Wombat - ofanana ndi kubala ana, nyama yaku Australia, nthumwi ya marsupials. Malongosoledwe a Vombatidae, nyama yoyamwa yomwe idadulidwa ndi odula awiri, idaperekedwa mu 1830 ndi a Britologist Gilbert Barnett.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Wombat
Tsopano pali mitundu itatu ya banja la wombat. M'mbuyomu, kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kudawonedwa mu Pleistocene (pakati pa 2 Ma ndi 10 zaka zikwi zapitazo). Kenako adayimiridwa ndi mitundu yonse isanu ndi umodzi ndi mitundu isanu ndi inayi. Zinyama zina zomwe zinazimiririka zinali zazikulu kwambiri kuposa masiku ano. Mwachitsanzo, Phascalonus gigas anali ndi chigaza kutalika kwa masentimita 40, kutalika kwa pafupifupi mita imodzi, ndi kulemera kwa 200 kg.
Kaya anthu omwe adalipo kale omwe adakumba maenje sakudziwika, kuweruza ndi zotsalira, sizinasinthidwe bwino chifukwa cha izi, ndipo amangoyenda pang'ono. Nyama zakale kwambiri zakale zidayamba zaka zoyambirira za Miocene. Wombats anachokera kwa kholo limodzi lokhala ndi kangaroo ndi possum, ndipo wachibale wawo wapafupi kwambiri ndi koala.
Chosangalatsa: Vuto laubongo lanyama yayikulu ndilokulirapo kuposa zina zam'madzi zokhudzana ndi kulemera kwa thupi. Ili ndi maumboni ambiri, omwe akuwonetsa magwiridwe antchito anzeru.
Ndi kafukufuku wamtundu, kusinthika kwa banja sikumveka bwino. Adasamuka kuchoka kuzinyama zina zoyambilira mola, nthawi iyi ndi pafupifupi zaka 40 miliyoni, malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, kulekanaku kunachitika zaka 25 miliyoni. Amakhulupirira kuti kholo lawo limodzi ndi koala linali diprotodon. Nyama yayikulu yodula kawiri (yolemera matani 2.7, kutalika kwa mamitala atatu) idatha, patatha zaka 40 zikwi zapitazo.
Chosangalatsa: Kafukufuku woboola nyama adachitika koyambirira kwa ma 1960 ndi Peter Nicholson wazaka 16. Anakwera ngalandezo usiku ndikupeza kuti nthawi zambiri mumakhala m'modzi m'misasa, nthawi zina awiri. Ma burrows nthawi zambiri anali njira yolumikizirana, ndipo imodzi inali pafupifupi 20 mita kutalika. Zinyama zinkakumba, kusintha, kapena kukulitsa ngalandezo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayendera wina ndi mnzake.
Nyamayo ndi yodabwitsa. Nsagwada zazikulu zimasinthidwa kutafuna masamba olimba. Kusuntha kwa nyama ndi kofupikitsa, kwamphamvu, kotheka kuphwanya chakudya chopangidwa ndi ulusi mzidutswa tating'ono.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: ma marupial okha okha ndi omwe ali ndi zotengera zazitali. Ndizodabwitsa kuti mano akupitilira kukula m'moyo wonse. Njirayi imalipira kuvala kolimba pamitengo yolimba yaudzu yomwe nyama zimadyapo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Wombat nyama
Mbalame yotchedwa herbivores, yokhala ndi thupi lolemera, lakuda miyendo yaifupi, mutu wosakhazikika ndi mchira wosakhwima, imakhala ndi mthunzi waubweya kuyambira imvi mpaka bulauni yakuya. Chikopa chimakhala cholimba kwambiri, makamaka chakuda kumbuyo.
Mafupa ake onse amasinthidwa kuti azitha kukumba bwino. Lamba pachifuwa ndi lolemera komanso lamphamvu, chinyezi ndi chachikulu komanso chachikulu. Miyendo yakutsogolo yamphamvu ndi mapazi otambalala. Pa miyendo yokhotakhota pali zala zisanu zokhala ndi zikhadabo zazitali, zomwe sizili pa phalanges yoyamba ya miyendo yakumbuyo.
Kanema: Wombat
Ma incisors, omwe amakhala awiriawiri, ndi ofanana ndi ambewa, kupatula kwa iwo palinso mano awiri abodza ndi ma molar anayi pa nsagwada iliyonse, yomwe imalola nyama kuluma ndikutafuna udzu. Zinyama siziona bwino, koma zimatha kumva kununkhiza komanso kumva bwino, zomwe zimathandiza kuyenda mumlengalenga. Amathanso kuzindikira kuyenda kwapansi. Tsopano pali mitundu itatu yamatsengawa. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi amtundu wa tsitsi lalifupi la Vombatus ursinus, amatchedwanso opanda tsitsi, popeza kulibe tsitsi pamphuno mwa nyama izi. Palinso ma subspecies atatu a ursinus.
Kutalika kwapakati pa marsupial ndi 105 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 28 kg. Zomera zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala pazilumbazi ndizocheperako (80-90 cm, 17-20 kg) kuposa abale ake aku mainland, omwe kulemera kwake kumatha kufikira makilogalamu 40, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi -130 cm. Onsewa ali ndi ubweya wolimba wamawangamawanga mitundu.
Chosangalatsa: Anthu amaliseche amatha kumenyetsa zala zawo m'manja, pomwe omwe ali ndi tsitsi lalitali sangathe.
Ma wombat okhala ndi tsitsi lalitali amakhala ndi mitundu iwiri:
- Ma latifroni a Lasiorhinus kapena kumwera - 70-90 cm, 19-32 kg;
- Lasiorhinus krefftii kapena kumpoto - 100 cm, 40 kg.
Mitunduyi, poyerekeza ndi amaliseche:
- chovala chofewa;
- chifuwa, masaya a mtundu wowala;
- mutu ndi wocheperako komanso wonyezimira;
- nthawi zambiri pamakhala mawanga owala pamwamba pamaso;
- ubweyawo ndi waimvi kapena wa bulauni;
- makutu amfupi;
- Mphuno yamphongo, yayitali kuposa yakutsogolo.
Nyama zotchedwa marsupials zakumpoto zimakhala ndi mphuno yayikulu, zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa amuna chifukwa cha mafuta ochulukirapo.
Kodi wombat amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Wombat nyama yaku Australia
Anthu amfupi amakhala kumaboma: Chatsopano. Kumwera. Wales, Victoria, Kumwera Australia. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timakhala pazilumba za Tasmania ndi Flinders. Amakhala m'magawo m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango, m'malo owonongeka ndi madera akumapiri. Amakumba maenje akutali komanso aatali kulikonse.
Chosangalatsa: Makoloni azithunzi zazitali atapezeka kuti amakhala pakati pa 1000 mpaka 3500 m2, ndipo ma burrows ali ndi zolowera 7 mpaka 59. Mu maphunziro a koyambirira kwa zaka zapitazo, zidanenedwa za njuchi zoyesa 80x800 m kapena 64,000 m2.
Zamoyo zazitali zimakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa South Australia, kumadzulo kwa Victoria, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa New. Kumwera. Wales, pakati ndi kumwera kwa Queensland. Amasankha malo okhala ndi nkhalango, zodzala ndi tchire, malo otseguka ndi nyengo youma pang'ono, ndi mitundu yakumwera - m'malo ouma, m'nkhalango, ndi m'mapiri a shrub.
Chosangalatsa: Ma Wombats amakumba dzenje ndi chikoko chimodzi chakutsogolo kwa mphindi pafupifupi 5, kenako ndikusinthana ndi linalo, gwiritsani ntchito zotengera zawo kuti muchepetse zopinga zapansi panthaka, mizu.
Malo okhwima omwe mitundu yayitali yakumwera imakhalako ikuwonetsedwa mu mphamvu yake. Ali mu ukapolo, kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya kwapezeka kuti kotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nyama zoyamwitsa komanso ma marsupial.
Kodi wombat imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Wombat ku Australia
Marsupials amadya udzu, udzu, mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba. Amafuna ndikudya zipatso, zipatso, bowa. Mwa kupewa madzi akumwa, the herivivore titha kufananizidwa ndi ngamila. Amasinthidwa kukhala nyengo youma ya kontinentiyo ndi masupuni anayi amadzimadzi pa 1 kg yolemera thupi amakhala okwanira patsiku, nthawi zambiri amalandira voliyumu yonse ndi chakudya. Poyerekeza, kangaroo amadya madzi ochuluka kuwirikiza kanayi.
Mitundu yakumpoto yaubweya wansalu imakonda ma sedges ndi maudzu osatha kumera kuthengo, ndipo imadyanso malo odyetserako ziweto, msipu ndi masamba a zitsamba ngati chakudya chawo chomwe amakonda sichikupezeka. Zambiri mwazakudya zimapangidwa ndi udzu wa nthenga Stipa nitida, nyama ikalumidwa udzu, imameranso, ndikupanga malo owopsa a mphukira zatsopano.
Matumbo ake ndi akulu, ndipo matumbo akulu amakula ndikukhala ndi tizilombo tambiri tating'onoting'ono ta mapadi. Chakudya chimakhala m'matumbo kwa nthawi yayitali (pafupifupi maola 70) kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa fiber. Zimatenga sabata imodzi kapena ziwiri kuti chimbudzi chikhale chokwanira. Chifukwa cha izi, nyamazo zimadya nthawi yayitali - pafupifupi masiku 10, izi zimawathandiza kuti azikhala m'malo ouma.
Chosangalatsa: Ndi mlomo wapamwamba wokhala ndi mphanda, nyama zimasankha chakudya chawo molondola. Nyumbayi imathandizira ma incisors kubudula mphukira zazing'ono kwambiri m'munsi mwake.
Ziwalo zam'mimba zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe achilendo: cecum yaying'ono ndi yayikulu, yogawika magawo awiri. Chipinda chakunja ndichaching'ono ndipo ndimalo owotchera, pomwe chipinda cham'mbuyo chimakhala chokulirapo, pomwe madzi amabwezeretsanso. Mwanjira imeneyi, chinyama chimasunga chinyezi posamutsa urea wambiri kulowa m'matumbo osasanjika ngati mkodzo.
Nyamazi zimakodza pang'ono kuposa zinyama zina zodyetsa, ndipo ndowe zawo ndizouma kwambiri (kuchuluka kwa chinyezi mwa iwo mpaka 40%). Nyama zosakhazikika zimakhala ndi mahomoni otsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nyama zina. Chakudya chomwe ma wombat amadya chimapereka mphamvu zopitilira muyeso.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mtundu wa cubic wa chimbudzi cha herbivore umachokera ku minofu yamatumbo, imapanikizika ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana. Kuchokera pama cubes awa, marsupial imapangidwa kukhala zotchinga.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Australian wombat
Nyama zaphokosozi zimadyetsa kwambiri usiku ndipo zimapuma mobisa masana. Chofunikira kwambiri posankha chakudya, nyama zomwe zikugwira ntchito mdima wamasana, kununkhira kumasewera. Maenje awo amawapatsa malo obisalapo nyama komanso amawateteza ku kutentha komanso malo ouma.
Ma Wombats, omwe ali ndi vuto lochepa kwambiri la kagayidwe kachakudya, komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya m'matumbo komanso momwe amadyera chakudya, samadya nthawi yocheperako kuposa nyama zina zamtunduwu, ndipo amatha kuthera nthawi yawo yambiri m'mabowo. ... Malo awo amakhala ochepa nyama zodyera izi, nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepera mahekitala 20.
Zinyama zimakumba, zikung'amba nthaka ndi zikopa zakutsogolo, ndikuponyera nthaka kumbuyo. Marsupials ndiye, ngati ma bulldozers, amamutulutsa kunja kwa dzenjelo, kubwerera mmbuyo. Zosunthira zimapangidwa zazikulu, pafupifupi 30 m kapena kupitilira apo. Malo obisalamo ali ndi zolowera zingapo, zipilala zam'mbali, ndi zipinda zopumira. Ngalande za nyama yakumwera ndizovuta kwambiri, zimapangidwira mibadwo ingapo.
Nyama nthawi zambiri zimadyetsa ndikukhala pawokha, koma mitundu yakumwera ya marsupials amphongo amatha kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Momwemonso, masango amapezeka m'mabowola a munthu wamtali wa kumpoto. Gulu lingagwiritse ntchito njira imodzi yosunthira. Komabe, ngakhale anthu awiri atagwiritsa ntchito burrow imodzi, amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Pali umboni woti wachikazi wamtundu wakumpoto ndi wamkazi wa common wombat nthawi zambiri amachoka pakhomo pawo nthawi ina m'miyoyo yawo, pomwe amuna amakonda kwambiri nyumbayo. Izi ndi zachilendo - m'zinyama zambiri, amuna nthawi zonse amachoka pogona. Izi zitha kuwonetsa kuti magulu aanthu omwe amakhala m'misasa yazigawo zomwe mitundu yakumpoto imakhala, amakhala amuna ofanana ndi akazi osagwirizana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Baby wombat
Pali mpikisano pakati pa amuna kuti athe kukwatirana ndi akazi, koma zambiri sizikudziwika. Ulamuliro umaululidwa kudzera mwaukali. M'nyengo yokhwima, amuna amakhala muboola wawo, ndipo akazi amalowa m'dera lawo. Nthawi yoswana imatha chaka chonse. M'madera omwe mumakhala chilala kwa nthawi yayitali, nyama zimaberekana nthawi zina. Ana ambiri amaswa mu Okutobala.
Mwana wakhanda yekhayo amabadwa patatha milungu itatu atakhala ndi pakati, nthawi yomweyo amalowetsedwa m'thumba ndipo amakhala mmenemo miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena isanu ndi inayi. Pofika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, amakhala atakutidwa ndi ubweya wochepa, maso ake ali otseguka, ndipo kulemera kwake kuli ngati theka la kilogalamu. Amadyetsa pafupi ndi amayi ake ndikudya mkaka, kumamudalira kwa chaka chimodzi atatuluka mthumba.
Chosangalatsa: Matumba a Wombat amatseguka kumbuyo, izi zakonzedwa kuti nthaka yomwe nyama zimakumba isagwere mdzenje.
Nyama zimafikira kukula kwa zaka zitatu. Amuna amakula msinkhu azaka ziwiri, akazi azaka zitatu. Nyama zimakhala mwachilengedwe kwazaka pafupifupi 15, ndipo zimakhala mu ukapolo mpaka zaka 25.
Chosangalatsa: Moyo wautali kwambiri wa cholengedwa chaku Australia mu ukapolo chinali zaka 34, "nkhalamba" ina idakhala paki yazinyama ku Ballarat zaka 31. Imfa yake idalembedwa pa Epulo 18, 2017, kulemera kwake munthawi ya moyo wake kunali 38 kg. Amayi ake adagundidwa ndi galimoto. Mwana yemwe adapezeka m'thumba adatuluka, panali zoyesera kuti amutulutse kuthengo kawiri, koma adabwerera.
Kubereketsa kwa mtundu wakumwera kwa nyama kumachitika pakakula kwambiri udzu m'chilengedwe. Izi zimachitika nthawi yamvula yamvula. Kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala pamakhala mvula yambiri, yomwe imalimbikitsa kukula kwa masamba obiriwira. Pakadali pano, amuna achulukitsa kuchuluka kwa testosterone, ndipo akazi amatulutsa dzira. Izi sizimachitika nyengo za chilimwe.
Polumikizana, ma marsupialwa amagwiritsa ntchito kununkhira kwamatenda, komanso kutulutsa mawu. Amamveka mokalipa, ngati kuti akutsokomola, ndikudandaula, mawuwo amakula. Mayi amalankhula ndi anawo ndikumenyetsa phokoso.
Adani achilengedwe am'mimba
Chithunzi: Giant Wombat
Zomera zovutazi sizikhala ndi adani ambiri. Ma Dingos ndi omwe amadyetsa adani awo, pamodzi ndi nkhandwe ndi ziwanda za ku Tasmania ku Tasmania. Kwa makanda ndi zitsanzo zazing'ono, ziwombankhanga, kadzidzi ndi ma quolls akum'mawa (marsupial marten) nawonso amakhala pachiwopsezo. Nkhandwe ya ku Tasmania, yomwe tsopano yatha, inkasakanso nyamazi.
Kuphatikiza apo, amphaka am'deralo amatha kufalitsa matenda kuzinthu zopanda pake ndikuukira ana. Agalu amtchire komanso owetedwa nawonso amalimbana ndi akulu. M'nyengo yozizira, nkhandwe zimagwiritsa ntchito tunnel zodyeramo ziweto pogona. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kufalikira kwa sarcoptic mange, kachilombo kama parasitic kamene kamakakamira pakhungu la nyama zamagazi.
Zosangalatsa: Wombat ali ndi khungu lolimba kumbuyo ndipo alibe mchira. Ngati nyamayi ikadali yokhoza kuigwira, kumakhala kovuta kuitulutsa. Komanso, marsupial imakankhidwa mwadzidzidzi ndi miyendo yamphamvu ndikusindikiza womenyerayo kukhoma, potero amathyola nsagwada, mphuno, kapenanso kumupha, kumulepheretsa kupuma.
Mphere imatha kupha nyama, makamaka ikadali yaying'ono kapena yovulala. Matendawa ndiofala kwambiri pazambiri zomwe sizikhala ndi ubweya ndipo ena amawawona ngati omwe amayambitsa kufa kwa mammalian. Amatengeka kwambiri ndi mphere akapanikizika kapena kusadya. Ma Marsupial amayeneranso kupikisana pachakudya ndi nyama zoitanitsidwa kunja monga akalulu, nkhosa, mbuzi ndi ng'ombe. Ng'ombe zitha kuwononganso maenje.
Munthu ndi mdani wamkulu wa ngwazi zosamveka. Kuwonongeka kwa malo awo achilengedwe, komanso kusaka, kutchera misempha ndi poyizoni, zidachepetsa kwambiri anthu m'malo ambiri, ndipo ena adaziwonongeratu. Powoloka misewu, nyama zambiri zimamwalira pansi pa mawilo amgalimoto.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Wombat Red Book
Gawo logawa nyama ndilochepa kwambiri komanso laling'ono kwambiri kuposa kale. Wombat tsopano watetezedwa kumadera onse aku Australia kupatula kum'mawa kwa Victoria. M'dziko lino, amawononga mipanda yochitira kalulu.
Pazotheka, mitundu yopanda ubweya imatha kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwa 0,3 mpaka 0,5 pa hekitala, yokhala ndi mahekitala 5 mpaka 27 omwe amatha kupitilira ma burrows angapo ndikupeza ma wombat ena. Kukula kwa nyumba yawo kumadalira malo komanso mtundu wa malo odyetsera. Mitunduyi siyotetezedwa ku Victoria ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi Vulnerable pachilumba cha Flinders.
Zosangalatsa: Ma wombat achichepere amaphunzira kutchera pogwiritsa ntchito maenje a amayi awo. Mwachitsanzo, amatha kukumba njira yaying'ono patokha.
Vombatus ursinus amadziwika kuti Osadandaula Kwambiri ndi Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN. Mitundu ya tsitsi lalitali imadziwika kuti ili pangozi.
Zowopseza kwa odyetsa ziweto ndi izi:
- kuwononga malo;
- Kukula kwamizinda;
- nkhalango zankhanza;
- mpikisano ndi akalulu ndi ziweto kupeza chakudya;
- ziphe za akalulu;
- kusaka;
- Ngozi zapamsewu.
Ambiri mwa anthu adawonongedwa koyambirira kwa zaka za makumi awiri. Chifukwa chachikulu chinali mpikisano wamsipu. Zambiri mwa ziweto zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutetezedwa zimatetezedwa ndi Epping Forest National Park ku Queensland. The herbivore ilibe phindu pamalonda, koma ma marupial amakonda kwambiri ku Australia.
Chitetezo cha Wombat
Chithunzi: Marsupial wombat
Buku Lofiira limazindikiritsa ma latifrons a Lasiorhinus ngati omwe ali pangozi. Mitundu yamtundu wautali wakumwera imakhala ndi anthu 100-300 zikwi, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, mitu 180,000. Malo osakhala ogwirizana, koma ogawanika.M'zaka zowuma, kubereka kumasiya. Kuwonjezeka kwa ziwerengero kumafunikira nyengo yamvula yazaka zitatu.
Lasiorhinus krefftii ndi mphalapala wokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali lakumpoto lotchedwa Red Book lomwe lili pachiwopsezo. Chiwerengero cha kumpoto kwa ubweya wa mimba ndi 115. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80 zapitazo, chiwerengerocho chinachepa ndi ma 30-40 pcs. Mu 1982, kuchotsedwa kwa ng'ombe kuchokera kumtundako kunadzetsa kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa anthu. Nthawi yachilala imatha kuchepetsa ziweto, monga momwe zimachitikira pakati pa 1990s. Mu 2000, ma dingoes 15-20 adaphedwa. Tsopano mpanda wamakilomita 20 waphimba dera lonselo.
Kuti tisunge kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa ntchito zaulimi m'malo okhala nyama. Ntchito yokumba kumabweretsa chiwonongeko cha maenje a nyama ndi kufa kwawo. Kulowerera kwaudzu kosayembekezereka mdera lomwe mwapatsidwa kumatha kutengapo gawo lofunikira pakuchepetsa anthu. Ku Australia, malo angapo akhazikitsidwa kuti ateteze nyamazi komanso kusamalira zitsanzo ndi makanda ovulala.
Pofuna kuteteza kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe cha Australia, ndikofunikira kuwunika momwe zigawozi zimapezekera, kupewa kubzala nkhalango za paini ndi mbewu zina zomwe siziphatikizidwa pazosankha zawo. Wombat Amamva kuti ali otetezedwa ndipo amabereka bwino m'malo osungira nyama ndi malo osungira nyama, komwe nthawi ya moyo wawo imafikira zaka makumi atatu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 16.02.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/16/2019 ku 0:35
