Chikumbu - mwina kachilomboka kotchuka kwambiri ku Europe ndi Russia. Kutchuka kumeneku kunabweretsedwa kwa iye ndi mawonekedwe enaake ndi kukula kwakukulu. "Nyanga" zoyambirira zimadzutsa chidwi chachikulu ndikugwira diso. Komabe, kachilomboka kali kosangalatsa osati kokha chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake odabwitsa. Nyama imeneyi ndi yapaderadi ndipo imafunika kuisamalira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: kachilomboka
Mbalame zazimuna zimatchedwa Lucanus, kutanthauza "kukhala ku Lucania". Kwawo, amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati zithumwa. Popita nthawi, dzinali linaperekedwa ku mtundu wonsewo, womwe lero uli ndi mitundu yoposa makumi asanu. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi dzina lodziwika bwino lidawonekera - "mbawala yamphongo", yomwe imawonekera chifukwa chowoneka bwino cha nyama.
Tizilombo tokhala ndi nyanga zachilendo ndiye nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri ku Europe. Ndi za banja la Stag. Nyanga za tizilombo ndizokulirapo, nthawi yomweyo zimawonekera kumbuyo kwa thupi. Ma spikes ang'onoang'ono amatha kuwonekera pamtunda wawo. Ma spikes adalongosola malekezero omwe amayenda mkati.
Kanema: Chikumbu
Kutalika kwamphongo nthawi zambiri kumafika masentimita eyiti, akazi amakhala theka lalitali - pafupifupi, masentimita anayi. Komabe, wolemba mbiri weniweni adapezeka posachedwa ku Turkey. Kutalika kwake kunali masentimita khumi. Zomwe zimatchedwa kuti nyanga za chikumbu sizinyanga kwenikweni. Awa ndi nsagwada zosinthidwa.
Amakhala ngati njira yodzitetezera kwa adani achilengedwe, othandizira kupeza chakudya, zokongoletsa zenizeni za mitunduyo. Nsagwada izi zimakhala ndi utoto wofiyira pang'ono. Amatha kupitirira kukula kwa thupi lonse la tizilombo ndipo kuwuluka nthawi zambiri kumaposa pachifuwa ndi pamimba. Pachifukwa ichi, nyongolotsi zimakakamizika kuuluka pamalo owongoka.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyongolotsi ya Beetle Red Book
Chikumbu ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kwambiri. Thupi lake limakhala ndi mimba, chifuwa, mutu. Mimba imakutidwa kwathunthu ndi elytra, ndipo miyendo itatu ndi iwiri imawoneka pachifuwa. Maso a nyama amakhala pambali pamutu. Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika mamilimita makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu asanu ndi nyanga. Ndi amuna omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe oterowo. Akazi ndi ocheperako - kutalika kwa thupi lawo sikupitilira mamilimita makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu ndi awiri.
Akazi samangokhala ocheperako, komanso amawoneka abwinobwino. Alibe chokongoletsera chachikulu - nyanga zazikulu zofiira. Miyendo, mutu, dorsum yakutsogolo, scutellum, pansi pa thupi lonse la kachilomboka ndikuda. Kuphatikizana kwa thupi lakuda lokhala ndi nyanga zofiira kumapangitsa kachilomboka kukhala kokongola modabwitsa. Zimakhala zovuta kumusokoneza ndi wina aliyense. Amphongo amagwiritsira ntchito nyanga zazikuluzikulu zokhazokha ndi mitundu ina ya tizilombo, ndi amuna ena.
Akazi amalandidwa zida zotere, motero amagwiritsa ntchito nsagwada zawo zakuthwa poteteza. Iwo ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Mkazi amatha kuluma kudzera pakhungu loyipa, mwachitsanzo, monga pa zala za munthu wamkulu. Ngakhale nsagwada zopangidwa bwino, nyanga zazikulu, mphamvu yayikulu, nyamazi sizidya chakudya chokhazikika. Chalk zonsezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podzitchinjiriza pakagwa ngozi.
Kodi mbawala yamphongo imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: chikumbu chachimuna
Chimbalangondo ndi kachilombo kofala.
Amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi:
- ku Europe - kuchokera Sweden kupita ku Balkan Peninsula. Koma m'maiko ena, nyama zamtundu uwu zatha. Tikulankhula za Estonia, Denmark, Lithuania ndi ambiri aku UK;
- m'maiko ena otentha - Asia, Turkey, North Africa, Iran;
- ku Russia. Chimbalangondo ichi chafalikira kwambiri ku madera aku Europe mdziko muno. Anthu amderali amadziwika m'zigawo za Penza, Kursk, Voronezh. Kumpoto, kafadala amapezeka ku Samara, Pskov, Ryazan ndi madera ena ambiri;
- ku Crimea. Pachilumbachi, mbozi zimakhala m'mapiri ndi m'nkhalango;
- ku Ukraine. Tizilomboti timakhala pafupifupi kudera lonse la Ukraine. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu chikupezeka mdera la Chernigov ndi Kharkov;
- ku Kazakhstan, amathanso kukumana ndi mbawala yokongola. Nyongolotsi zimakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zowirira, m'nkhalango komanso pafupi ndi Mtsinje wa Ural.
Malo omwe kuli mbawala zakutchire ndi ofanana ndi mtundu wake. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi amtundu wa mesophilic. Nyama zotere zimakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zowirira, makamaka komwe kumamera mitengo ya thundu. Poterepa, mtundu wa tsambalo sutenga gawo. Tizilombo timakhala m'zigwa komanso m'mapiri. Nthaŵi zina kokha kachilomboka kamapezeka m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi m'mapaki akale.
Ku Middle Ages, m'maiko ena, makamaka ku Great Britain, kupezeka kwa kachilomboka kunkaonedwa ngati chizindikiro chosasangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, eni malowo amakhulupirira kuti kachilombo aka kankaimira imfa yomwe ili pafupi ya mbewuyo.
Kodi mbawala imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: kachilomboka
Nsagwada zamphamvu, nyanga zakuthwa, ndi nyonga yamphamvu zimalola kuti nyongolotsi idye chakudya cholimba. Komabe, oimira amtunduwu amakonda kudya kokha zipatso za mitengo ndi zomera zina. Komabe, muyeneranso kuyesa kupeza chakudya choterocho. Utsi wochokera mumtengowo samatuluka wokha. Kuti ipeze gawo la chakudya, mbawala yamphongo imafunika kukuwa makungwa a mitengo ndi nsagwada zake zamphamvu. Madziwo akaonekera pamwamba, tizilombo timangowunyambita.
Ngati msuziwo ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kachilomboko kamasamukira ku mtengo wina kapena chomera chokoma. Ngati pali chakudya chokwanira, ndiye kuti mbawala yamphongo imayamba kuchita modekha. Ukali wake wachilengedwe umaziririka kumbuyo ndipo tizilombo timadyetsa mwamtendere pamalo omwewo kwakanthawi. Mbawala ndi kupeza kwenikweni kwa okonda zosowa. Anthu ambiri amasunga tizilomboto kunyumba. Madzi a shuga kapena njira yothetsera amadzimadzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga cha Red Book
Mutha kuwona kachilomboka kakang'ono kumapeto kwa Meyi. Makamaka kuchuluka kwawo kumakhala kwakukulu m'malo omwe mitengo yamitengo imakula. Masana, nyamazi zimawonetsa zochitika zochepa kwambiri. Amatha kukhala mwamtendere mumtengo tsiku lonse, akusangalala ndi dzuwa. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbozi zimatuluka nthawi yamadzulo.
Sizilombo zonse zamtunduwu zomwe zimatsatira moyo wamadzulo, zakudya zabwino. Iwo omwe amakhala kumwera kwa Europe amakonda kukhala otakataka masana. Amapuma usiku. Tizilombo titha kuwuluka pafupifupi makilomita atatu patsiku. Kutalikirana koteroko kumagonjetsedwa mosavuta ndi amuna. Akazi sakhala otakataka, suntha pang'ono.
Kuthamanga kwa mbawala yamtunduwu kumakhala kovuta kuphonya. Zimauluka mwamphamvu kwambiri ndipo zimapanga phokoso lalikulu pochita izi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri timatha kuchoka pansi kapena pamtunda wina uliwonse. Pachifukwa ichi, amayenera kugwa panthambi zamitengo kapena tchire kuti anyamuke. Paulendo wokha womwewo, amuna amakakamizidwa kuti azitsatira pafupi mozungulira. Izi ndichifukwa chakukula kwakukulu, kulemera kwake kwamanyanga.
Chimbalangondo champhamvu ndi chodandaula. Komabe, amuna okha ndi omwe amakhala achiwawa. Akazi samasonyeza kupsa mtima kwawo popanda chifukwa. Amuna nthawi zambiri amapikisana. Nkhani ya "mkangano" ikhoza kukhala chakudya kapena chachikazi. Pankhondoyi, otsutsanawo akuwomberana ndi nyanga zamphamvu. Ndi chithandizo chawo, amayesa kuponyera adani pamtengo.
Ngakhale mphamvu ya nyongolotsi, nkhondo pakati pa amuna sizimatha. Nyanga sizingathe kuboola thupi la kachilomboka, zimangovulaza. Nkhondoyo imatha ndikuti mmodzi wamwamuna akukakamizidwa kuti apereke chakudya kapena wamkazi kwa mnzake.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbozi yamphongo
M'magulu azikhalidwe, utsogoleri waukulu ndi wamwamuna. Amuna amatha kupikisana wina ndi mnzake poyerekeza ndi chachikazi kapena chakudya.
Ntchito yofutukula mtundu wa kafadala imatha kuperekedwa magawo:
- Kukopa amuna. Mkazi amadabwa ndi kupitiriza kwa mtunduwo. Amayang'ana malo abwino pamtengowo, ndikuthyola makungwawo kuti akope wamphongo ndi msuzi. Pofuna kutsindika zolinga zake, mkazi amafalitsa ndowe zake pansi pa khungwa lomwe adakulako.
- Kusankha champhamvu kwambiri. Zazimuna zimangokwera ndi amuna amphamvu kwambiri. Anthu ambiri amathamangira kumapeto kwa mtengowo. Komabe, akawona ndowe, amaiwala za chakudya ndipo amayamba kupikisanirana chachikazi. Ena a kafadala ofooka amachotsedwa paokha. Ndi okhawo olimba mtima kwambiri omwe atsala kuti amenyane.
- Kuyanjana. Wamphamvu kwambiri amakhala amene angathe kubweretsa mpikisano onse pansi. Pambuyo pakupambana, azimuna okwatirana ndi akazi, kenako amathawira pawokha. Kubereka kumachitika pogonana.
- Kuikira mazira. Pambuyo pa umuna, mkaziyo amaikira mazira. Kuti achite izi, amasankha zitsa, mitengo. Kumeneku kumamera mazira mwezi wonse.
- Gawo la mphutsi. Mphutsi zamphongo zimatha kufikira sentimita imodzi kutalika. Pakukula kwawo, amadya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tofa.
- Kusintha kwa Chrysalis. Ngati mphutsi imatha kubwera pamwamba, ndiye kuti chibayo chimayamba kukula pansi. Ntchitoyi nthawi zambiri imayamba kugwa ndipo imatha kumapeto kwa nthawi yachilimwe.
- Moyo wa kachilomboka wamkulu. Masika, chibayo chimasanduka mbawala yayikulu yokongola. Nthawi yamoyo wa munthu wamkulu samatha kupitirira mwezi umodzi. Koma mwachilengedwe, analinso azaka zana. Moyo wawo wogwira ntchito unali miyezi iwiri.
Adani achilengedwe a mbawala yamphongo
Chithunzi: Beetle Deer (mbawala yamphongo)
Nthawi zambiri mbozi zimakonda kumenyana pakati pawo. Amuna ali ndi mawonekedwe ankhondo, akumenyera nkhondo nthawi zonse kuti apeze chakudya chabwino ndi chachikazi. Komabe, nkhondo zoterezi sizowopsa nyama. Amatha mwamtendere kapena kuwonongeka pang'ono. Kumbu yayikulu yopanda chitetezo ili pamtunda. Sangathe kukana ngakhale pang'ono. Mdani woopsa kwambiri wa kachilomboka panthawiyi ndi mavu a scolia. Mavu a scoliosis amatha kufooketsa mphutsi zazikulu ndi mbola imodzi yokha. Mavu amagwiritsa ntchito thupi la mphutsi kuti iikire mazira awoawo.
Anthu achikulire amakulu amadwala makamaka mbalame. Amawombedwa ndi akhwangwala, akadzidzi, akadzidzi. Mbalame zimangodya mimba zawo zokha. Tizilombo tonse tatsala pang'ono kutha. Komabe, mdani woopsa kwambiri wa kachilomboka ndi anthu. M'mayiko ambiri, tizilombo timeneti timasakidwa ndi okonda zakunja ndi osonkhanitsa. Kusonkhanitsa kafadala kumabweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziwerengero zawo komanso kutha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga cha Red Book
Mbawala yamphongo ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Chiwerengero cha tizilomboti chimachepa mofulumira chaka chilichonse.
Izi zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa makamaka:
- malo oipa osasamalira zachilengedwe. Vutoli ndilofunikira kumayiko aliwonse. Mpweya, madzi, nthaka zaipitsidwa kwambiri;
- ntchito zosalamulira za nkhalango. Kudula mitengo kumalanda kachilomboka pamalo awo achilengedwe, kunyumba ndi chakudya;
- kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ena owopsa m'nthaka. Izi zimakhudza pafupifupi pafupifupi tizilombo tonse;
- kuwononga anthu. Popeza mwawona kachilomboka kokongola, ndizovuta kudziletsa kuti musasangalale ndi kufuula. Anthu ena samaima pamenepo. Amagwira tizilombo kuti tisangalale kapena kuti asonkhanitse okha. M'mayiko ena, amapangabe zithumwa, zomwe zimagulitsidwa ndi ndalama zambiri.
Izi ndi zina zambiri zoyipa zikuchepetsa mwachangu ziweto padziko lonse lapansi. Lero nyama iyi ili pachiwopsezo, ndipo yatchulidwa m'buku lofiira. Ndipo mu 1982, mbawala yamphongo inalembedwa mu Berne Convention. Pofuna kuthandiza mitundu ya nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutayika m'maiko ena, kachilomboka kamasankhidwa kangapo ndi kachilombo ka chaka.
Alonda achikumbu
Chithunzi: nswala ya chikumbu
Chimbalangondo chachikulire chidalembedwa m'buku la Red Book la mayiko ambiri, makamaka aku Europe. Mwa zina mwa izo zidanenedwa kuti zatha, mwachitsanzo ku Denmark. Chimbalangondo chimatetezedwa ndi malamulo ku Russia, Kazakhstan, Great Britain, Spain ndi mayiko ena ambiri. Asayansi m'maiko ambiri ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri chifukwa chakuchepa kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kwa chiwala, chifukwa chake akutenga njira zosiyanasiyana kuti asunge mitunduyi.
Chifukwa chake, ku UK, Ukraine ndi Spain, mapulogalamu apadera adayambitsidwa kuti aphunzire kachilomboka. Magulu owunikira amafufuza mwatsatanetsatane kuchuluka, ndikuwona kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Ku Russia, malo abwino adapangidwa kuti azikhalamo mbozi zosungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kumeneko, mtundu uwu umatetezedwa ndi boma.
M'mayiko ena, ntchito yolalikira ikuchitika mwachangu ndi anthu. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa achinyamata. Amaphunzitsidwa maphunziro oyenera a zachilengedwe. Chofunikira kwambiri, mayiko angapo adayamba kuchepetsa kudula nkhalango zakale ndi thundu. Ndiwo malo abwino kwambiri amoyo komanso kuberekana kwa mbozi. Chikumbu - kachilombo kokongola, kosazolowereka, kodziwika ndi mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino komanso kukula kwake kwakukulu. Mbalame zazing'onoting'ono zatsala pang'ono kutha, chifukwa chake, zimafunikira chisamaliro chapadera ndi chitetezo ku boma.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 13.02.2019
Idasinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 13:24
