azitona. Maso owala kwambiri - lalanje.
- Anthu a ku Caucasus. Amphibiya wamkulu. Kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira masentimita khumi ndi atatu. Mtundu wa khungu nthawi zambiri umakhala wofiirira, wakuda mdima. Chuleyu amakhala kumapiri, kunkhalango komanso m'mapanga.
- Kum'maŵa Kutali. Chikhalidwe cha mtundu uwu ndi khungu lalikulu la khungu, mitsempha yaying'ono ndi mikwingwirima yakutali kumtunda. Nyamayo imakhala m'madambo osefukira ndi nkhalango zamthunzi.
- Bango. Kutalika kwa amphibian pafupifupi masentimita eyiti. Mzere wachikaso wowala ukhoza kuwoneka bwino kumbuyo. Mtundu wa khungu ukhoza kukhala wotuwa, azitona, mchenga.
- Chimongoliya. Chisoti ichi chimakhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya, mutu wozungulira, maso otupa. Kutalika kwake nthawi zambiri sikudutsa masentimita asanu ndi anayi. Mbali yapadera ndi kupezeka kwa njerewere zambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dziko la Amphibian toad
Zitsamba zapansi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe angapo apadera. Alibiretu mano kumtunda kwa nsagwada, ma gland apadera "parotids" ali pafupi ndi makutu, ndipo miyendo yamphongo imakhala ndi ma tubercles apadera. Mothandizidwa ndi ma tubercles, amuna amatha kugwiritsitsa mwamphamvu thupi lazimayi mukamakwerana.
Chosangalatsa: Matenda a parotid ali ndi ntchito zingapo. Choyamba, amabisa chinsinsi chapadera chothira mafuta, ndipo chachiwiri, amakhala ngati chida choteteza. Anthu ena amazigwiritsa ntchito popanga poizoni. Komabe, ndizowopsa kwa adani achilengedwe okhaokha. Mwa anthu, poyizoni uyu amatha kungotentha pang'ono.
Mamembala ambiri am'banja amakhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya, mutu waukulu, maso akulu. Maso adayikidwa pamalo opingasa. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo ili ndi zala. Amalumikizidwa ndi nembanemba yapadera. Amathandiza amphibiya kuti adutse m'madzi.
Kusiyanitsa kofunikira pakati pa tozi ndi chule ndi njira yoyenda. Achule amalumpha ndipo achule amayenda. Izi ndichifukwa chakuchepa kwa miyendo yakumbuyo. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timalimbitsa nyama, osati kudumpha kwambiri. Koma mbali inayi, chilengedwe chawapatsa mtundu wina wothandiza - kuthekera kosuntha lilime lawo liwiro la mphezi. Ndi iyo, zisonga zimatha kugwira tizilombo mosavuta.
Mtundu wa khungu mwa oimira osiyanasiyana umasiyana pamchenga mpaka bulauni yakuda. Khungu ladothi louma ndi louma, lopangidwa ndi keratinized pang'ono, lokutidwa ndi njerewere. Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufikira masentimita makumi atatu. Koma zoseweretsa zambiri zimakhala ndi kukula kwa masentimita 9-13. Kulemera kwake, chinyama nthawi zambiri sichiposa kilogalamu imodzi.
Kodi toti wadothi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chovala chakumunda m'munda
Oimira mitundu iyi ya amphibians afalikira. Amakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Chokhacho ndi Antarctica. Posachedwa, achule nawonso sanali ku Australia. Komabe, asayansi apanga zisoti zapoizoni kumeneko.
Zitsamba zapansi zafala ku Europe. Oimira osiyanasiyana pabanjali amakhala ku Great Britain, Baltic States, Ukraine, Belarus, Sweden. Zinyama zotere zimapezeka zambirimbiri pafupifupi zigawo zonse za Russia.
Chosangalatsa: Zitsamba zazikulu kwambiri zadothi zimakhala ku Colombia, Ecuador. Kutalika kwawo kumafika masentimita makumi awiri ndi asanu. Komabe, pali nyama zochepa zoterezi zomwe zatsala. Lero iwo ali pafupi kutha.
Nthawi zambiri, amphibiya amasankha madera okhala ndi nyengo yofananira komwe amakhala. Lamuloli lomwe silinatchulidwe silikugwira ntchito kwa omwe akuyimira banja lachinyamata. Oterewa amakhala m'madera osiyanasiyana. Amakhala m'zipululu, m'madambo, m'mapiri ndi kumapiri. Zitsamba zapansi zimathera nthawi yawo yambiri pansi. M'madzi, zimangobala. Toads amalekerera kutentha, kuzizira, ndi nyengo ina iliyonse bwino. Kupatula kwake ndikutentha kotsika kwambiri, chifukwa chake sikupezeka ku Antarctica.
Kodi wadothi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Earth Toad
Kuchedwa komanso kusakhazikika kwa zisoti zadothi zikusocheretsa. Anthu ambiri amawaona ngati osauka omwe amalandira ndalama zambiri. Komabe, sichoncho. Amphibiyani ndi osaka bwino kwambiri! Kupeza chakudya, amathandizidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri: kutha kutaya msanga lilime ndi kususuka kwachilengedwe. Mphalapala, popanda kugwedezeka, imatha kugwira tizilombo tomwe tikuuluka ndikudya. Achule sadziwa kusaka monga choncho.
Chakudya chawo chachikulu chimaphatikizapo:
- agulugufe osiyanasiyana;
- Nkhono;
- ziphuphu;
- tizilombo, ana awo - mphutsi;
- nsomba mwachangu.
Akuluakulu nawonso amadya makoswe ang'onoang'ono, achule ndi abuluzi. Komabe, kugwira ndi kudya nyama zotere sikophweka. Oimira banja nthawi zambiri amapita kukasaka madzulo. Amatha kusaka usiku wonse, kudikirira nyama yomwe abisalira.
Chosangalatsa: Zolemba zapansi zimabweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa anthu. Amatha kutchedwa kuti dongosolo lazomera. Tsiku limodzi, munthu wamkulu amathandiza kuchotsa magalamu asanu ndi atatu a tizilombo. Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mbewu zomwe zimawonongeka.
Achule amafufuza chakudya m'nyengo yotentha, yokha. M'magulu, amphibiya amasonkhana kokha panthawi yoswana. M'nyengo yozizira, amabisala. Pachifukwa ichi, nyama imapeza malo abwino kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri malowa amasiyidwa ndi makoswe, mizu ya mitengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chiphuphu cha m'chilengedwe
Chikhalidwe cha zidole zadothi ndizodekha. Amakhala tsiku lonse akusangalala ndi dzuwa, ndipo madzulo amayamba kufunafuna chakudya choti adye. Thupi lolemera kwambiri, miyendo yayifupi zimapangitsa ma amphibiyawa kuyenda pang'onopang'ono. Amasuntha pang'ono, ndipo simukhoza kuwona kahule kakang'ono kudumpha.
Oimira banjali amawopseza adani awo ndi matupi awo akulu. Ngati ngozi ibuka, tozi imabwerera kumbuyo. Njira imeneyi imawonekera kwambiri. Ngati tsenga sizinathandize mantha mdani, amphibian akhoza kupanga lalikulu limodzi kulumpha.
Kanema: Chovala Pansi
Zitsamba zapansi zimathera tsiku lawo osati pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Ali ndi khungu laling'ono la keratinized, chifukwa chake safunika kukhala pafupi ndi madzi nthawi zonse. Matenda a parotid amatulutsa chinyezi chofunikira pakhungu. Izi ndizokwanira. Masana, nyama imatha kukhala mosamala m'nkhalango, m'munda, m'minda. Pafupi ndi madzi, zisonga zimasuntha nthawi yakumasirana.
Pakusaka anzawo, kuswana, nyama izi zimamveka mwapadera. Nthawi zambiri imafanana ndi quack. Nthawi zina samamvedwa kawirikawiri. Ndipamene ndimachita mantha pomwe amphibiya amatulutsa kulira koboola. Nthawi yonse yazinthu zadothi zadothi zimachitika nyengo yotentha yokha. Pofika nyengo yozizira, nyama zimagwera makanema ojambula.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Earth Toad
Nthawi yokhwima mu zisoti zadothi imayamba ndikutentha koyamba - mchaka. Kumadera otentha, nthawi imeneyi imachitika nthawi yamvula yambiri. Pakati pa nyengo ya kukwatira, amphibiyazi amasonkhanitsidwa m'magulu ndipo amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, mitsinje, madambo. Madzi ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakuswana. Madzi okha ndi omwe amatha kubala zipatso. Pamadontho, amuna amawoneka oyamba, kenako akazi. Akazi amalowa m'madzi ndikuyamba kubala. Amphongo amakwera pamsana pawo ndikuthira mazirawo. Pambuyo pa umuna, zisoti zimachoka mgululi.
M'madzi, ana amtsogolo kuchokera m'mazira amasandulika tadpoles tating'ono. Adzakhala m'madzi pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Pakadali pano, tadpoles amadya zokha ndere ndi zomera zazing'ono. Pambuyo pake, ma tadpoles amasanduka mikwingwirima yonse. Ndipokhapo pamene atha kupita kumtunda. Kukula kwa kukula kwa mazira kumadalira pazinthu zingapo: mtundu wa toad, kutentha kwa chilengedwe, madzi. Nthawi zambiri nthawi imeneyi imakhala masiku asanu mpaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
Mitundu ina ya zisoti siyasiya mazira pambuyo pa umuna. Amanyamula kumbuyo kwawo mpaka mphutsi ziwonekere. Palinso anthu ovomerezeka. Komabe, alipo ochepa kwambiri omwe atsala ndipo amakhala ku Africa kokha. Nthawi imodzi, amphibian wotere amatha kubereka ana osapitilira makumi awiri ndi asanu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pali mitundu yambiri yazisoti zadothi, momwe yamphongo imagwirira ntchito yolera. Amapukusa matepiwo ndikudikirira kuti ana awonekere.
Adani achilengedwe a zisoti zadothi
Chithunzi: Chiphuphu cha padziko lapansi ku Russia
Chulechi sichitha kudziteteza ku nyama zina zambiri, anthu. Adani amuzungulira mbali zonse. Dokowe, abuluzi, ndi mbalamezi zimasaka kuchokera kumwamba. Amagwira mwaluso zamoyo zina zakuya pamadzi pomwepo. Pansi, ali pachiwopsezo cha nkhandwe, minks, nguluwe, otter, raccoons. Ndipo adani oipitsitsa ndi njoka. Palibe kothawira kwa iwo.
Chitetezo chokha cha Toads motsutsana ndi adani ndi madzi owopsa pakhungu lawo. Komabe, sikuti onse m'banjamo amatha kukhala nawo. Ziphuphu zina zimangofunika kudzikongoletsa ndi zobiriwira. Nyama yopanda chitetezoyi imapulumutsidwa ku chiwonongeko kokha chifukwa cha kubereka kwake kwakukulu.
Komanso achikulire ambiri, ankhandwe, amafera m'manja mwa anthu. Wina amawapha chifukwa cha zosangalatsa zawo, ena amayesa kuwaweta. N'zotheka kusunga amphibiyani kunyumba, koma sikuti aliyense amapambana. Zinthu zosayenera nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa imfa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chiphuphu cha padziko lapansi pamwala
Chidebe cha pansi ndi nyama yofala. Chiwerengero chawo chonse sichifukwa chodandaulira. Nyama izi ndizobereka zokwanira, chifukwa chake zimachulukanso msanga. Komabe, mitundu ina ya zisoti zadothi ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu - ili pafupi kutha. Izi zikuphatikizapo toad read, viviparous toad ndi Kihansi.
Kuteteza zisoti zadothi
Chithunzi: Zitsamba zochokera ku Red Book
Monga tanena kale, mitundu ina ya banja lachule ili pafupi kutha. Chifukwa chake, zitsamba zoyipa zidalembedwa mu Red Book of Africa. Pali ochepa ochepa, kotero boma likugwira nawo ntchito yoteteza amphibians. Imabwezeretsa chilengedwe kuti azikhalamo, ndalama za projekiti zasayansi kuti aphunzire mwatsatanetsatane za mitunduyo.
Misoti ya bango imatetezedwa ndi Berne Convention. Mitundu yawo idalembedwa m'mabuku a Red Data of Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine. Chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri ndichakuti anthu ndiwo amachititsa kutha kwa nyamazi. Anthu akuwononga malo achilengedwe a zisoti zakumtunda. Makamaka, Kihansi tsopano imatha kupezeka m'malo osungira nyama, chifukwa mitundu iyi idayamba kufa pambuyo pomanga dziwe pamtsinje, momwe amphibiyazi amakhala.
Chisoti cha padziko lapansi - osati yokongola kwambiri, koma yothandiza kwambiri. Ndi omwe amathandizira kuchotsa minda ndi minda ya tizilombo tambiri todetsa nkhawa. Oyimira banjali akuyimilidwa mochuluka m'makontinenti osiyanasiyana, kupatula Antarctica.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 14.08.2019 pa 11:38
