Chipmunk - mbewa yokongola yaying'ono, wachibale wapamtima wa gologolo. Mitundu ya Asiatic idafotokozedwa ndi a Laxman mu 1769 ngati Tamias sibiricus ndipo ndi amtundu wa Eutamias. Linnaeus mchimwene wake waku America Tamias striatus adafotokozedwa mu 1758.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chipmunk
Asiatic chipmunk imasiyana ndi nzika zambiri zaku America mosiyana kwambiri ndi mikwingwirima pamutu ndi zina mwazoyimira za chigaza. Zotsalirazi ndizoyambira pomwe Holocene adayamba. Mitundu yakale yazinthu zakale monga Miospermophilus Black zapezeka m'malo okwera a Miocene ku America, mu beseni la Irtysh.
Ndi agologolo, nyamayi imakhala yolumikizana kwambiri ndipo imasintha kuchokera kwa iwo omwe amakhala mumitengo mpaka kubowola. Mitundu yambiri ya agologolo aku North America ndiyofanana kwambiri ndi chipmunks. Ku Europe, ndi mtundu wa Sciurotamias Miller, yemwe amakhala m'nkhalango zamapiri ku Asia kumwera chakum'mawa ndikukhala kumadzulo kwa Europe ku Pliocene; anthropogen yakale imayimiridwanso kum'mawa kwa Europe (Ukraine).
Kanema: Chipmunk
Zotsalira ku Western Europe zimapezeka kunja kwa malo amakono. Mu Pleistocene, zotsalira zimapezeka m'masiku amakono. Mtunduwu uli ndi mbali ziwiri zachitukuko, akuyimiridwa ndi Tamias chipmunks - nyama zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango za coniferous ndi coniferous-deciduous, komanso Sciurotamias - Mitengo yaku China yomwe imakhala kumapiri obiriwira nthawi zonse kumadera otentha kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Amakhala ndi agologolo kumeneko.
Anthu aku America akuyimiridwa ndi mitundu yambiri, lero pali mitundu 16 yodziwika. Pafupifupi mitundu 20 ya mbewa iyi imagawidwa m'magulu awiri: Anthu aku North America okhala m'nkhalango zowirira komanso nyama za taiga ku Eurasia. Mtundu umodzi umakhala ku Russian Federation.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal chipmunk
Chipmunks amadziwika mosavuta ndikusintha mizere yoyera ndi yakuda pamutu ndi kumbuyo. Pali mikwingwirima isanu yakuda kumbuyo, yokhala ndi yowala pakati. Mikwingwirima yoyera imakhala ndi mawu achikasu otuwa kapena ofiira, mimba yoyera. Mchira ndi wotuwa pamwamba. Ubweya waufupi wachilimwe ndi nthawi yachisanu sasintha mtundu ndipo uli ndi awn wofooka.
Kuchokera pansi, tsitsi lonyamula mahatchi limayala mbali zonse pakati. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yaifupi, ili ndi zala zazitali (3-4) zofananira, Pamiyendo yakumbuyo pali chachinayi chachitali kwambiri. Makutu ndi ang'onoang'ono ndi ochepa. Mitundu yaku Asia yomwe imakhala ku Russia ili ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 27, mchira 18 cm.
Kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera kuma subspecies aku North America:
- mchira ndi wautali;
- makutu ndi amfupi komanso ozungulira pang'ono;
- mikwingwirima yam'mbali yam'mbali yam'mbali yam'mbali mwakathambo ndi mbali zakutsogolo za mitundu iwiri yoyambayo;
- chonyezimira malire amdima a mzere wonyezimira pamphuno kuchokera pamphuno kuchokera kumapeto mpaka pamphuno;
- mzera wakuda patsaya ndi wokulirapo ndipo nthawi zambiri umaphatikizana ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yakumbuyo.
Mtundu wa chipmunks umakhala wakuda kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera. M'madera akumwera kwa mitunduyi, mithunzi yofiira imakula kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka kum'mawa, pamwamba pamutu, masaya akuda, rump, ndi m'munsi mwa mchira ndizowala kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Ku America, chipmunks amakonda kudya nthanga za beech ndipo amatha kukwana zidutswa 32 pamasaya awo nthawi imodzi, koma sangathe kukwera thunthu losalala la mtengo uwu. Kukolola kukakhala kochepa, nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito mapulo ngati "makwerero", zikawona mtedza wambiri, zimatsina ndikupita kukatola.
Kodi chipmunk amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chipmunk waku Siberia
Ku Russia, malire amtunduwu amayenda kumpoto kwa Siberia pamalire a kukula kwa larch, kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi malire a nkhalango za fir. Kumpoto, imakwera mpaka 68 ° N. sh. imafalikira pamwamba pa beseni, mpaka pakamwa pa Yenisei, Indigirka.
Kumadzulo ndi kumwera, imakwerera ku Vologda, Vetluga, ikutsikira m'mphepete mwa kumanzere kwa Volga, ndikulanda banki yakumanja ya Kama, Belaya, kudumphira ku Urals kukafika ku Tara, Lake Chany, kutembenukira kumwera, kulanda Altai, kumalire akumwera kwa dzikolo. Komanso, imapezeka kulikonse kumayiko akum'mawa kwambiri, kuphatikiza zilumba, koma sapezeka ku Kamchatka. Kunja kwa Russia, amakhala ku Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan.
Chigawo cha North America chimaphatikizapo kum'maŵa kwakukulu kuchokera kumwera kwa Canada mpaka ku Gulf of Mexico, kupatula zigawo zingapo zakumwera chakum'mawa. M'mapiri a Adirondack, amapezeka kumtunda mpaka mamitala 1220. Kumeneko imakonda nkhalango zosakanikirana komanso zosakanikirana ndipo imakonda kupezeka pamitundu yokhwima (yakale-yakale) ya mapulo ndi beech.
Nyama imakonda nkhalango zokhala ndimitengo ingapo, kugwetsa ndi zopumira, nkhalango za mabulosi. Ku Asia, m'mapiri, imakwera kumalire enieni a nkhalango yamkungudza ndi elfin. M'nkhalango zoyera, amasankha malo okhala ndi udzu wandiweyani. M'madera ena mumakhala malo okhala nkhalango, okhala m'malo okhala ndi zitsamba ndi zigwa. Maenje amapangidwa ndi mbewa pamapiri, m'malo ouma, m'miyala yolowa.
Kodi chipmunk amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chipmunk yaku Russia
M'chaka, makoswe amayang'anitsitsa nthaka, kufunafuna mbewu zomwe zatsala pang'ono kugwa. Popeza pakadali pano pali zochepa, mphukira ndi zitsamba, masamba, masamba amalowa mpaka zipatso ndi mbewu zatsopano ziwonekere. M'nthawi yamasika, chilimwe, nthawi yophukira, mndandandawo umakwaniritsidwa ndi tizilombo, mavuvu apadziko lapansi, nyerere, ndi molluscs. Nthawi zina nyama zimadya mazira a anthu odutsa, zovunda, ngakhale zina zosowa zimadziwika akamasaka mbalame zazing'ono ndi zinyama. Amakonda kudya maluwa ndi zipatso: lingonberries, yamatcheri, raspberries, mbalame yamatcheri, phulusa lamapiri, viburnum.
Chakudya chachikulu cha nyama izi ndi mbewu za mitengo ya coniferous komanso yotsalira. Amakonda kwambiri mtedza wa paini. Mndandandandawo muli mbewu: clefthoof, mapira amtchire, kukwera buckwheat, buttercup, knotweed, nsawawa ya mbewa, duwa lakutchire, ambulera, tirigu wamtchire, ma sedges ndi mbewu zam'munda. Zakudya zambiri zimakhala ndi zipatso za mapulo, elm, linden, elm, euonymus, hazel ya Manchurian.
Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, mbewa imayamba kubzala zipatso zake, kutola zipatso ndi mbewu. Amawanyamula kupitirira kilomita imodzi. Pafupifupi, kulemera kwa zoperewera kumatha kukhala mpaka 3-4 kg. Ku Siberia ndi madera akutali a Far East, ngati pali zolephera za mtedza wa pine, nyama zimasunthira kwambiri kumunda wa mbewu zambewu, nandolo, mpendadzuwa, kapena zimangoyang'ana m'minda ya mabulosi: lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, ndi zina zambiri.
Mndandanda wazomera zazikuluzikulu zodyeramo nyama zikuphatikiza mitundu yoposa 48, yomwe:
- 5 - mitundu yamitengo (thundu, larch, aspen, birch wakuda ndi woyera);
- 5 - shrubby (Lespidetsa - mitundu 2, duwa lakutchire, hazel, msondodzi);
- 2 - theka-zitsamba (lingonberry, mabulosi abulu);
- 24 - herbaceous (wa zolimidwa - tirigu, rye, nandolo, mapira, balere, mpendadzuwa, chimanga, ndi zina zambiri).
Zakudya zambiri zanyama zaku America zimakhala ndi mtedza, zipatso, mbewu, bowa, zipatso, zipatso ndi chimanga. Amadyanso tizilombo, mazira a mbalame, nkhono, ndi nyama zazing'ono monga mbewa zazing'ono. M'zipinda zamatumba, makoswe amasunga mbeu za mbeu zosiyanasiyana (98%), masamba, singano zazing'ono ndi mphukira zosachiritsika. Nthawi ina, mbewa yamphongo imatha kubweretsa ma gramu opitilira asanu ndi atatu m'matumba.
Chosangalatsa: M'zaka za m'ma 30 za m'zaka zapitazi, gulu lankhondo lidapezeka ku Primorsky Territory, komwe chipmunk idatola 1000 g ya rye, 500 g wa buckwheat, 500 g wa chimanga, komanso mbewu za mpendadzuwa. Tirigu wambiri wa 1400 g ndi 980 g adapezeka nthawi imodzimodzi mu mink zina ziwiri.
Mukamadya, mbewa imasunga zipatso ndi mbewu m'matumba mwake. Mothandizidwa ndi zingwe zazitali zomwe zimayendetsedwa patsogolo, amatulutsa maso ku chipolopolo kapena amatulutsa mbewu kuchokera mu kapisozi. Kenako, amagwiritsa lilime lake kuwatsitsira kumbuyo ndikuwayika pakati pamano ake ndi khungu lotambalala pamasaya ake. Kumeneko amawasunga pamene nyama ili kalikiliki kutola chakudya.
Mphamvu ya masaya imakula ndi msinkhu. Zikwama zamsaya zikadzaza, nyama imatenga nyembazo kupita nazo ku chisa chake kapena kuziyika m'mabowo osaya, zomwe zimakumba pansi, kenako nkuzibisa ndi nthaka, masamba ndi zinyalala zina.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chipmunk
Nyama imakhala nthawi yayitali ikutola mbewu, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri podyera. Ngakhale mitundu yambiri imakonda kudya pansi, zonse zimakwera mitengo ndi tchire kuti zipeze mtedza ndi zipatso. Chinyama chimagwira masana. Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira, mbewa imabisala ngakhale kumadera akumwera a Russia. Ku kontrakitala waku America, nyama sizimabisala m'nyengo yonse yozizira, koma sizimasiya manda awo, zimagona milungu ingapo, nthawi zina zimadzuka kuti zidye, anthu ena amakhalanso kum'mwera kwa dera la Mongolia.
Ku gawo la Europe la Russian Federation, kuli malo awiri okhala pachisa chimodzi. M'madera omwe ali ndi permafrost, pali chipinda chimodzi chokha mumtsinjewo; munthawiyi, gulu lazinyumba limakhala pansi pa chisa. Mbalamezi imadzipangira yokha ndipo imamanga makamera mobisa. Amapanga makomo olowera m'malo osadziwika pakati pa tchire kapena miyala, pansi pamiyala. Mitundu ina imatha kukhala m'mabowo amitengo ndikuwononga nthawi yayitali mumitengo.
Maenje ambiri amakhala ndi khomo limodzi, lomwe limalowera ku ngalande yokhotakhota, yotalika pafupifupi masentimita 70. Kumapeto kwake kuli chipinda chodyera, chomwe chimakhala ndi masentimita 15 mpaka 35 cm, yokutidwa ndi udzu wouma, kufinya kuchokera kumitu ya mbewu, ndi masamba osweka. Amabisa mbewu, mbewu, mtedza pansi pa chisa kapena chipinda china, kuti azipezako chakudya chanyengo yozizira. Pali ma tunnel mpaka mita zinayi kutalika, ndi mafoloko ndi zisa zammbali. M'nyumba za nyama, mulibe zitsamba; amapanga zimbudzi m'mbali mwake.
M'chaka, chikangotha kutentha ndipo matalala amayamba kusungunuka, mbewa imadzuka. M'nyengo yotentha, makoswe amapanga malo okhala m'mapanga, m'mitengo ya mitengo yakugwa ndi zitsa. Pofika nyengo yozizira, chipmunks zimasowa mobisa. Sizikudziwika pakadali pano zomwe zimachitika nyamazo zitapuma kumayenje awo m'nyengo yozizira. Amakhulupirira kuti nthawi yomweyo amapita kukazunzika. Mdziko lino, kutentha kwa thupi, kupuma komanso kugunda kwa mtima kumatsikira kwambiri, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu zofunikira kuti moyo ukhale wolimba. Kuyambira m'masiku oyamba ofunda a masika, nyama zimayamba kuwonekera, nthawi zina zimadumpha chipale chofewa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Animal chipmunk
Nyama izi ndizosungulumwa. Aliyense ali ndi burrow wawo ndipo amanyalanyaza anzawo, kupatula pakabuka mikangano, komanso nthawi yokwatirana, kapena azimayi akusamalira ana awo. Nyama iliyonse ili ndi malo ake (0.04-1.26 ha), nthawi zina maderawa amaphatikizana. Amuna akulu amakhala ndi gawo lochulukirapo kuposa akazi ndi achichepere. Malire amasintha mosiyanasiyana ndikudalira komwe chakudya chilipo. Nyama zambiri zimakhala zofanana kuyambira nyengo mpaka nyengo.
Nyama zimathera nthawi yawo yambiri pafupi ndi bowo. Pamalo awa, palibe magawo olumikizana ndi gawo la anthu ena ndipo mwininyumba amalamulira pano. Achifwamba mwachangu amachoka m'derali, kuti apewe kugundana mwachindunji. Malire olamulirawa amakhala okhazikika kuposa madera osiyanasiyana. Chipmunk imamveka mosiyanasiyana ikamawopa komanso ikazindikira kuti pangozi: mluzu kapena chowongolera chakuthwa, chofanana ndi cholembapo. Nthawi zina amawoneka ngati amalira, zimawoneka ngati "zvirk-zvirk" kapena "chirk-chirk" ndikutalikirana kwa masekondi angapo. Phokoso ili limamveka nthawi zambiri nyama ikamayang'ana wina patali.
Mpikisano wa zinyama umayamba mu Epulo. Azimayi amakumana mobwerezabwereza ndi m'modzi kapena angapo amuna nthawi yamvula, yomwe imakhala maola 6-7. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka zaka khumi zachiwiri za Juni, amabweretsa ana atatu mpaka atatu. Ana obadwa kumene amalemera pafupifupi magalamu atatu ndipo amakhala akhungu komanso amaliseche. Tsitsi limayamba kuwonekera kuyambira tsiku lakhumi, nyama yoyesera imatsegulidwa kuyambira 28, maso kuchokera masiku 31. Ana amabwera pamwamba ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi amayamba kudzithamangitsa okha. Poyamba samachita manyazi kwambiri, koma akamakula, amakhala osamala kwambiri.
Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, ana obadwa msinkhu amakhala atakwanitsa kukula kwa nyama yayikulu. Kukula msinkhu kumachitika mchaka chachiwiri, koma si onse omwe amayamba kubereka ali ndi zaka zambiri. M'madera ena okhalamo, akazi amathanso kubweretsa zinyalala zina: Kumpoto. America, Primorye, Kuriles. Avereji ya zaka za moyo ndi zaka 3-4.
Adani achilengedwe a chipmunks
Chithunzi: Animal chipmunk
Adani ambiri kusaka nyama:
- chikondi;
- ziphuphu;
- martens;
- nkhandwe;
- mimbulu;
- mimbulu;
- lynx;
- solongoi;
- ma ferrets akuda;
- agalu amphaka;
- mbira.
Ichi ndi nyama yochititsa chidwi kwambiri, nthawi zambiri imalowa m'midzi, nyumba zazing'ono za chilimwe, minda yamasamba, komwe imakhala nyama ya agalu ndi amphaka. M'malo ena, ma hamsters samangodya zokolola za eni ake amipikisano, koma ngakhale iyemwini. Ku Vost. Siberia imanyamula, kukumba ma tunnel, zipinda zosungira zopanda kanthu ndikudya makoswe. Njoka zilinso pandandanda wa adani a nyamayo. Mwa mbalamezi, zimasakidwa ndi mpheta, goshawk, kestrel, khungubwe, ndipo nthawi zina kadzidzi, koma kangapo, popeza mbalamezi zimayenda usiku, ndipo makoswewo amakhala akugwira ntchito masana.
Makoswe nthawi zambiri amavulazidwa pakamenyana komwe kumachitika munthawi yovuta. Amuna amamenyera akazi. Akazi amatha kuteteza gawo lawo, kuteteza chisa kwa achinyamata ena. Amatha kuukiridwa ndikuvulala ndi makoswe ena akuluakulu, monga agologolo. Chiwerengero cha chipmunks chitha kukhudzidwa ndi masoka achilengedwe: moto, womwe umapezeka nthawi zambiri ku taiga yaku Siberia, zaka zowonda. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga tapeworms, utitiri, nkhupakupa zimatha kutopetsa, nthawi zambiri zimapha nyama.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Animal chipmunk
Mitundu iyi yamtunduwu imayimiriridwa ndi anthu ambiri ndipo ikufalikira. Palibe zowopseza zenizeni zochepetsera chiwerengerocho. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu ili ku Asia, malire aku Europe amapitilira kumadzulo kwa Europe. Amapezeka kumadera akumpoto kwa Europe ndi Siberian ku Russia kupita ku Sakhalin, kulanda zilumba za Iturup, ndi Kunashir, kuchokera kum'mawa chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan mpaka kumpoto kwa Mongolia, kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi China chapakati, kufalikira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, Korea ndi Japan kuchokera ku Hokkaido, Rishiri, Rebuna.
Ku Japan, chipmunk adadziwitsidwa kwa Honshu ku Karuizawa. Iyimilidwanso ku Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland ndi Italy. Ku Mongolia, kumakhala nkhalango, kuphatikizapo Khangai, Khovsgel, Khentiy ndi Altai. Zonse mu. Ku America, mtundu wina, Tamias striatus, wafalikira kum'mawa konse kwa United States komanso pafupi ndi Canada, kuchokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Saskatchewan mpaka Nova Scotia, kuyambira kumwera mpaka kumadzulo kwa Oklahoma ndi kum'mawa kwa Louisiana (kumadzulo) komanso kugombe la Virginia (kum'mawa).
Chipmunks sali pachiwopsezo, aphatikizidwa pamndandanda womwe umayambitsa nkhawa zochepa. Mbewa iyi imathandizira kufalitsa zomera m'malo akulu. Amasunga ndalama zake m'mabowo. Mbeu zomwe sizidadyedwe ndi nyama zimatha kumera mobisa kuposa pamtunda.
Makoswe amawononga, nthawi zina kwambiri, m'minda yazaulimi, amapita nayo kumalo osungira ndi nkhokwe. Amawononga nkhaka, mavwende ndi mphukira mwa kudya mbewu zawo. Chipmunk, wonyeketsa mbewu, amachepetsa mbewu zamitundu yofunika (thundu, mkungudza, larch), komano, ndiyopikisana ndi nyama ndi mbalame, omwe amapikisana nawo pazakudya.
Izi ndizosangalatsa: Mu 1926 (chigawo cha Birobidzhan), nyama zidawononga zokolola zonse.
Ngati pali nyama zambiri, zimatha kusokoneza kukonzanso mitengo mwachizolowezi kwamitengo ina, makamaka mitengo ya payini, podya mbewu zake. Koma kusaka nyama, makamaka poyizoni wakupha, sikulandiridwa chifukwa chovulaza nyama zina zakutchire, kuphatikizapo mbalame zamtchire. Chipmunk - nyama yokongola, yofuna kudziwa zambiri nthawi zambiri imakopa maso a anthu, kupereka chisangalalo chochuluka kwa alendo ndi apaulendo.Nkhalango zathu zikadakhala zosauka kwambiri ngati mbewa yaying'onoyo sinakhalemo. Amawongoleredwa mosavuta ndikusungidwa m'makola kunyumba.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02/14/2019
Tsiku losintha: 16.09.2019 nthawi ya 11:53
