Lero Njovu zaku Africa - Ichi ndi chiweto chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi chomwe chimakhala pamtunda, ndipo chachiwiri ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mpikisano umaperekedwa kwa anangumi a buluu. M'gawo ladziko la Africa, njovu ndiyomwe imayimira banja la anyaniwa.
Mphamvu zodabwitsa, mphamvu ndi mawonekedwe amachitidwe nthawi zonse zadzutsa chidwi chapadera, chisangalalo ndi chidwi pakati pa anthu. Kuyang'ana njovu, munthu amamva kuti ndi wonenepa kwambiri, wosasamala, ndipo nthawi zina ndi waulesi. Komabe, izi sizili choncho konse. Ngakhale kukula kwake, njovu zimathamanga kwambiri, mwachangu komanso mwachangu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Njovu yaku Africa
Njovu yaku Africa ndi nyama yoyamwa. Ndi woimira dongosolo la proboscis ndi banja la njovu, mtundu wa njovu zaku Africa. Njovu zaku Africa, nawonso, zidagawika m'magulu ena awiri: nkhalango ndi savanna. Chifukwa cha mayeso ochulukirapo, zaka zakubadwa zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi zakhazikitsidwa. Ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 5 miliyoni. Akatswiri a zinyama amati makolo akale a njovu zaku Africa anali am'madzi ambiri. Chakudya chachikulu chinali zomera zam'madzi.
Kholo la njovu ku Africa amatchedwa Meriterium. Zikuoneka kuti analipo padziko lapansi zaka zoposa 55 miliyoni zapitazo. Mtembo wake wapezeka komwe tsopano kuli Igupto. Inali yaying'ono kukula. Imafanana ndi kukula kwa thupi la nkhumba zamakono zamakono. Meriterium inali ndi nsagwada zazifupi koma zopangidwa bwino komanso thunthu laling'ono. Thunthu limapangidwa chifukwa cha kusakanikirana kwa mphuno ndi milomo yakumtunda kuti zizitha kuyenda mosavuta m'malo amadzi. Kunja ankawoneka ngati mvuu yaying'ono. Meritherium idatulutsa mtundu watsopano - paleomastodon.
Kanema: Njovu yaku Africa
Nthawi yake idagwera pa Upper Eocene. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza mdera la Egypt amakono. Kukula kwake kunali kwakukulu kuposa kukula kwa thupi la meritrium, ndipo thunthu linali lalitali kwambiri. Paleomastodon adakhala kholo la mastoni, ndipo nawonso, mammoth. Mammoth omaliza padziko lapansi anali pa Wrangel Island ndipo adawonongedwa pafupifupi zaka 3.5 zikwi zapitazo.
Akatswiri a zinyama akuti pafupifupi mitundu 160 ya ma proboscis yatha padziko lapansi. Mwa mitundu iyi panali nyama zazikulu modabwitsa. Unyinji wa oimira mitundu ina udapitilira matani 20. Masiku ano, njovu zimaonedwa ngati nyama zosowa kwenikweni. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha yomwe yatsala padziko lapansi: Afirika ndi Amwenye.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Elephant African Elephant
Njovu yaku Africa ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa njovu yaku India. Chinyama chimafika kutalika kwa mamita 4-5, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi matani 6-7. Adanenanso zakugonana. Amuna ndi akazi ndi otsika kwambiri kukula ndi kulemera kwa thupi. Woimira wamkulu kwambiri wamtunduwu wa njovu adafika kutalika pafupifupi mita 7, ndipo kulemera kwake kunali matani 12.
Zimphona zaku Africa zimasiyanitsidwa ndi makutu ataliatali, akulu. Kukula kwawo kuli pafupifupi theka ndi theka mpaka kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwa makutu a njovu ya ku India. Njovu zimapewa kutentha kwambiri zikamawombera makutu awo akuluakulu. Kutalika kwawo kungakhale mpaka mamita awiri. Chifukwa chake, amachepetsa kutentha kwa thupi lawo.
Nyama zazikulu zazikulu zimakhala ndi thupi lalikulu, lalikulu ndi mchira wawung'ono kwambiri wopitilira mita imodzi. Nyama zili ndi mutu waukulu komanso khosi lalifupi. Njovu zimakhala ndi miyendo yamphamvu komanso yolimba. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a zidendene, chifukwa amatha kuyenda mosavuta pamchenga ndi malo athyathyathya. Dera lamapazi poyenda limatha kukulira ndikuchepa. Miyendo yakutsogolo ili ndi zala zinayi, yakumbuyo ili ndi itatu.
Pakati pa njovu zaku Africa, monganso pakati pa anthu, pali omanja ndi azamanja. Izi zimatsimikizika kutengera ndi chingwe chanji chomwe njovu imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Khungu la nyama ndi lofiirira komanso lakuda kwambiri. Ndi wamakwinya komanso wamwano. Komabe, khungu limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zakunja. Amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kuwala kwadzuwa. Kuti adziteteze ku dzuwa, njovu zazimayi zimabisa ana awo mumthunzi wa matupi awo, ndipo akulu amadzipukuta ndi mchenga kapena kuthira matope.
Ndi ukalamba, tsitsi lakhungu limafufutidwa. Njovu zakale, tsitsi la khungu silipezeka konse, kupatula burashi kumchira. Kutalika kwa thunthu kumafika mamita awiri, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 130-140. Imagwira ntchito zambiri. Ndi thandizo lake, njovu zimatha kutsina maudzu, kugwira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kudzithirira madzi, komanso kupuma kudzera mu thunthu lake.
Mothandizidwa ndi thunthu, njovu imatha kunyamula zolemera zolemera makilogalamu 260. Njovu zimakhala ndi minyanga yamphamvu, yolemetsa. Kulemera kwawo kumafika makilogalamu 60-65, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi mamita 2-2.5. Amakula pang'onopang'ono ndi ukalamba. Njovu yamtunduwu imakhala ndi minyanga mwa akazi ndi abambo.
Kodi njovu za ku Africa zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Njovu Yaikulu mu Africa
M'mbuyomu, njovu zaku Africa zinali zochulukirapo. Chifukwa chake, malo awo okhala anali okulirapo komanso otakata. Ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu opha nyama mosavomerezeka, komanso chitukuko cha malo atsopano ndi anthu komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo awo achilengedwe, mitengoyi yatsika kwambiri. Masiku ano, njovu zambiri zaku Africa zimakhala m'malo osungira nyama.
Malo omwe kuli njovu zaku Africa:
- Kenya;
- Tanzania;
- Congo;
- Namibia;
- Senegal;
- Zimbabwe.
Monga malo okhala, njovu zaku Africa zimasankha dera lamapiri, nkhalango, mapiri, mitsinje, ndi madambo. Kwa njovu, ndikofunikira kuti mdera lawo likhale ndi madzi, malo okhala ndi nkhalango ngati pogona ku dzuwa lowala la ku Africa. Malo okhala njovu ku Africa ndi dera lomwe lili kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara.
M'mbuyomu, nthumwi za banja la ma proboscis zimakhala mdera lalikulu la 30 ma kilomita lalikulu. Pakadali pano, yatsika mpaka 5.5 miliyoni mita lalikulu. Si zachilendo kuti njovu zaku Africa zikhale gawo limodzi moyo wawo wonse. Amatha kusamuka maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna chakudya kapena kuthawa kutentha kwambiri.
Kodi njovu zaku Africa zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: African Red Elephant Book
Njovu zaku Africa zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zodyera nyama. Mu chakudya chawo chakudya chokhacho chomera. Wamkulu mmodzi amadya chakudya chokwanira matani awiri kapena atatu patsiku. Pankhaniyi, njovu zimadya chakudya masana onse. Pafupifupi maola 15-18 amapatsidwa izi. Amuna amafuna chakudya chochuluka kuposa chachikazi. Njovu zimathera maola angapo patsiku zikufunafuna zomera zoyenera. Amakhulupirira kuti njovu zaku Africa zimakonda kwambiri mtedza. Ali mu ukapolo, ali ofunitsitsa kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, mwachilengedwe, samachita nawo chidwi, ndipo samayang'ana mwachindunji.
Maziko azakudya za njovu zaku Africa ndi mphukira zazing'ono komanso masamba obiriwira, mizu, nthambi za zitsamba ndi mitundu ina ya zomera. M'nyengo yamvula, nyama zimadya mitundu yobiriwira yobiriwira. Ikhoza kukhala gumbwa, phwando. Anthu okalamba amadyetsa makamaka mitundu yazomera. Izi ndichifukwa choti pakukalamba, mano amatuluka mwamphamvu ndipo nyama sizimathanso kudya chakudya chovuta, chokhwima.
Zipatso zimawerengedwa kuti ndi chakudya chokoma; njovu zam'nkhalango zimawadya kwambiri. Pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kulowa m'gawo laulimi ndikuwononga zipatso za mitengo yazipatso. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso kusowa kwa chakudya chochuluka, zimawononga kwambiri nthaka yaulimi.
Njovu zazing'ono zimayamba kudya zakudya zazomera zikafika zaka ziwiri. Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu, amasinthiratu ku chakudya cha anthu akuluakulu. Njovu zaku Africa zimafunikiranso mchere, womwe umapeza chifukwa chonyambita ndi kukumba pansi. Njovu zimafuna madzi ambiri. Pafupifupi, wamkulu m'modzi amamwa madzi okwanira malita 190-280 patsiku. M'nthawi yachilala, njovu zimakumba maenje akuluakulu pafupi ndi mitsinje, momwe madzi amapezekamo. Pofunafuna chakudya, njovu zimasamukira kutali kwambiri.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njovu yaku Africa
Njovu ndi nyama zoweta. Amakhala m'magulu akuluakulu a 15-20. M'masiku akale, nyama zikawopsezedwa kuti zitha, kukula kwa gululo kumatha kufikira anthu mazana ambiri. Posamuka, magulu ang'onoang'ono amasonkhana m'magulu akulu.
Mkazi nthawi zonse amakhala patsogolo pa gulu. Kutsogola ndi utsogoleri, akazi nthawi zambiri amalimbana, pomwe magulu akulu amagawika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pambuyo paimfa, malo a mkazi wamkulu amatengedwa ndi wamkazi wakale kwambiri.
M'banja, malamulo a akazi achikulire nthawi zonse amawonekera bwino. Monga gawo la gululi, pamodzi ndi akazi akulu, akazi achichepere okhwima, komanso anthu osakhwima ogonana. Zikafika zaka 10 mpaka 11 zakubadwa, amuna amachotsedwa mgulu la ziweto. Poyamba, amakonda kutsatira banja. Kenako amadzipatula kwathunthu ndikukhala ndi moyo wosiyana, kapena amapanga magulu amuna.
Gululi nthawi zonse limakhala lofunda, ochezeka. Njovu ndizokondana kwambiri, zimapirira kwambiri njovu zazing'ono. Amadziwika ndi kuthandizana ndi kuthandizana. Nthawi zonse amathandizira mamembala ofooka komanso odwala a m'banjamo, akuyimirira mbali zonse kuti nyamayo isagwe. Chodabwitsa, koma njovu zimakonda kukhala ndi malingaliro ena. Amatha kukhala achisoni, okwiya, otopetsa.
Njovu zimatha kumva kununkhiza komanso kumva, koma osaona bwino. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti oimira banja la ma proboscis amatha "kumva ndi mapazi awo." Kumapeto kumunsi kuli madera osaganizira kwambiri omwe amagwira ntchito yolanda zamphamvu zosiyanasiyana, komanso komwe amachokera.
- Njovu zimasambira bwino ndipo zimangokonda mankhwala amadzi ndikusamba.
- Gulu lililonse limakhala ndi gawo lake.
- Nyama zimakonda kulankhulana ndikumapereka malipenga.
Njovu zimadziwika ngati nyama zosagona kwenikweni. Nyama zazikulu zotere sizimagona maola opitilira atatu patsiku. Amagona atayimirira, ndikupanga bwalo. Mukagona, mutu umatembenuzidwira pakatikati pa bwalolo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: African Elephant Cub
Amuna ndi akazi amakula msinkhu wosiyanasiyana. Zimatengera momwe nyama zimakhalira. Amuna amatha kufikira msinkhu wazaka za 14-16, akazi kale. Nthawi zambiri pomenyera ufulu wolowa m'banja, amuna amamenya nkhondo, amatha kuvulazana. Njovu zimasamalirana bwino kwambiri. Njovu ndi njovu, zomwe zapanga awiriwiri, zimayenda limodzi kuchoka pagulu. Amakonda kukumbatirana ndi thunthu lawo, posonyeza kumvera chisoni komanso mwachikondi.
Palibe nyengo yokwatirana ya nyama. Amatha kuswana nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Pakati paukwati, amatha kuwonetsa ukali chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa testosterone. Mimba imatenga miyezi 22. Pakati pa mimba, njovu zina zazimayi zimateteza ndikuthandiza mayi woyembekezera. Pambuyo pake, adzasamalira okha mwana wa njovu pawokha.
Njovu zikayamba kuyandikira, njovu imachoka m'gululo ndikupita kumalo obisika, opanda phokoso. Amatsagana ndi njovu ina, yomwe imatchedwa "azamba." Njovu imabereka mwana wosaposa mmodzi. Kulemera kwa mwana wakhanda kumakhala pafupifupi centner, kutalika kuli pafupifupi mita imodzi. Ana alibe mano ndi thunthu laling'ono kwambiri. Pambuyo pa mphindi 20-25, mwana wakhanda amadzuka.
Njovu zazing'ono zimakhala ndi amayi awo zaka 4-5 zoyambirira za moyo. Mkaka wa amayi umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya pazaka ziwiri zoyambirira.
Pambuyo pake, makanda amayamba kudya zakudya zopangidwa kuchokera kuzomera. Njovu iliyonse wamkazi imabereka kamodzi pa zaka 3-9 zilizonse. Kutha kubereka ana kumatenga zaka 55-60. Nthawi yayitali njovu zaku Africa zachilengedwe zimakhala zaka 65-80.
Adani achilengedwe a njovu zaku Africa
Chithunzi: Njovu yaku Africa kuchokera ku Red Book
Zikakhala m'malo achilengedwe, njovu zilibe mdani pakati pa oimira nyama. Mphamvu, mphamvu, komanso kukula kwakukulu sizisiya ngakhale olimba ndi othamanga omwe amatha kumusaka. Ndi anthu ofooka okha kapena njovu zazing'ono zomwe zimatha kugwidwa ndi nyama zolusa. Anthu oterewa akhoza kukhala nyama zolusa, mikango, akambuku.
Lero mdani yekhayo komanso wowopsa kwambiri ndi munthu. Njovu nthawi zonse zimakopa anthu osaka nyama omwe amawapha chifukwa cha mano awo. Njovu za njovu ndizofunika kwambiri. Amalemekezedwa nthawi zonse. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zikumbutso zamtengo wapatali, zodzikongoletsera, zinthu zokongoletsera, ndi zina zambiri.
Kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa malo okhala kumalumikizidwa ndikukula kwa madera ambiri. Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Africa chikukula mosalekeza. Ndikukula kwake, malo ochulukirapo amafunikira nyumba ndi ulimi. Pankhaniyi, gawo lachilengedwe lawo likuwonongedwa ndipo likuchepa mwachangu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njovu yaku Africa
Pakadali pano, njovu zaku Africa sizikuwopsezedwa kuti zitha kutheratu, koma zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zosowa, zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Kuwononga kwakukulu kwa nyama ndi anthu osaka nyama kunadziwika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri. Munthawi imeneyi, njobvu zokwana pafupifupi 100,000 zidawonongedwa ndi ozembetsa. Mamba a njovu anali amtengo wapatali.
Makiyi a piyano opangidwa ndi minyanga ya njovu adayamikiridwa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa nyama kunalola kuti anthu ambiri adye kwanthawi yayitali. Nyama ya njovu idawumitsidwa kwambiri. Zodzikongoletsera ndi zinthu zapakhomo zimapangidwa ndi ngayaye za tsitsi ndi mchira. Miyendoyo idakhala ngati maziko popangira chopondapo.
Njovu zaku Africa zatsala pang'ono kutha. Pankhaniyi, nyamazo zidatchulidwa mu International Red Book. Anapatsidwa udindo wa "nyama zomwe zili pangozi". Mu 1988, kusaka njovu ku Africa kunali koletsedwa.
Kuphwanya lamuloli kunaphwanya malamulo. Anthu adayamba kuyesetsa kuteteza anthu, komanso kuwachulukitsa. Zachilengedwe ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe adayamba kulengedwa, komwe njovu zimatetezedwa mosamala. Adapanga mikhalidwe yabwino yoswana mu ukapolo.
Mu 2004, njovu zaku Africa zidakwanitsa kusintha mawonekedwe ake kuchokera ku "mitundu yomwe ili pangozi" kukhala "mitundu yovuta" mu International Red Data Book. Masiku ano, anthu ochokera padziko lonse lapansi amabwera kumapaki aku Africa kudzawona nyama zazikuluzikuluzi. Ulendo wokacheza kudziko lina ndi njovu wafika ponseponse kuti ukope alendo ambiri komanso alendo odzaona malo.
Kuteteza njovu ku Africa
Chithunzi: Elephant African Elephant
Pofuna kuteteza njovu zaku Africa monga mtundu, kusaka nyama ndikoletsedwa pamalamulo. Kupha ndi kuphwanya malamulo ndi mlandu. M'dera la Africa, malo osungirako zachilengedwe ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe apangidwa, omwe ali ndi zofunikira zonse kuti aberekane komanso kukhala omasuka ndi oimira banja la anyaniwa.
Akatswiri a zoology amati zimatenga pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu kuti zibwezeretse gulu la anthu 15-20.Mu 1980, kuchuluka kwa nyama kunali 1.5 miliyoni. Atayamba kuphedwa ndi anthu opha nyama mosayenera, kuchuluka kwawo kudatsika kwambiri. Mu 2014, chiwerengero chawo sichinapitirire 350,000.
Pofuna kuteteza nyama, adaphatikizidwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse. Kuphatikiza apo, akuluakulu aku China adaganiza zosiya kupanga zikumbutso ndi mafano, ndi zinthu zina zochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana anyama. Ku US, zigawo zoposa 15 zasiya malonda azinthu zopangidwa ndi minyanga ya njovu.
Njovu zaku Africa - Nyama iyi imagunda malingaliro ndi kukula kwake komanso nthawi yomweyo bata ndiubwenzi. Lero, nyama iyi siopsezedwa kuti ithe, koma mwachilengedwe, tsopano imapezeka kwambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 15:52
