Nkhungu

Nkhungu (Sorex) ndi chinyama chaching'onoting'ono cha banja lanzeru. Amakhala m'makontinenti onse kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, makamaka m'nkhalango ndi tundra. Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo opambana mgulu la zinyama "zazing'ono kwambiri" komanso "zowononga kwambiri". Tsutsani malamulo a Bergman ndikuwonetsa zotsatira za Denel. Zonsezi, pali mitundu 70 ya mitunduyo, yomwe ku Russia pali mitundu 15 - 17.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Shrew

Dzina lachi Latin la mtunduwo limachokera ku mawu otanthauza "kunong'oneza, kulira, kulira." Izi zikutanthauza phokoso lomwe nyama zimapanga mukamakumana. Dzina lachi Russia la mtunduwo limaperekedwa chifukwa cha utoto wofiyira wam'mwamba mwa mano.

Pali mitundu malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mano, zomwe ndizovuta kwa munthu wamba. Taxonomy ndi bwino anayamba, lero pali masanjidwe osiyana, malinga ndi mmodzi wa iwo, ndi magulu atatu osiyana.

Kanema: Zowonongeka

Koma malinga ndi ina - zinayi:

• Mitundu yosadziwika, kuphatikizapo kachingwe kakang'ono (Sorex minutissimus) - nyama yaying'ono kwambiri ku Russia komanso yachiwiri padziko lapansi, yocheperako kuposa yolumikiza yokha basi;
• subgenus Sorex, yomwe inali yolumikizira wamba, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti shrew (Sorex araneus) - nthumwi yofala kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino yamtunduwu komanso nyama yayikulu kwambiri kumpoto kwa Europe;
• subgenus Ognevia wokhala ndi m'modzi, koma wamkulu kwambiri, woyimira - chimphona chachikulu (Sorex mirabilis);
• Subisus Otisorex imaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri yaku North America komanso nyama yaying'ono kwambiri, American pygmy shrew (Sorex hoyi).

Zakale zakale zidachokera ku Upper Eocene, nthawi yomwe makono amakono a zinyama adawonekera.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Momwe shrew amawonekera

Koyamba, nyamazo zimawoneka ngati mbewa, koma zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri - tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kapangidwe ka thupi poyang'anitsitsa kumasiyana mosiyana ndi mbewa. Choyambirira, mutu wawukulu wokulira wokhala ndi mphuno yotulutsidwa mu proboscis yosinthasintha umachita chidwi. Nyamayo imangoyenda mosalekeza, ikununkhiza ndi kusaka nyama. Makutu ndi ang'onoang'ono, pafupifupi samatuluka muubweya. Maso ndi ochepa kwambiri, samatha kufotokoza chilichonse.

Ngati tingawaone ngati kalilole wamoyo, ndiye kuti khwangwala alibe moyo - malingaliro onse anyamawo amangokhudza chakudya chawo cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Koma nyama zazing'ono zotere sizingakhale mwanjira ina, zimataya kutentha kochuluka poyerekeza ndi zazikulu, zimafunikira nthawi zonse kukonzanso mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimathamanga mwachangu. "Kulemera pang'ono, chakudya chochuluka" ndi lamulo lanyama zonse zamagazi. Anawo ali ndi mano 32, ngati munthu, koma zotsekemera, makamaka zam'munsi, ndizitali kwambiri. Mano a mkaka amalowetsedwa ndi okhazikika ngakhale mluza, kotero kuti nyama imabadwa ili ndi mano onse.

Kutalika kwa thupi (kopanda mchira) mumitundu yosiyanasiyana kumatha kukhala kuchokera pa 4 cm mu kachingwe kakang'ono, mpaka masentimita 10 mu chimphona; kulemera kwake kumayambira 1.2 - 4 g mpaka 14 g, motsatana. Kukula kwapakati, mwachitsanzo, chopangira wamba ndi 6 - 9 cm kuphatikiza mchira wa masentimita 3 - 5.5. Thupi limakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda wa velvet, womata mozungulira, kuti chopunthacho chisasunthike panjere. Mtundu wa ubweya mbali yakumtunda ndi wofiira, wobiriwira kapena wotuwa ndipo umabisa nyama pamtunda, mbali yakumunsi thupi ndiyotuwa.

Mchira ukhoza kukhala waufupi kwambiri kapena pafupifupi wofanana ndi thupi, wokutidwa ndi tsitsi lochepa. M'mbali ndi pansi pamchira, nthawi zambiri pamakhala tiziwalo timene timatulutsa katsekemera wonunkhira bwino woteteza zotchinga kwa adani. Amayi ali ndi mawere 6 mpaka 10. Mwa amuna, ma testes amapezeka mkati mwa thupi, ndipo chiwalo chokopera chimatha kufikira 2/3 kutalika kwa thupi.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chigaza cha chopunthira chili ngati kansalu kakang'ono kwambiri - kamakhala ndi gawo lotambalala kwambiri laubongo ndipo limachepetsa mphuno, kotero kuti nsagwada zili ngati zopalira. Pofika nthawi yozizira, chigaza chimachepa, chimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ziwalo zam'mimba, ndikuwonjezeka chilimwe (chomwe chimatchedwa "Danel athari"). Ubongo umapanga 10% ya kulemera kwa nyama yonse, ndipo chiwerengerochi ndichokwera kuposa cha munthu kapena, ngakhale dolphin. Mwachiwonekere, kufunika kosalekeza kothetsa mavuto azakudya kumathandizira kukulira kwaubongo.

Kodi khasu limakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Shrew ku Russia

Mtundu wamtunduwu umakhudza makamaka madera ozizira kwambiri komanso ozizira am'makontinenti onse akumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. M'madera akumwera kwenikweni, monga Central America kapena Central Asia, nkhono zimapezeka kumapiri.

Woyimira wamba, wocheperako, ndiwosunthika kwambiri ndipo amasinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe kuyambira kumpoto kwa tundra mpaka kumapiri, komwe amasankha zigwa zam'madzi ndi mapiri ataliatali kuti akhazikike. Nyama sizimakonda malo otseguka, sizingayime ndi dzuwa - malo omwe amakonda nthawi zonse amakhala amdima komanso onyowa. M'nyengo yozizira amakhala pansi pa chipale chofewa, pafupifupi samabwera konse pamwamba.

Pakatikati mwa Russia, malo odyetserako ziweto amapezeka paliponse m'nkhalango ndi m'mapaki, makamaka odzaza, okhala ndi nkhalango zowirira komanso zinyalala zakutchire. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa malo osungira madzi omwe ali m'nkhalango zam'madzi, pafupi ndi mathithi. Koma siachilendo m'nyumba zazing'ono zolimidwa, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi amphaka omwe amawabweretsa ngati nyama. Amakopeka kwambiri ndi nyumba za anthu usiku wadzinja, pomwe amatha kukwera nyumba.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri imakhala kumapiri ndi kumapiri, imapirira chisanu choopsa chapakati pa Siberia, ngakhale, zikuwoneka kuti, ziyenera kuyeserera malo otentha. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku waku American ash shrew (Sorex cinereus) asonyeza kuti kumpoto komwe amakhala, zocheperako ndi kukula kwa thupi la nyama. Izi zikutsutsana ndi lamulo lodziwika bwino la Bergman, malinga ndi momwe kukula kwa anthu omwe amakhala m'malo ozizira amtunduwu kuyenera kukulirakulira.

Tsopano mukudziwa kumene chopunthira chimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chakudyachi.

Kodi shrew amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Shrew kuchokera ku Red Book

Pakasaka chakudya, ma shrew amatsogoleredwa ndi kamvekedwe kabwino komanso kumva; mitundu ina imagwiritsa ntchito echolocation. Chakudya cha nyama, monga chopatsa thanzi kwambiri, chimapanga maziko azakudya. Wochenjera amadya chilichonse chomwe chingagwire ndikulumata ndi mano ake akuthwa kwambiri - singano.

Zitha kukhala:

• tizilombo tina paliponse pakukula, coleoptera, diptera ndi lepidoptera, ndi mphutsi zambiri zimadyedwa;
• akangaude;
• ziphuphu;
• molluscs, kuphatikiza ma slugs, omwe ma shrew amafunika nyongolotsi;
• zina zopanda mafupa; Mwachitsanzo, kivsaki chomwe chimphona chimadya;
• ana a makoswe a murine;
• amphibiya ang'ono;
• zovunda, monga mbalame kapena mbewa;
• Nthawi zovuta, amachita nawo kudya anzawo, ngakhale kudya ana awo omwe;
• m'nyengo yozizira amadya zakudya zamasamba, makamaka mbewu za conifer, zomwe zimatha kupanga theka la zakudya;
• amadyanso bowa ndi ndowe.

Pofunafuna chakudya, imapanga timadontho tating'onoting'ono ta chipale chofewa. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa patsiku ndi kawiri kapena kanayi kuposa kulemera kwa nyama komweko.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Common shrew

Omwe amaphunziridwa kwambiri ndi mnansi wapafupi kwambiri m'chilengedwe - wamba. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chake, tiona momwe nyamazi zimakhalira ndi zomwe amachita. Chopikacho chimakhala chopambanitsa komanso chothamanga. Ngakhale ili ndi miyendo yofooka, imangodutsa mwachangu pakati paudzu ndi zinyalala zamtchire, imadumphira pansi pa khungwa lomwe lagwa ndi matabwa, imatha kukwera pamtengo, kusambira ndikudumpha. Iye samakumba maenje, koma amagwiritsa ntchito njira za anthu ena mobisa, osachita chidwi ndi malingaliro a eni ake. Chimbudzi chadyera chimayendetsedwa ndi kufunika kwa m'mimba ndipo kufa ndi njala ndizowona kwa iye kuposa mano a chilombo. Popanda chakudya, amamwalira pambuyo pa maola 7 - 9, ndi mitundu yaying'ono - pambuyo pa 5.

Opitilira theka la nthawiyo, 66.5%, chinyama chimakhala chikuyenda komanso kufunafuna chakudya mosalekeza. Atatha kudya, amagona, ndipo atagona, amapita kukafunafuna chakudya ndipo masinthidwe otere masana atha kukhala kuyambira 9 mpaka 15, kuchedwa kocheperako pakamadzaza moyo wake. Pakusaka, amayenda mpaka 2.5 km patsiku. Chakudya chikatha, chimasamukira kumalo ena.

M'dzinja, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, zokongoletsera zimachepetsa ntchito, koma sizimangobisalira. Khanda silingathe kudziunjikira malo osungira nyengo yozizira ndipo amakakamizidwa kuti atembenuke ngakhale kukuzizira. Ndizodabwitsa kuti amapulumuka mpaka masika. Molting imachitika mu Epulo - Meyi komanso mu Seputembara - Okutobala, monga onse okhala m'malo omwe nyengo imakhala yawo nyengo zawo. M'nyengo yozizira, khungu limapepuka. Phokoso limatha kufotokozedwa ngati kulira, ma tweets, kapena kulira kosazindikira. Amasindikizidwa makamaka pamsonkhano komanso nkhondoyi.

Chosangalatsa: Kansalu kakang'ono kakang'ono amadya nthawi 120 mphindi 10 kapena 50 zilizonse masana. Komanso, imakhala mdera lozizira kwambiri ku Eurasia kuposa wamba.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Mwana wochenjera

Ma Shrews samakhala limodzi ndipo akakumana, amawonetsa kukwiya, kumenyana wina ndi mnzake ndikulira ndikutulutsa fungo la chizindikiro chawo. Mwamuna ndi mkazi wokwatirana kwakanthawi kochepa kokhwima, komwe kansalu wamba kumachitika katatu kapena kanayi kuyambira Epulo mpaka Okutobala.

Pambuyo pokumana, mkaziyo amapeza chitsa chakale, chinyontho, thunthu, dzenje lopanda kanthu kapena gulu la matabwa ndikupanga chisa kuchokera ku udzu, moss kapena masamba. Chisa ndi chozungulira ndi mphindikati 8-10 cm m'mimba mwake. Pakatha pafupifupi masabata atatu, wamkazi amabereka (3) 6 - 8 (11) makanda. Ng'ombeyo imalemera pafupifupi 0,5 g, kutalika kwake ndi kochepera 2 cm, sikuwona, kulibe tsitsi komanso nkhuku. Koma pambuyo pa masiku 22 - 25 m'badwo watsopano uli wokonzeka kwathunthu moyo wodziyimira pawokha, ndipo mkaziyo ndi wokonzeka kubereka kwatsopano.

Achinyamatawo amakula msanga chaka chotsatira, ngakhale zinyalala zoyambirira zimatha kubereka miyezi itatu kapena inayi. Kuthamangira kuli koyenera - nyama zokangalika kwambiri sizikhala zaka zoposa 2. Izi ndizofanana ndi mamembala onse amtunduwu.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngati chisa chili pachiwopsezo, amayi ndi ana a mitundu ina (common shrew, ash shrew) amapanga omwe amatchedwa "mayendedwe" - mwana woyamba amagwira mayi kumunsi kwa mchira, ena onse nawonso amamatira. Chifukwa chake amasuntha posaka chitetezo. Pali malingaliro osiyana kuti amaphunzira zozungulira, machitidwe, titero, "maulendo achilengedwe."

Adani achilengedwe a zikopa

Chithunzi: Grey shrew

Aliyense ali ndi adani, ngakhale ana okwiya komanso onunkhirawo. Ena amangowapha, pomwe ena amatha kuwadya, ngati samva fungo labwino.

Ndi:

• Zowononga zinyama, kuphatikizapo amphaka oweta, omwe nthawi zambiri amasiya nyama popanda kudya;
• kadzidzi amene amawadya ngakhale akununkhira;
• akabawi ndi nyama zina zowononga nthawi;
• adokowe;
• njoka ndi njoka zina;
• nsomba zolanda zimagwira nyama zosambira;
• ma shrew okha ndi owopsa kwa wina ndi mnzake;
• Mafinya (helminths, utitiri ndi zina) zimawononga thanzi kwambiri.

Nthawi zambiri ma Shrews amakhala mwamtendere ndi anthu, ngakhale atha kugawika panthawi yazachiwembu zotsutsana ndi mbewa ndi makoswe. Kuvulaza kwakukulu kumayambitsidwabe ndi anthu mwanjira zina - posintha malo okhala mwa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi chitukuko chamizinda, pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pofufuza m'modzi mwa anthu wamba odyera, mitundu 15 ya helminths inapezeka mu zinyenyeswazi, za mphutsi zozungulira komanso zosalala. Choyimira chimodzi chinali ndi nyongolotsi 497 zosiyanasiyana. Nachi chitsanzo chachiyanjano cha chilengedwe!

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Momwe shrew amawonekera

Ziwerengero za anthu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Mitundu yambiri komanso yodziwika bwino ku Eurasia, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito wamba, imatha kukhala ndi zitsanzo za 200 - 600 pa hekitala. Chakudya chochuluka komanso malo obisika, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhala kwakukulu. Malo ofanana aku Eurasia m'malo ang'onoang'ono, tating'onoting'ono, tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndi ena ambiri. Madera akulu komanso okhala ndi anthu ambiri ophimba tundra ndi nkhalango amakhala wamba ku mitundu yambiri yaku America.

Mitundu ina ndi yakomweko, monga nsombazi zaku Caucasus zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango za Caucasus ndi Transcaucasia kapena Kamchatka zochokera ku Kamchatka ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Okhotsk. Koma ndizosowa kwambiri, owerengeka ochepa ndipo amapezeka mdera laling'ono, osati wamba. Maiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi zovuta zawo.

Mabuku a Red Data Books aku Russia ndi awa:

• kachingwe kakang'ono (S. minutissimus) kamatetezedwa mdera la Moscow, Ryazan, Tver, Kaluga;
• chopukutidwa (S. unguiculatus) ndi chopukutira chopepuka (Sorex gracillimus) chidaphatikizidwa mu Red Book la Amur Region;
• Radde shrew (S. raddei) mu KK amitundu angapo aku North Caucasus;
• kagwere kakang'ono (S. minutus) ndikosowa ku Crimea. Mulimonsemo, waphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Moscow, ngati chisonyezo cha nkhalango zomwe zasungidwa m'malo osasokonezeka. Ngakhale zambiri, zamoyo sizikuwopsezedwa;
• chopukutira cha mano amodzi (S. isodon) chimatetezedwa mdera la Moscow ndi Karelia. Derali limakhudza nkhalango za Eurasia kuchokera ku Scandinavia mpaka ku Pacific Ocean.

Kuteteza ma shrew

Chithunzi: Shrew kuchokera ku Red Book

Pali mtundu umodzi wokha mu Red Book of Russia: chimphona chachikulu. Zowonadi, woimira wamkulu kwambiri pamtunduwu. Gulu 3 ndi mitundu yosawerengeka yomwe imakhala yochepa kwambiri komanso yocheperako. Ikugwera m'gulu lachiwopsezo chochepa ndi IUCN. Wokhala m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanikirana ku South Primorye, zopezeka m'malo atatu okha: m'malo osungira a Lazovsky ndi Kedrovaya Pad, komanso pafupi ndi Nyanja Hanka.

Mndandanda Wofiira Wadziko Lonse wa IUCN umaphatikizapo:

• Great-toothed shrew (S. macrodon) ndi mtundu wosavutikira wokhala ndi mitundu yocheperako. Madera angapo amadziwika m'mapiri a Mexico m'nkhalango kumtunda kwa ma 1200 mpaka 2600. Amapezeka mdera la 6400 km², dera loganiza la 33627 km²;
• Mapiko a mapiri a Carmen (S. milleri) ndi mtundu wosatetezeka. Zimapezeka m'nkhalango zamapiri ku Mexico pamtunda wa 2400 - 3700 m.Malo oyerekezawa ndi 11703 km²;
• Pribilofskaya shrew (S. pribilofensis) ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi yomwe imapezeka m'madambo a m'mbali mwa nyanja pachilumba cha Pribilof Islands (USA) ku Bering Sea. Dera la chisumbucho ndi 90 km². Chiwerengero cha mitunduyo ndi 10,000 - 19,000;
• Sklater shrew (S. sclateri) ndi nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Pali malo 2-3 odziwika ku Mexico. Amakhala m'nkhalango zomwe zikuchepa. Palibe chomwe chimadziwika pa nambala;
• San cristobal shrew (S. stizodon) ndi nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Amakhala m'nkhalango zachinyontho zamapiri. Pali malo amodzi odziwika ku Mexico, mwamwayi kudera lotetezedwa.

Njira zodzitetezera sizoyambirira: kuteteza madera osasokonezedwa, pomwe nyama zimatha kukhala mumlingo wokwanira kubereka. Zachilengedwe zimanyansidwa ndi zingalowe. Malo aliwonse azachilengedwe ayenera kukhala otanganidwa ndipo ngakhale zolengedwa zazing'ono zotere zomwe zimapezeka pafupi ndi mwayi wamagazi ofunda zimadzipezera malo. Musalole pansi pano, koma mumthunzi wa zamoyo zina - chinthu chachikulu ndichakuti nsonga akhoza kupulumuka.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.11.2019

Tsiku losinthidwa: 02.09.2019 pa 23:06

Onerani kanemayo: KKKT Nkuhungu Dodoma bwana ni tumaini (November 2024).