Nswala zoyera (Odocoileus virginianus) ndi imodzi mwamagulu atatu a nswala ku North America. Mitundu ina iwiri imaphatikizaponso nyulu (Odocoileus hemionus) ndi nswala yakuda (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). Achibale awiri amoyo a nswala zoyera ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Ng'ombe zonsezi ndizochepa pang'ono, ndi ubweya wakuda komanso nyerere zosiyananso.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nswala zoyera
Mbawala zoyera ndi imodzi mwazinyama zolemera kwambiri ku North America. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe mitundu iyi idapulumuka kwanthawi yayitali ndichakuti imatha kusintha. Mnyengo yachisanu ikafika, zamoyo zambiri sizinathe kupulumuka momwe zinthu zimasinthira msanga, koma nswala zoyera zimakula bwino.
Mitunduyi imasintha kwambiri, idathandizidwa kupulumuka ndi zinthu monga:
- minofu yolimba yamiyendo;
- nyanga zazikulu;
- zizindikiro zochenjeza;
- utoto wosintha utoto.
Mphalapala zoyera zimadziwika kuti zimagwiritsa ntchito nyanga zake pazinthu zambiri, monga kulimbana ndikuwonetsa gawo lake. Kwa zaka 3.5 miliyoni zapitazi, nyerere za nyemba zoyera zasintha kwambiri chifukwa chakufunika kwamizere yayikulu komanso yolimba. Popeza nyanga imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polimbirana, lamulo lonse la chala chachikulu ndikuti chokulirapo chimakhala chabwino.
Mbawala yoyera ndi imodzi mwazinyama zakale kwambiri ku North America. Mitunduyi ili ndi zaka pafupifupi 3.5 miliyoni. Chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo, makolo agwape ndi ovuta kuwazindikira. Mbawala yoyera yapezeka kuti ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi Odocoileus brachyodontus, ndizosiyana pang'ono. Itha kulumikizananso ndi mitundu ina ya mphalapala zakale pamlingo wa DNA.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Zinyama zoyera-zoyera
Mbawala zoyera (Odocoileus virginianus) ndi imodzi mwazinyama zachilengedwe zambiri ku America. Mitundu iwiri ya molts imatulutsa zikopa ziwiri zosiyana. Mtundu wachilimwe umakhala ndi tsitsi lalifupi, labwino kwambiri lofiirira. Chikopa ichi chimakula mu Ogasiti ndi Seputembala ndipo chimalowetsedwa ndi mtundu wachisanu, womwe umakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali, lopanda utoto wofiirira. Tsitsi lopanda kanthu ndi malaya amkati amateteza kwambiri ku nyengo yozizira yozizira.
Mtundu wachisanu umasinthidwa ndi utoto wachilimwe mu Epulo ndi Meyi. Mimba, chifuwa, mmero ndi chibwano zimakhala zoyera chaka chonse. Zikopa za agwape obadwa kumene ndi ofiira ofiira okhala ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono mazana oyera. Mtundu wowoneka bwino umawabisa kuzinyama.
Mbawala zomwe zimakhala zosazolowereka sizachilendo ku Alabama. Nswala zoyera (albino) kapena zakuda (melanistic) ndizosowa kwenikweni. Komabe, kubadwa kwa pinto kumakhala kofala ku Alabama. Mbawala za Pinto zimadziwika ndi malaya oyera oyera pafupifupi onse okhala ndi bulauni.
Kanema: Mbawala zoyera
Nswala zoyera zimakhala ndi fungo labwino. Mphuno zawo zazitali zimadzazidwa ndi makina ovuta omwe amakhala ndi mamilioni olandila. Malingaliro awo akumva kununkhira ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti atetezedwe kwa adani, kuzindikiritsa nswala zina ndi magwero azakudya. Mwinanso chofunikira kwambiri, kununkhiza kwawo ndikofunikira polumikizana ndi mbawala zina. Mbawala zimakhala ndi ziziwalo zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kununkhira.
Mbawala amakhalanso ndi malingaliro omveka bwino. Makutu akulu, osunthika amawalola kuti azitha kumva phokoso patali kwambiri ndikudziwiratu komwe amalowera. Mbawala zimatha kumveka mosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizaponso kukung'ung'udza, kulira, zong'onong'ono, magudumu ndi ma snout.
Pafupifupi ma subspecies a 38 azinyama zoyera amafotokozedwa ku North, Central ndi South America. Makumi atatu mwa ma subspecies amapezeka ku North ndi Central America kokha.
Kodi nswala zoyera zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbawala zoyera zoyera zaku America
Mbawala zoyera zimapezeka kwambiri ku Midwest of North America. Mbalamezi zimatha kukhala pafupifupi kulikonse, koma zimakonda madera akumapiri okhala ndi nkhalango zowuma. Kwa mbawala zoyera, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi malo otseguka omwe azunguliridwa ndi mitengo kapena udzu wautali kuti mutetezedwe kwa adani ndi chakudya.
Nyama zambiri zomwe zimakhala ku United States zili m'maiko monga:
- Arkansas;
- Georgia;
- Michigan;
- North Carolina;
- Ohio;
- Texas;
- Wisconsin;
- Alabama.
Mmbulu zoyera zimasinthasintha bwino pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yachilengedwe komanso kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwachilengedwe. Amatha kukhala m'malo amitengo okhwima komanso m'malo omwe ali ndi malo otseguka. Pachifukwa ichi, amapezeka m'malo ambiri ku North America.
Mbawala zoyera ndi zolengedwa zosinthika ndipo zimakula bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana. Palibe mtundu wa yunifolomu wabwino kwa nswala, zikhale mitengo yolimba yolimba kapena minda ya paini. Mwachidule, mphalapala zimafunikira chakudya, madzi, ndi malo moyenera. Zofunikira pamoyo ndi zakudya zimasintha chaka chonse, motero malo okhala abwino amakhala ndi zosakaniza zokwanira zofunika chaka chonse.
Kodi nswala zoyera zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Zinyama zoyera ku Russia
Pafupifupi, mphalapala zimadya 1 mpaka 3 kg ya chakudya patsiku pa 50 kg iliyonse yolemera thupi. Ng'ombe yaying'ono imadya zoposa matani pachaka. Mbawala ndi zoweta ndipo, monga ng'ombe, zimakhala ndi mimba yovuta, yazipinda zinayi. Mbawala amasankha mwachilengedwe. Pakamwa pawo pamakhala patali ndikulunjika pazosankha za chakudya.
Zakudya zamphongo ndizosiyanasiyana monga malo ake. Nyama izi zimadya masamba, nthambi, zipatso ndi mphukira zamitengo, zitsamba ndi mipesa. Mphoyo zimadyanso namsongole ambiri, udzu, mbewu zaulimi ndi mitundu ingapo ya bowa.
Mosiyana ndi ng'ombe, mbawala sizimadya zakudya zochepa zokha. Mmbulu zoyera zimatha kudya mitundu yambiri yazomera zomwe zimapezeka m'malo awo. Inde, mphalapala zikadzaza kwambiri zimachititsa kusowa kwa chakudya, amadya zakudya zamitundumitundu zomwe sizimakhala zakudya zawo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mmbulu zoyera m'nkhalango
Magulu a nswala zoyera amagawika mitundu iwiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo mabanja, ndi mbawala ndi ana ake aang'ono, ndi magulu aamuna. Gulu la banja limakhala limodzi pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Magulu a amuna amapangidwa ndi olamulira olamulira a 3 mpaka 5 anthu.
M'nyengo yozizira, magulu awiriwa a nswala amatha kusonkhana pamodzi kuti apange magulu a anthu pafupifupi 150. Kuphatikizana kumeneku kumapangitsa misewu kukhala yotseguka komanso yopezeka kudyetsa komanso kumateteza ku adani. Chifukwa cha kudyetsedwa ndi anthu, malowa atha kubweretsa nkhandwe zomwe zimakopa nyama zolusa, zimawonjezera kufala kwa matenda, zimawonjezera chiwawa mderalo, zimabweretsa kudya kwambiri zachilengedwe komanso kugundana kwambiri.
Mbawala zoyera ndizabwino kwambiri kusambira, kuthamanga ndi kudumpha. Khungu lachinyama la nyama yozizira limakhala ndi ubweya wopanda pake, mtunda pakati pake womwe umadzaza ndi mpweya. Chifukwa cha nyama iyi ndizovuta kumira, ngakhale itatopa. Mbawala zoyera zimatha kuthamanga mpaka 58 km / h, ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimapita kumalo obisalira kwambiri ndipo sizimayenda maulendo ataliatali. Mbawala imathanso kulumpha mita 2.5 kutalika ndi mita 9 m'litali.
Gwape wa mchira choyera akagwidwa mantha, amatha kupondaponda ndikufinya kuti adziwitse agwape ena. Nyamayo imathanso "kulemba" gawo kapena kukweza mchira wake posonyeza kuyera kwake kwamkati.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwana wamphongo woyera
Kakhalidwe ka mphalapala zoyera kunja kwa nyengo yoswana kumangoyang'ana magulu awiri azamagulu: azibambo ndi amuna. Magulu a Matriarchal amakhala ndi akazi, amayi ake, ndi ana achikazi. Magulu a Buck ndi magulu otayirira omwe amakhala ndi mbawala zazikulu.
Kafukufuku adalemba masiku otenga pakati kuyambira Thanksgiving mpaka pakati pa Disembala, koyambirira kwa Januware, ngakhalenso February. Kwa malo ambiri okhala, nyengo yoswana kwambiri imachitika pakati mpaka kumapeto kwa Januware. Munthawi imeneyi, kusintha kwama mahomoni kumachitika mwa amuna oyera. Mbawala zazikuluzikulu zimakhala zankhanza komanso zosalekerera amuna ena.
Munthawi imeneyi, zamphongo zimayika ndikuteteza malo oberekera popanga zolembera zingapo m'mizere yawo. Pa nthawi yobereka, yaimuna imatha kutengana ndi yaikazi kangapo.
Pamene kubereka kuyandikira, mkazi wapakati amakhala wosungulumwa ndipo amateteza gawo lake ku mbawala zina. Ana amabadwa patatha masiku 200 kuchokera pamene mayi atenga pathupi. Ku North America, agalu ambiri amabadwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Julayi mpaka pakati pa Ogasiti. Chiwerengero cha ana chimadalira msinkhu ndi thupi la mkazi. Monga lamulo, mwana wamkazi wa chaka chimodzi amakhala ndi mwana wamkazi mmodzi, koma mapasa ndi osowa kwambiri.
Ng'ombe za mphalapala m'malo osakhala abwino kwambiri, omwe amakhala ndi anthu ambiri, zitha kuwonetsa kupulumuka pakati pa ana. M'masiku ochepa atabadwa, mkazi samakonda kuyenda mtunda wopitilira 100 mita kuchokera kwa ana ake. Ana amapita limodzi ndi amayi awo ali ndi zaka zitatu kapena zinayi zakubadwa.
Adani achilengedwe a nswala zoyera
Chithunzi: Nswala zoyera
Mbawala zoyera zimakhala m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango. M'madera ena, kuchuluka kwa agwape ndi vuto. Mimbulu yakuda ndi mikango yam'mapiri zinali zolusa zomwe zimathandiza kuti anthu azikhala okhazikika, koma chifukwa cha kusaka ndi chitukuko cha anthu, kunalibe mimbulu yambiri ndi mikango yamapiri yomwe idatsalira m'malo ambiri aku North America.
Mbawala zoyera nthawi zina zimakhala nyama ya mphamba, koma anthu ndi agalu tsopano ndiwo adani akulu amtunduwu. Popeza kulibe nyama zambiri zachilengedwe, nthawi zina ziwetozi zimachuluka kwambiri kuposa chilengedwe, zomwe zimatha kupangitsa kuti mbawala zizifa ndi njala. M'madera akumidzi, alenje amathandizira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa nyamazi, koma m'matawuni ndi m'matawuni, kusaka nthawi zambiri sikuloledwa, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa nyamazi kumakulabe. Kupulumuka bwino sikukutanthauza kuti nswala izi sizowopsa.
Zowopseza nyama zamphongo zoyera (kupatula zowononga zachilengedwe) ndizo:
- kupha;
- kuwonongeka kwamagalimoto;
- matenda.
Alenje ambiri amadziwa kuti mphalapala samawona bwino. Mbawala zoyera zimakhala ndi masomphenya owonera, kutanthauza kuti amangowona mitundu iwiri yokha. Chifukwa chosowa masomphenya abwino, agwape okhala ndi zoyera apanga kununkhira kwamphamvu kuti apeze zolusa.
Malungo a Catarrhal (Blue Tongue) ndi matenda omwe amakhudza mbawala zambiri. Matendawa amafalitsidwa ndi ntchentche ndipo imayambitsa kutupa kwa lilime, komanso zimapangitsa kuti wovulalayo alephera kuwongolera miyendo yake. Anthu ambiri amamwalira pasanathe sabata. Apo ayi, kuchira kumatha kutenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Matendawa amakhudzanso mitundu yambiri ya nyama zakutchire.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Zinyama zoyera-zoyera
Mbawala zinali zosowa kwambiri m'maiko ambiri aku North America mpaka zaka zaposachedwa. Akuyerekeza kuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 kunali Alabama kokha ku 2,000. Pambuyo poyesa kuchuluka kwa anthu kwazaka zambiri, agwape ku Alabama akuti akuyerekeza 1.75 miliyoni mu 2000.
M'malo mwake, madera ambiri aku North America amakhala ndi mbawala zambiri. Zotsatira zake, mbewu zimawonongeka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kugundana pakati pa nswala ndi magalimoto kumawonjezeka. Zakale, ku North America, magulu akuluakulu a agalu oyera anali Virginia (O. v. Virginianus). Pambuyo pa kutha kwa nswala zoyera ku Midwestern states kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, Conservation department, pamodzi ndi anthu angapo komanso magulu, idayamba kumenya nkhondo kuti iwonjezere mbawala m'ma 1930.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, malamulo adakhazikitsidwa oyang'anira kusaka agwape, koma sanatsatidwe konse. Pofika 1925, panali ziweto 400 zokha ku Missouri. Kudula kumeneku kwapangitsa kuti Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Missouri ithe kusaka nyama zonse komanso kukhazikitsa malamulo achitetezo cha anthu ndi kuchira.
Conservation department yachita khama kusamutsa nswala kupita ku Missouri kuchokera ku Michigan, Wisconsin, ndi Minnesota kuti zithandizire kukonzanso nyamazo. Ogwira ntchito zachitetezo adayamba kukhazikitsa malamulo omwe amathandizira kupewa kupha nyama mosavomerezeka. Pofika 1944, agwape anali atakwera mpaka 15,000.
Pakadali pano, agwape ku Missouri kokha ndi anthu miliyoni 1.4, ndipo alenje chaka chilichonse amasaka nyama pafupifupi 300,000. Kuwongolera kwa agulu ku Missouri kumayesetsa kukhazikitsa bata pamlingo wofanana ndi chilengedwe.
Nswala zoyera Ndi nyama yokongola komanso yokongola yomwe imachita gawo lofunikira munyama zakutchire. Poonetsetsa kuti nkhalango zili ndi thanzi labwino, gulu la ziweto zomwe zimadyetserako ziweto liyenera kusamalidwa bwino. Kulinganiza zachilengedwe ndichofunikira kwambiri kuti nyama zakutchire zizikhala bwino.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.02.2019
Tsiku losintha: 16.09.2019 nthawi 14:45
