Sable kanyama kakang'ono kochokera kubanja la ma weasel ndi mtundu wa martens, womwe uli ndi ubweya wofunika. Kufotokozera Martes zibellina adaperekedwa mu 1758 ndi wasayansi waku Sweden K. Linnaeus. Ubweya wamtengo wapatali unasokoneza mwini wake, mzaka zapitazi anali atatsala pang'ono kutha.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sable
Zotsatira zomwe zingatheke kutsata kukula kwa mitunduyi ndizochepa kwambiri. Mu Miocene, mtundu wina udawonekera, womwe sable ndi wawo. Panthawiyo, chilombocho chimakhala m'malo akulu kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Europe, ku South-West ndi Central Asia, ku North America.
Mafomu omwe ali pafupi ndi amakono amapezeka mu Pliocene. Zotsalazo zidapezeka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene ku Urals, Altai, Cisbaikalia, mpaka Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin. Zakale zidasungidwa kumapiri a Upper Pleistocene m'munsi mwa mapiri a Eastern Sayan komanso beseni la mtsinjewu. Ma Hangars. M'nthawi ya maphunziro, chifukwa cha mapangidwe a biocenoses atsopano, kugawanika kwa ma mustelid kunachitika. Nthawi imeneyo, khwangwala adapeza mawonekedwe omwe amasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina m'banjali.
Kanema: Sable
M'mbiri yoyambirira, dera lokhalamo anthu kuyambira ku Finland mpaka ku Pacific Ocean. Pakati pa Pleistocene ndi Holocene, panthawi yomwe madzi oundana abwerera komanso kuwonekera kwa nkhalango, nyamayo idachoka kudera lamalire a glacial ndikukakhazikika m'malo abwino. Zaka 20-40,000 zapitazo, chilombocho chinapezeka ku Urals, koma sichinafikire nambala yochuluka pambuyo pa nthawi ya madzi oundana (zaka 8-11 zikwi zapitazo).
Mafupa a nyama omwe amapezeka ku Altai ali ndi zaka zopitilira 100 zikwi. Ku Trans-Urals ndi Siberia, palibe zotsalira zopitilira zaka zikwi makumi awiri zomwe zapezeka, ngakhale izi sizitanthauza kuti nyama zoyamwitsa sizinapezeke m'mbuyomu. Pakukula kwakusintha kwa banja la a marten, kusiyanaku kudachitika chifukwa chakusintha kwakukhalamo, kumalo azakudya komanso njira yosakira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Khola lanyama
Chilombocho chikuwoneka ngati marten, koma iwo amene awona mitundu yofananayo sangawasokoneze, chifukwa thupi ndi mchira ndizofupikitsa molingana ndi mphalapala. Mutu ndi waukulu wokhala ndi makutu otalikirana komanso ozungulira. Maphaka ndi otakata, amphaka zala zisanu ndi ubweya pazitsulo.
Amuna:
- thupi - 1150-1850 g;
- kutalika kwa thupi - 32-53 cm;
- mchira kutalika - 13-18 cm;
- kutalika kwa tsitsi - 51-55 mm;
- kutalika kwa pansi - 32-31 mm.
Mwa akazi:
- thupi - 650-1600 g;
- kutalika kwa thupi - 32-53 cm;
- mchira kutalika - 12-16 cm;
- kutalika kwa tsitsi - 46 mm;
- kutalika kwa pansi - 26-28 mm.
Nyamayo imawonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwakukula kwa thupi, utoto, ndi ubweya. Pamaziko a izi, pali mafotokozedwe a subspecies oposa 20. Anthu akulu kwambiri amapezeka ku Kamchatka, Altai, ndi Urals. Zing'onozing'ono zili mdera la Amur ndi Ussuri. Ubweya wowala uli m'zinyama zochokera ku Urals, komanso mdima wakuda kwambiri womwe umapezeka ku Baikal ndi Transbaikalia, Amur ndi Yakutia.
Ubweya wa m'nyengo yozizira wa chilombochi ndiwofewa, wandiweyani komanso wosalala. M'chilimwe, nyama imawoneka yayitali komanso yopyapyala, koma zikhomo ndi mutu zimakhalabe zazikulu. Mtundu wa malaya am'nyengo yozizira ndiwamtundu womwewo, kuchokera ku bulauni wakuda, pafupifupi wakuda, mpaka bulauni ndi mbalame yakuda ndi utoto wakuda wa imvi. Mphuno ndi makutu ndiopepuka pang'ono kuposa mtundu waukulu. Pakhosi pamakhala khungu, nthawi zina losaoneka bwino laling'ono lachikasu kapena loyera. M'nyengo yotentha, ubweya si wandiweyani komanso wonyezimira. Ndikumveka kwakuda kuposa nthawi yachisanu. M'madera ena, mchirawo umakhala wakuda pang'ono kuposa utoto waukulu.
Kodi sable amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Sable mu chisanu
Nyama yaubweya imapezeka ku Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Japan ndi North Korea. Kumalo okhala nkhalango za Siberia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Europe, imadutsa mapiri a Ural kumadzulo. Gawo logawa lili m'mapiri a Altai ndi kumadzulo kwa Sayans. Malire akumwera amafika ku 55 ° latitude ku Western Siberia, mpaka 42 ° - ku Eastern Siberia.
Mtunduwu umafika kumadera akumwera kwenikweni a Peninsula ya Korea ndi chilumba cha Hokkaido, chilombocho chimapezeka ku Sakhalin. Ku Mongolia, imagawidwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo, kuzungulira nyanjayi. Khubsugul. Ku Transbaikalia, komwe kuli nyengo yovuta kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, nyama zamtengo wapatali kwambiri za nyama iyi zimakhala m'nkhalango. Kum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan, mumakhala mabeseni a mitsinje ya Uba ndi Bukhtarma. Ku China, kuli kumpoto kumapiri aku Southern Altai, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo - m'chigawo cha Heilongjiang, komanso ku Plateau ya Changbai. Malo okhala nyamayi ndi dera la 5 miliyoni m2.
Woimira banja la weasel amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zamkungudza, pamapiri otsetsereka, pomwe pali mitengo ya mkungudza elfin. Apa ndipamene pali makoswe ambiri, omwe amakopeka ndi chakudya chochuluka - mtedza wa paini. Munthu wokongola wowoneka bwino amatha kukhala m'nkhalango yamapiri ndi m'zigwa, momwe amakonda mabala amphepo, zotchinga za nkhuni zakufa. Nyamayo imakhala ndi moyo, koma imapezeka kawirikawiri m'nkhalango zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi za paini, m'mphepete mwa malo owotchera komanso malo ozizira. Pa Kamchatka Peninsula, ikukhazikika m'minda yamiyala yamiyala yamiyala yamkungudza. M'mapiri, imatha kukwera mpaka kumtunda kwa nkhalango.
Kodi sable amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Sable m'nyengo yozizira
Wodyetsa uyu amadyetsa nyama zazing'ono - amapanga 60-80% yazakudya. Kuphatikiza pa mbewa, ma voles ndi makoswe ena, omwe amakhala pamndandanda wawo, imatha kusaka nyama zam'madzi, agologolo, hares, pikas, ndi muskrats. Amalimbananso ma weasels: ermine, weasel. Nyamayi imatha kutsatira njira ya mimbulu kapena zimbalangondo kwa nthawi yayitali, kuti igawane nawo chakudya. Pafupi ndi mitembo ya nyama zikuluzikulu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi zolusa zina, nyama yobala ubweya imakhala ndi kudya masiku angapo.
M'zaka zachisanu, nyama zina zikavuta kugwira, sable amasaka okha, ngakhale nyama zam'mimba. Ndipo, pafupi ndi nyamayo, yayikulu kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa nyamayo, anthu angapo amasonkhana kuphwando. Msaki wocheperako amalimbana ndi nyama zikuluzikulu pomwe kukolola kwa mtedza wa mkungudza ndi mkungudza wochepa kumakhala kochepa (gawo lawo limatha kufikira 33-77%, kutengera kupezeka kapena kusapezeka kwa zakudya zina). M'chaka, amadya zipatso: ananyamuka m'chiuno, lingonberries, mbalame yamatcheri, mapiri phulusa (4-33%).
Gawo la mbalame, makamaka grouse yakuda, limakhala ndi 6-12%, imagwiranso mbalame zing'onozing'ono, kuwononga zisa, kudya mazira, amphibian, mollusks, tizilombo, sikunyoza zakufa. Ng'ombe zaku Far East zimadya nsomba zikafa. Zachibadwa zanyama zomwe zimayamwa zimachepetsedwa ndi chakudya chambiri. Ngati palibe chakudya chokwanira, ndiye amayandikira malo okhala. Chinyama chimafunikira chakudya chochepera 20% yolemera thupi lake, izi ndizofanana ndikupanga mbewa za 6-8 tsiku lililonse.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chinyama cha Taiga
Nyamayo ndi yovuta kwambiri komanso yamphamvu, yosatopa, yomva bwino komanso yosaka bwino kwambiri. Izi zimamupatsa mwayi wopeza nyama, kuzindikiritsa chinthucho ndi fungo ndi rustle. Chinyama chimagwira nthawi iliyonse masana kapena usiku, zimadalira nyengo komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya. Mu chisanu, chimatha kutuluka m'malo obisalako kwa masiku angapo.
Mphanga ndi wodya nyama, ngakhale kuti imakwera mosavuta pamtengo, siyitha kudumpha kuchokera kunthambi kupita kunthambi. Imayenda bwino pansi pa chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa ndipo imatha kupewa kuchita zotere, koma imasaka pamtunda, komanso, imakonda kubisalira m'malo moithamangitsa. Wokongola m'nkhalango amasunthira tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono ta 40-70 masentimita, koma akusunthira kutali ndikuthamangitsa, amatha kuwonjezera kutalika mpaka 3-4 m.
Nyama iyi ili ndi malo okhazikika kuyambira 4 mpaka 30 km2, komanso ili ndi malo okhala kwakanthawi kochepa komanso malo osakira. Kukula kwa tsamba ndi ntchito zimadalira zaka, jenda, nyengo ndi nyengo, kuchuluka kwa anthu, komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya. Pafupifupi, amathamanga pafupifupi 9 km patsiku.
Pokhala ndi moyo wongokhala, mphanga sasiya pothawira, samachoka pamtunda wa makilomita 30 kuchokera komwe amalemba. Akuluakulu amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali mpaka 150 km, zomwe zimatenga miyezi ingapo kuti adutse. Samadzipangira yekha phanga, koma akufunafuna malo oyenera kubadwa ndi maphunziro a ana, komanso nthawi yozizira.
Nyumbayi ili ndi udzu wouma, ubweya, ndere, nthenga, pothawira:
- pansi pa mizu ya mitengo yakugwa;
- mu zitsa;
- mu nkhuni zakufa;
- muzitsulo zamwala;
- m'maenje omwe ali pansi pamunsi.
Kwa kanthawi, kuthawa kuthawirako, kumathawira m'ming'alu yamiyala, m'miyala yamiyala, korona wamitengo kapena pansi pa nthaka. M'nyengo yozizira, imadzibisa yokha pansi pa chipale chofewa kwambiri. Nyama imatulutsa kawiri pachaka: mchaka, masika amayamba pa Marichi, ndipo kumapeto - mu Meyi, nthawi yophukira nthawi iyi imakhala kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Novembala.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Sable
Sable ndi wosungulumwa mwachilengedwe, ndi wamitala. Kuzindikira gawolo, limagwiritsa ntchito zonunkhira, zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa pamimba. Mchitidwewu umayamba mu Julayi ndikutha mu Ogasiti. Nthawi yobereka imatha pafupifupi masiku 245-297. Nthawi imeneyi, miyezi isanu ndi iwiri imagwera posachedwa, pomwe mazirawo samakula. Chikhalidwe cha pakati chimaperekedwa mwachilengedwe kuti anawo aziwoneka nthawi yabwino.
Ana obadwa kumene amabadwa mu Epulo osawona, ali ndi imvi pang'ono. Zinyalala zimatha kukhala ndi ana awiri kapena asanu ndi mmodzi. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 11-12 cm, ndikulemera kwa 25-30 g.Amayamba kumva pa tsiku la 22, ndipo pofika mweziwo amayamba kuwona, pofika tsiku la 38 amakhala ndi zotupa. Pakatha miyezi 3-4, mano a mkaka amasinthidwa kukhala okhazikika. Pofika miyezi 1.5-2. Ana amayamba kusiya chisa, nthawi yomweyo amasiya kudya mkaka wa amayi ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 600 g, ndipo pofika Seputembala amafikira kukula kwa achikulire ndikuyamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Mphamvu yakubala m'khola imawonekera zaka ziwiri.
Pakuthana ndi pachibwenzi, nyama zimamveka mofananamo ndikung'ung'udza, komanso zimang'ung'udza m'matumbo. Akakhumudwa kapena kusasangalala, amamwetulira, ndipo kuti awawopsyeze, amalankhula mokweza. Nthawi yamoyo wa nyama mwachilengedwe ndi pafupifupi zaka 8, mu ukapolo, pafupifupi, mpaka zaka 15-16, koma panali milandu pomwe anthu ena amakhala zaka 18-20, ndipo akazi amabala ana mpaka zaka 13-14. Chinyamacho chimakhala ndi ma interspecific, ma trophic kulumikizana (kudya kapena nyama) ndi nyama 36, mbalame 220, mitundu 21 yazomera.
Adani achilengedwe a masabata
Chithunzi: Khola lanyama
Msaki wathu waluso nthawi zambiri amakhala msampha wa adani akuluakulu.
Izi ndi mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya zinyama:
- Chimbalangondo chofiirira;
- nkhandwe;
- Nkhandwe;
- lynx;
- nkhandwe;
- wolira;
- akambuku;
- harza.
Mwa mbalame, mitundu isanu ndi itatu imawomberanso nyama zazing'ono:
- mphungu yoyera;
- chiwombankhanga chagolide;
- khwangwala;
- goshawk;
- mpheta;
- kadzidzi wamkulu waimvi;
- Chiwombankhanga.
Sable amatha kufa osati ndi mano okhaokha, komanso chifukwa chosowa chakudya, pakakhala mpikisano wovuta. Amalimbana chotere ndi malo okhala ndi chakudya ndi mitundu 28 ya zinyama ndi mitundu 27 ya mbalame. Mmodzi mwa adani akuluakulu omwe adatsala pang'ono kuwononga nyama zamtunduwu ndi munthu. M'zaka za zana la 17, a Kamchadal adasinthana ndi a Cossacks, omwe anali kutukuka madera akumalire akum'mawa kwa Russia: ndipo mpeni umodzi udapatsidwa zikopa zisanu ndi zitatu, ndi 18 ngati nkhwangwa, osaganizira za ubweyawu kukhala wofunika.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Ana a Sable
Sable fur nthawi zonse amakhala wamtengo wapatali ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndalama. Kuwononga kwakukulu kwa nyama yolusa ubweya kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 15 - 16, pomwe ubale wamalonda aku Russia udayamba kukulira. Ubweya usanakhale ndalama, anthu akumaloko ankasaka nyamayi pang'ono. Ngati agwera mumisampha, ndiye kuti mittens, zipewa zimasokedwa kuchokera ku ubweya, monga zokongoletsa.
M'zaka za zana la XVIII. ku madera aku Europe aku Russia, ubweya wokongola uja udasowa chifukwa chakuwononga kwankhanza. Pambuyo pa Urals, ku Siberia, malo okhala atsika, agawika m'magawo osiyana. Mlenje mmodzi panthawiyo amatha kutenga zikopa 100-150 pa nyengo. Zoletsa kusaka pang'ono zomwe zidalipo panthawiyi sizinakakamizidwe bwino ndipo sizimayang'aniridwa pang'ono. Kuletsedwa kwathunthu mu 1913-16. nawonso akuluakulu sanachite bwino. Pofika makumi atatu a zaka zapitazo, nyama inali itatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Anthu angapo adakhalabe m'malo osowa, ndipo ngakhale chifukwa chakusavomerezeka kwa madera. Mu 1935, lamulo loletsa kusaka linayambitsidwa. M'zaka makumi anai, migodi yololedwa inali yololedwa.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakukweza anthu ndikupanga nkhokwe monga:
- Barguzinsky;
- Kronotsky;
- Kondo-Sosvinsky;
- ChiAltaic;
- Pechora-Ilychsky;
- Sikhote-Alinsky;
- Sayansky.
Njira zotetezera zidapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono zibwezeretse kuchuluka kwawo m'malo awa, pomwe nyama zidayamba kukhazikika m'malo oyandikana nawo. Kukhazikitsanso zinthu mwatsopano kunathandizanso, nyama idatulutsidwa komwe idapezedwa kale, koma idathetsedweratu. Sable kusaka tsopano kutseguka. Udindo wapadziko lonse lapansi - amatanthauza mitundu yazosavomerezeka kwenikweni.
Mwa anthu achilengedwe pofika chaka cha 2013, panali mitu 1,346,300 ku Russian Federation, ngakhale mu 2009 panali 1,481,900. Kuchepa kwina kunachitika chifukwa chakuti kuwerengetsa kwa chiwerengerochi mpaka 2010 kudachitika malinga ndi nthawi yopanga zisanachitike, poganizira za kukula kwa pachaka, komanso zaka zotsatira - malinga ndi nthawi yopanga pambuyo pake. Kukula kwa ziweto pachaka mu kugwa ndi 40-60%, panthawiyi ndi pafupifupi theka la omvera. Koma kupulumuka kwawo sikokwanira kwambiri; chifukwa chosadziwa zambiri, ambiri a iwo samakhala m'nyengo yozizira.
Sable - kunyada kwa Russia, ndikofunikira kusamalira malo okhala mwanjira zawo zoyambirira. Ndizosatheka kulola kuwonjezeka kosasodza kwa nsomba zazinyamazi. M'madera omwe chiwerengero chake ndi chochepa, m'pofunika kuletsa kusaka nyama, kuwongolera kupatsa ziphaso, ndikugawa asodzi ena.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 14:29
