Springbok - antelope wokhala ku Africa, ndiwothamanga kwenikweni komanso wolumpha kwambiri. M'Chilatini, dzina loti Antidorcas marsupialis adapatsidwa izi ndi wolemba zachilengedwe waku Germany Eberhard von Zimmermann. Poyambirira, adati mphalapala yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika ndi mtundu wa antelope okhala ndi nyanga. Pambuyo pake, mu 1847, Carl Sundewald analekanitsa nyamayo kukhala mtundu wina womwe uli ndi dzina lomweli.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Springbok
Ma bovids awa adadziwika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo: amalumpha kwambiri, ndipo mbuzi yolumpha mu Chijeremani ndi Chidatchi imamveka ngati kasupe. Dzina lachi Latin la mtunduwo limatsimikiza kuti silikhala la mbawala, ndiye kuti, anti kapena "wopanda mbawala".
Dzinalo - marsupialis, lotembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Chilatini, limatanthauza mthumba. Mu chowalira ichi, khola la khungu limapezeka kuchokera kumchira pakati pakumbuyo, kotsekedwa komanso kosawoneka bwino. Pakadumpha mozungulira, imatseguka, ndikuwonetsa ubweya woyera.
Nyama ya banja lowona la antelopes ili ndi ma subspecies atatu:
- South Africa;
- kalahari;
- Angolan.
Achibale oyandikira kwambiri amphaka ndi nswala, gerenuki, kapena mbawala zazing'ono, agwape okhala ndi nyanga ndi ma saigas, onse omwe ali m'banja limodzi. Mitundu yamakono ya antelopes iyi idachokera ku Antidorcas recki ku Pleistocene. M'mbuyomu, malo okhala zilombo izi zimafikira madera akumpoto kwa kontrakitala wa Africa. Zotsalira zakale kwambiri zimapezeka mu Pliocene. Pali mitundu ina iwiri yamtunduwu wa artiodactyls, yomwe idazimiririka zaka zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo. Zopezeka zoyambirira ku South Africa zidayamba zaka 100,000 BC.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal springbok
Chingwe chochepa kwambiri chokhala ndi khosi lalitali ndi miyendo yayitali chimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 1.5-2 m. Kutalika kwa kufota ndi rump kumakhala kofanana ndikumayambira 70 mpaka 90 cm. kg. Kukula kwa mchira kumakhala pakati pa 14-28 cm, pali tuft yakuda yaying'ono kumapeto. Tsitsi lalifupi limayandikira thupi. Amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi nyanga zofiirira (masentimita 35-50). Amafanana ndi zeze, mawonekedwe ake ndi owongoka, ndipo pamwamba pake amawerama. M'munsi mwake, m'mimba mwake ndi 70-83 mm. Makutu opapatiza (15-19 cm), atakhala pakati pa nyanga, amatchulidwa pamwamba. Pakamwa pake pamakhala patali, mawonekedwe amakona atatu. Zapakati zopapatiza pakati zimatha kumapeto, ziboda zakumbuyo zimadziwikanso bwino.
Khosi, kumbuyo, theka lakunja la miyendo yakumbuyo - bulauni wonyezimira. Mimba, gawo lakumunsi pambali, galasi, mbali yamkati yamiyendo, mbali yakumunsi ya khosi ndi yoyera. Pa mbali ya thupi, yopingasa, kulekanitsa bulauni ndi yoyera, pali mzere wakuda wakuda. Pamphuno yoyera pali malo ofiira pakati pa makutu. Mtsinje wakuda umatsika kuchokera m'maso kupita kukamwa.
Palinso zowumbidwa mwanzeru, posankha, nyama zakuda zakuda ndi utoto wofiirira wa chokoleti ndi malo oyera pankhope, komanso zoyera, zomwe zili ndi milozo yofiirira pambali. Subspecies nawonso amasiyana mitundu.
South Africa ndi mtundu wandiweyani wa mabokosi wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda m'mbali ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka pamphuno. Kalaharian - ili ndi mtundu wonyezimira, wokhala ndi bulauni wakuda kapena mikwingwirima yakuda pambali. Pamphuno pali mikwingwirima yopyapyala yakuda. Ma subspecies aku Angola ndi ofiira ofiira ndi mzere wakuda wotsatira. Pamphuno pali mikwingwirima yakuda kwambiri kuposa ma subspecies ena, samafika pakamwa.
Kodi springbok amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Antelope ya Springbok
M'mbuyomu, magawidwe amtunduwu adakhudza zigawo zapakati ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa, ndikulowera kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Angola, kumadera otsika kumadzulo kwa Lesotho. Ungrate akadapezekabe m'mayikowa, koma ku Angola ndi ochepa. Zowala zimapezeka kumadera ouma kumwera ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa kontrakitala. Springbok amapezeka ambiri mu chipululu cha Kalahari mpaka Namibia, Botswana. Ku Botswana, kuwonjezera pa Chipululu cha Kalahari, zinyama zimapezeka m'chigawo chapakati ndi kumwera chakumadzulo. Chifukwa cha mapaki komanso malo osungirako, nyama iyi yapulumuka ku South Africa.
Amapezeka m'chigawo cha KwaZulu-Natal, kumpoto kwa Bushveld, komanso m'malo osungira nyama zosiyanasiyana komanso malo osungira nyama zakutchire:
- Kgalagadi ku North Cape;
- Sanbona;
- Akula pafupi ndi Cape Town;
- Njovu ya Addo pafupi ndi Port Elizabeth;
- Pilanesberg.
Malo omwe Springbok amakhala nthawi zambiri ndi malo ouma, zitsamba za shrub, savanna ndi zipululu zokhala ndi udzu wochepa, zomera zosowa. Samalowa m'zipululu, ngakhale zimatha kupezeka m'malo oyandikira. M'nkhalango zowirira, amabisalira mphepo m'nyengo yozizira yokha. Amapewa malo okhala ndi udzu kapena mitengo yayitali.
Kodi springbok amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Springbok
Zakudya za ruminants ndizochepa ndipo zimakhala ndi zitsamba, chimanga, chowawa ndi zokoma. Koposa zonse amakonda zitsamba, amadya mphukira zawo, masamba, masamba, maluwa ndi zipatso, kutengera nyengo. Chala cha Nkhumba - chomera cha m'chipululu chomwe chimabweretsa vuto paulimi, chimakhala ndi mizu yayitali kwambiri pansi panthaka ndipo imatha kuberekanso ngakhale pang'ono. Nkhumba imapanga gawo lalikulu la zitsamba zomwe zimadya zakudya zophuka, komanso phala lachitatu.
Otsatira adasinthiratu moyo wawo m'malo owuma owuma kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Pa nthawi yomwe mbewu zimakhala zodzadza ndi timadziti, nthawi yamvula, sizifunikira kumwa, chifukwa zimadya udzu wowutsa mudyo. M'nthawi youma, udzu ukatentha, nyerere zimayamba kudya mphukira ndi masamba a zitsamba. Pakakhala chakudya chochepa kwambiri, amatha kuyang'ana mphukira zokoma zapansi panthaka, mizu ndi tubers za zomera.
Kanema: Springbok
Ziweto izi sizingayendere malo okwanira kwa nthawi yayitali, koma ngati pali magwero amadzi pafupi, ndiye kuti ma bovids amawagwiritsa ntchito nthawi iliyonse ikapezeka. M'nyengo, pamene udzu watha kale chifukwa cha dzuwa lotentha, amayesetsa kuti amwe madzi ndi kumwa kwa nthawi yayitali. M'nyengo youma, zinyama zimadyetsa usiku, motero zimakhala zosavuta kusunga madzi: usiku chinyezi chimakhala chochuluka, chomwe chimakulitsa timadzi tomwe timamera.
M'zaka za zana la 19, munthawi zosamukira, pomwe ma bovid adasunthira unyinji, iwo, atafika m'mbali mwa nyanja, adagwa pamadzi, adamwa ndikufa. Malo awo adatengedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi anthu ena, chifukwa chake gulu lalikulu la mitembo ya nyama zosauka lidapangidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja kwa makilomita makumi asanu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal springbok
Ziwombankhanga zimagwira ntchito m'mawa ndi madzulo, koma nthawi ya ntchitoyi imadalira nyengo. Kutentha, kumatha kudyetsa usiku, komanso m'miyezi yozizira, masana. Kupuma, nyama zimakhala mumthunzi, pansi pa tchire ndi mitengo, kukakhala kuzizira, zimapuma panja. Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa nyama yoyamwitsa ndi zaka 4.2.
Springboks kale amadziwika ndi kusamuka m'magulu akulu, amatchedwa trekkboken. Tsopano kusamuka koteroko sikokulirapo, titha kuwona ku Botswana. Kuchepa kwa mphalapala kumawathandiza kukhala okhutira ndi chakudya chomwe chilipo. Poyamba, pamene mayendedwe amenewa anali kuwonedwa nthawi zonse, amkachitika zaka khumi zilizonse.
Anthu omwe amadyetsa m'mphepete mwa gulu amakhala osamala kwambiri komanso amakhala tcheru. Katunduyu amachepera molingana ndi kukula kwa gululo. Pafupi ndi tchire kapena misewu, kukhala tcheru kumawonjezeka. Amuna akuluakulu amakhala omvera komanso otchera chidwi kuposa akazi kapena achinyamata. Monga moni, osalankhula amapanga malipenga otsika ndikulira ngati pali mantha.
Chinthu china chosiyanitsa ndi mawonekedwe awa osatulutsa ndikulumpha kwakukulu. Mimbulu yambiri imatha kulumpha bwino kwambiri. Springbok amatenga ziboda zake nthawi ina, ataweramitsa mutu wake ndikugwada kumbuyo kwake, amalumpha mpaka kutalika kwa mita ziwiri. Munthawi imeneyi, khola limatseguka kumbuyo kwake, panthawiyi ubweya woyera mkati mwake ukuwoneka.
Kudumpha kumawonekera patali, kuli ngati chizindikiro cha ngozi kwa aliyense womuzungulira. Mwakuchita izi, nyamayo imatha kusokoneza nyamayo yomwe ikubisalira nyama. Otsikawo amalumpha chifukwa cha mantha kapena kuwona china chosamvetsetseka. Pakadali pano, gulu lonselo litha kuthamanga kuthamanga kwambiri mpaka 88 km / h.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Antelope ya Springbok
Ma Springbok ndi nyama zokonda kucheza. Mu nyengo yomwe kulibe mvula, amasuntha m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (kuyambira anthu asanu mpaka angapo). Maguluwa amapanga ziweto nthawi yamvula. M'madera oterewa, mpaka mitu chikwi chimodzi ndi theka, nyama zimasamukira kwina, kukafunafuna malo okhala ndi masamba obiriwira.
Mu 1896, milingo yayikulu yamasiku oyenda ikasunthika idalowa m'mbali yolimba, m'lifupi mwake inali 25 km ndi kutalika kwa 220 km. Amuna amakhala pansi kwambiri, amateteza tsamba lawo, dera lomwe pafupifupi 200 zikwi m2. Amalemba madera awo ndi mkodzo komanso milu ya ndowe. Akazi m'dera lino amaphatikizidwa ndi azimayi. Yaimuna yawo imateteza ku zovuta za adani. Aakazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi akazi khumi ndi awiri.
Amuna osakhwima amasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mitu 50. Kukula msinkhu mwa iwo kumachitika zaka ziwiri, mwa akazi kale - ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Nthawi yowuluka ndi kuswana imayamba kumapeto kwa nyengo yamvula kuyambira koyambirira kwa Okutobala mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi. Mwamuna akawonetsa mphamvu zake, amalumpha mmbuyo ndikubwerera m'mbuyo masitepe ochepa. Pachifukwa ichi, khola kumbuyo limatseguka, pomwepo pali timadontho tomwe timakhala ndi chinsinsi chapadera chomwe chimatulutsa fungo lamphamvu. Pakadali pano, kumenyana kumachitika pakati pa amuna omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida - nyanga. Wopambanayo amatsata mkaziyo; ngati, chifukwa chothamangitsa koteroko, awiriwo alowa m'dera lamwamuna wina, ndiye kuti kufunafuna kumatha, mkazi amasankha mwini webusayiti ngati mnzake.
Mimba imakhala milungu 25. Nthawi yobereka imatha kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Disembala, pomwe pachimake pa Novembala. Nyama zimagwirizanitsa kubadwa kwa anawo pafupipafupi mvula: nthawi yamvula, pali udzu wobiriwira wambiri wodya. Mbewuyi imakhala ndi imodzi, makamaka kangapo ng'ombe ziwiri. Ana amaimirira pamapazi pa tsiku lotsatira kapena lachitatu atabadwa. Choyamba, amabisala m'malo obisalapo, m'tchire, pomwe mayiyo amadyetsa patali pang'ono ndi mwana wang'ombe, woyenera kudyetsa basi. Nthawi izi zimachepa, ndipo pamasabata 3-4 mwana amakhala akudyetsa pafupi ndi amayi ake.
Kudyetsa anawo kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Pambuyo pake, zazing'ono zazing'ono zimakhala ndi amayi awo mpaka nthawi yotsatira ikabereka, ndipo amuna amasonkhana padera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. M'nyengo youma, zazikazi zokhala ndi ana zimakhazikika m'magulu mpaka mitu zana.
Adani achilengedwe a masika
Chithunzi: Springbok ku Africa
M'mbuyomu, pomwe gulu la nyama zokhotakhota linali lalikulu kwambiri, olusa sankaukira ma bovids awa, chifukwa amanjenjemera amathamanga mwachangu kwambiri ndipo amatha kupondaponda zamoyo zonse m'njira yawo. Monga mwalamulo, adani a zoledzeretsa amadyera m'magulu amodzi kapena odwala, koma makamaka kwa achinyamata ndi achinyamata. Ma Springboks oyenda pakati pa tchire amakhala pachiwopsezo cha adani, chifukwa ndizovuta kupewa, ndipo adani nthawi zambiri amawakola kumeneko.
Kuopsa kwa zilonda izi ndi:
- mikango;
- galu wakuthengo waku Africa;
- nkhandwe yakuda;
- kambuku;
- Mphaka wamtchire waku South Africa;
- nyalugwe;
- fisi;
- nyama yakufa.
Kuchokera ku ma kasupe amphongo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ziwombankhanga zimaukira, zimatha kugwira ana. Komanso nyama zakufa, nyama zakutchire ndi amphaka, mimbulu, afisi amasaka ana. Zoyipa izi sizingagwire achikulire othyola miyendo yayitali komanso othamanga. Nyama zodwala kapena zofooka zimawonedwa ndi mikango. Akambuku amadikirira nyama zawo. Cheetahs, omwe amatha kupikisana mwachangu ndi ma artiodactyls, amakonza kuthamangitsidwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Springbok
Kwa zaka 100 zapitazi, ziweto zochuluka zachepa kwambiri, zatha m'madera ambiri a ku South Africa chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa ndi anthu komanso pambuyo pa mliri wa zilombo. Ma Springboks amasakidwa, chifukwa nyama ya antelopes, zikopa zawo ndi nyanga ndizotchuka kwambiri. Anthu ambiri tsopano amakhala m'malo osungira nyama komanso m'malo otetezedwa ndi anthu wamba m'malo omwe kale anali achilengedwe. Amaweta m'minda limodzi ndi nkhosa. Kufunika kosalekeza kwa nyama ndi zikopa za awa osasunthika kumalimbikitsa anthu akumaloko kuti awasokere ku ukapolo.
M'madera ena a Namibia ndi Kalahari, ma springbok amapezeka momasuka, koma kusamuka ndi kukhazikika mwaulere kumakhala kocheperako pomanga zopinga. Aleka kupezeka m'nkhalango zamtchire chifukwa cha nkhupakupa, zomwe zimanyamula matenda, limodzi ndi kudzikundikira kwamadzimadzi mozungulira mtima. Ungulates alibe njira zothetsera matendawa.
Kugawidwa kwa subspecies kuli ndi zigawo zake:
- South Africa imapezeka ku South Africa, kumwera kwa mtsinje. Lalanje. Pali mitu pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni pano, pomwe pafupifupi miliyoni amakhala ku Karu;
- Kalakhara ili ponseponse kumpoto kwa mtsinjewo. Orange, kudera la South Africa (anthu 150,000), Botswana (100 zikwi), kumwera kwa Namibia (730,000);
- Angolan amakhala kumpoto kwa Namibia (nambala sikudziwika), kumwera kwa Angola (makope 10,000).
Zonsezi, pali 1,400,000-1750,000 za ng'ombe izi. IUCN sakhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu kukuwopsezedwa, palibe chomwe chimawopseza kukhalapo kwa mitunduyo. Nyamayo imagawidwa ngati LC yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Kusaka ndi kugulitsa ndizololedwa pa springbok. Nyama yake, nyanga, zikopa, zikopa zake ndizofunikira, ndipo mitundu ya taxidermy ndiyotchuka. Nyamayi ndi nyama yofunika kwambiri yomwe imaswana kumwera kwa Africa. Chifukwa cha kukoma kwake, nyama ndi katundu wokhazikika wogulitsa kunja.
M'mbuyomu kasupe anawononga mwankhanza, monga nthawi yosamukira idapondaponda ndikudya mbewu. Akuluakulu a mayiko omwe ali kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa akuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti akhwimitse malo osungirako zachilengedwe komanso kuteteza nyama zamtunduwu zomwe zili kuthengo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 15:21
