Nyama zina ndizapadera mwapadera kotero kuti padziko lapansi pano palibe anthu ophunzira omwe sangazidziwe. Imodzi mwa nyamazi ndi chimbalangondo... Ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi abale ake apafupi pamawonekedwe ndi malo okhala. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu yambiri ya zimbalangondo, ndichifukwa chake zimakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo chakumadzulo
Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa, asayansi apeza kuti chimbalangondo cha kumtunda, monga mtundu, chinawonekera posachedwa posintha mwachangu. Zaka za mitunduyo zikuyembekezeredwa zaka 150,000 zokha. Ngakhale simungadalire mokwanira izi, kusonkhanitsa zakuthupi za nyama iyi kumakhala ndi zovuta zake. Ndizosowa kwambiri kupeza zotsalira mu ayezi, mwina zambiri za nyama izi zimasungidwa komweko.
Chifukwa chake, chimbalangondo chakumtunda chimakhala m'kalasi la nyama zoyamwitsa, dongosolo la nyama zolusa, gawo laling'ono la nyama za canine, banja la chimbalangondo, mtundu wa zimbalangondo. Amadziwikanso kuti chimbalangondo chakumtunda, makamaka chimbalangondo chakumpoto kapena cham'nyanja. Amakhulupirira kuti zimbalangondo zakum'mwera zimachokera ku zimbalangondo zofiirira pakusintha kwawo ndikusinthanso kumpoto kwa polar.
Kanema: Chimbalangondo Polar
Kale m'zaka zaposachedwa, umboni unapezeka kuti pali mitundu yapakatikati - chimbalangondo chachikulu chakumtunda, mafupa ake ndiochulukirapo kamodzi ndi theka kuposa awa amakono, zomwe apezazo amangokhala ndi mafupa ochepa. DNA yamtunduwu ndi yofanana ndi ya chimbalangondo chofiirira komanso chimbalangondo choyera chamakono. Chifukwa chake, chitha kutengedwa ngati cholumikizira chapakatikati pakusintha.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imasiyidwa pakusintha, nyama ndizocheperako chifukwa chakukhala ndi mtundu wa chakudya. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ziwombankhanga zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zoopsa. Thupi lake ndi lokulirapo: limafika kutalika kwa 3 mita ndikufika mita 1.5 ndikufota. Kulemera kwa nyama yotere ndi yayikulu kwambiri: amuna akulu kwambiri ali ndi makilogalamu 800 - 1000, akazi ndi ocheperako ndipo akulu kwambiri amakhala pafupifupi 400 kg iliyonse.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo cha nyama
Zimbalangondo zazikulu ndi nyama zazikulu, zolemera. Mutu ndi waung'ono poyerekeza ndi thupi, wolowerera, wolimba pang'ono. Maso ndi ozungulira, amakhala pafupi ndi mphuno. Pamwamba pamaso, kupumula kwa chigaza kumaonekera bwino, apa chimbalangondo chili ndi mafuta osanjikiza kwambiri. Makutu ndi amfupi, ozungulira, ang'ono. Mphuno ndi yaitali, ngati galu. Khosi la chimbalangondo limasiyana ndi mitundu ina m'litali, imakwezedwa patsogolo ndipo pamutu pake pamakhala yopyapyala. Pansi pa khosi likukula, limadutsa mu thunthu. Ndi yayikulu kwambiri mu chimbalangondo, voliyumu yowonjezera imapangidwa ndi malaya akuda, ataliatali, odula komanso malaya amkati.
Zola zake zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri. Ndikamenya kamodzi, chimbalangondo chimatha kupha nyama yake, ngati ili yaying'ono. Chodabwitsa, ngakhale kulemera kwa miyendoyo, ndiwothamanga kwambiri ndipo amathamanga kwambiri. Kuwona chimbalangondo kuchokera kumbali, kumatha kutchedwa wachisomo komanso wachisomo. Zimbalangondo zimakhala ndi zotupa pakati pazala zakumaso, zimathandizira kupanga zikwapu zamphamvu, mothandizidwa nazo nyama zimasambira bwino kwambiri. Thupi limathera mchira waung'ono woyera.
Zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimasinthidwa kuti zizikhala mozizira kozizira, pakati pa ayezi ndi chisanu, ndikusambira m'madzi ozizira. Chilengedwe chawapatsa mafuta owerengeka, mpaka 13 cm.
Khungu la zimbalangondo limakhala lakuda, lakuda, limawoneka bwino pamatumba, ndipo, ngati zinapezeka, pali ubweya pazitsulo. Izi zimathandiza kuti zimbalangondo ziziyenda molimba mtima osaterera pa madzi oundana. Ndipo chowonekera kwambiri ndi ubweya, ndi wandiweyani, wankhanza, wosanjikiza, wandiweyani - umatetezeranso chimbalangondo ku nyengo yovuta.
Kodi chimbalangondo chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo cha Polar Red Book
Chimbalangondo chizolowere kuzizira, chifukwa cha iye mtundu uwu udawoneka, ndipo moyo m'malo otere umamuyenerera. Nyanja iyenera kupezeka pafupi ndi malo okhala. Zimbalangondo sizipita patali molowera kumtunda, koma zimatha kusambira bwinobwino pamwamba pa madzi oundana. Chodabwitsa, nyama izi zimatha kusambira ngakhale ma kilomita mazana ambiri kuchokera pagombe.
Kutali kwambiri komwe chimbalangondo chimasambira kuchokera kugombe kunalembedwa ngati 600 km. M'madzi, ndithudi, akuyembekeza kugwira nyama zawo. Ndicho chifukwa chake nthawi zina amatchedwa nyanja.
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu amakhala pagombe la Arctic Ocean. Zimbalangondo zakumpotozi zimakhala m'zilumba zozizira kwambiri padziko lapansi, mwachitsanzo, zilumba za Canada ndi Greenland, zilumba zam'nyanja zonse zakumpoto zotsuka ku Eurasia, monga: Nyanja ya Barents, Chukchi, East Siberian, Okhotsk ndi Kara, Laptev Sea ndi Beaufort Sea. Madera akumwera kwambiri a zimbalangondo amakhala malo a Alaska ndi gombe la Norway. Sizachilendo kuti zimbalangondo zimayandikira pafupi ndi zomangamanga posaka chakudya m'masiku a njala, izi nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa munkhani.
Ali mu ukapolo, zimbalangondo zimasungidwa m'makola okhala ndi dziwe lalikulu. Amafuna madzi nthawi zonse, makamaka nthawi yotentha. Kutentha kumalo osungira nyama, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona chimbalangondo chakumtunda chikudumphira m'madzi, chimasambira, chimasewera mmenemo, ndipo chimangotera pamtunda kuti chigwetserenso.
Kodi chimbalangondo chakumpoto chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Polar Bear
Zimbalangondo zakumtunda ndizozilombo zazikulu kwambiri ndipo zimafuna chakudya chochuluka. Chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta yomwe akukhalamo, zakudya za nyama izi ndizochepa kwambiri - ndiponsotu, pakati pa omwe akukhudzidwa ndi chimbalangondo pangakhale nyama zokha zomwe zimakhala momwemo, ndipo palibe zochuluka kwambiri ndipo zimapezeka makamaka m'madzi.
Chakudya chachikulu cha zimbalangondo chimatha kulembedwa kudzanja limodzi:
- Chisindikizo cha zeze;
- Chisindikizo cholumikizidwa;
- Zoweta ndevu;
- Achinyamata walruses;
- Zosintha;
- Anamgumi Beluga;
- Nsomba;
- Zovunda;
- Mazira a mbalame.
Amasaka nyama zapamadzi pa madzi oundana, amazionera panja, kenako zimapanikizana, kapena kumiza mitu yawo m'madzi ndikuzigwira ndi mano. Zosankhidwa kwambiri ndizachidziwikire, zisindikizo ndi zisindikizo. Kudya nyama, amayamba kuyamwa khungu ndi mafuta ochepera, otsalawo malinga ndi njala. Pafupifupi, makilogalamu 10 a chakudya ndi okwanira kuti athetse njala yawo. Koma ngati chimbalangondo chikuyenda mozungulira nthawi yayitali kapena kutha nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti ali wokonzeka kudya chilichonse komanso chokwanira, chokhoza kuyamwa chakudya chokwanira makilogalamu 20.
M'nyengo yotentha, zimbalangondo zimawavuta kudyetsa m'malo ena, chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana omwe amasaka. Izi zimawakakamiza kuti alowe kumtunda kukafunafuna zisa za mbalame, nyama zazing'ono, kapena ngakhale ma cesspool ndi malo otayira.
Zimachitika, zimbalangondo ndikumenya njala. Kutalika kwambiri kumakhala miyezi inayi. Koma nyama ndizokonzekera izi, mafuta awo osungira samangotenthetsera, komanso gwero la zopatsa thanzi munthawi yanjala.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo chachikulu
Zosowa zazikulu ziwiri za zimbalangondo zakumtunda ndi chakudya ndi kugona. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa nyengo yozizira yotere. Nyamayi imathera nthawi yambiri pamadzi, imasaka komanso kudya anthu omwe akhudzidwa nawo. Kusaka ndi moyo wawo. Amayendayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kufunafuna ma walrus achichepere. Atapeza kachitsanzo kakang'ono, chimbalangondo chimazembera mosamala. Mtundu woyera umathandiza kwambiri pano, umasokoneza chimbalangondo kumbuyo kwa chisanu. Ikadzipeza yokha pamtunda wa mamita khumi kuchokera pa chandamale, chimbalangondo chimadumpha kupita kwa nyama yake. Koma ma walrus akuluakulu amakhalabe ovuta kwa iwo, ndipo m'madzi amatha kumenya nkhondo.
Pambuyo pa kudya, chimbalangondo chimatha kugona kwa maola angapo, kenako chimapitanso kukasaka. Izi ndizofunikira kuti tisunge mafuta, chifukwa ngakhale Nyanja ya Arctic ili ndi zovuta zake. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti izi zimasungunuka, ayezi wonse ukusunthira kunyanja, izi zimapangitsa kuti chimbalangondo chisamale ndikuchikakamiza kuti chifunafuna chakudya chochepa pamtunda.
Mwa amuna ndi akazi omwe alibe pakati, moyo umakhala motere: kusaka ndi kugona mosinthana. Kwa nthawi yozizira, amatha kugona, koma izi sizoyenera. Ndipo ngati chimbalangondo chagona m'dzenje, ndiye kuti sichikhala motalika. Kugona kumatha mwezi umodzi mpaka zitatu, kenako - kusaka kachiwiri.
Amayi apakati nthawi zonse amabisala, komanso kwa nthawi yayitali, kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Epulo. Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa chimbalangondo cha polar munyama zakutchire ndi zaka 20-30. Zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimagwiritsa ntchito kukhala moyo wopanda zoperewera. Zamoyo zonse zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndizotheka kukhala chakudya. Chifukwa chake, chilombocho chitha kuukira anthu komanso agalu.
Alenje a zimbalangondo adziwa kale kuti nyama izi zimakonda kwambiri ana awo. Pali milandu ingapo yomwe chimbalangondo chimatsalira ndikulira ndi kunyambita ana ophedwa, osanyalanyaza zoopsa zomwe zikubwera pa iye. Komanso kudziwika kwa ziwonetsero zaukali wamphamvu kupha anthu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: ana a polar
Zimbalangondo zakutchire zimakhala zokhazokha mwachilengedwe, amuna ndi akazi. Amatha kuyendayenda ndikusaka pafupi, koma samalumikizana kwambiri. Nyengo yamakedzana ikayamba, ndipo nthawi imeneyi ndi yachilimwe, Marichi-Juni, amuna amatha kuyimba ndi akazi ndipo amalimbana ndi amuna anzawo. Mkazi aliyense wokhwima pogonana amatha kutsagana ndi amuna angapo okhwima ogonana. Amakwatirana ndi wopambana m'modzi.
Mimba imakhala pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi itatu. Nthawi imeneyi, akazi amatha kupanga phanga ndikupita ku hibernation. Pofika masika, mwana m'modzi kapena atatu amabadwa, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala awiri. Kulemera kwa mwana m'modzi sikungochepera kilogalamu, ndipo palibe ubweya. Mu makumi awiri peresenti ya milandu, makanda amamwalira. Mpaka mwezi umodzi, anawo ali akhungu kwathunthu, amakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo amafunikira kutentha ndi chisamaliro cha amayi. Nthawi ya mkaka wa m'mawere imanyamula zimbalangondo mpaka chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Mpaka zaka ziwiri, ana amatha kukhala ndi amayi awo, kenako amayamba kukhala moyo wawokha.
Amayi amakula msinkhu kuyambira zaka zinayi, koma nthawi zina amatha kubweretsa ana awo oyamba ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Amuna amakula msinkhu ali ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu kapena kupitilira apo. Mayi, chimbalangondo, amakhala zaka zitatu ali ndi pakati komanso akuyamwitsa. Iyi ndiyo njira yopambana kwambiri pomwe akazi amabereka zaka zitatu zilizonse. Koma mwachilengedwe, zachidziwikire, zovuta zimakumana nawo pafupipafupi ndipo akazi amakhala ndi pakati pafupipafupi. Chifukwa chake, ndizovuta kwambiri kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zakumtunda.
Adani achilengedwe a zimbalangondo zakumtunda
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo chakum'mwera kwa Siberia
Mwa anthu akumpoto, chimbalangondo chakumpoto sichikhala ndi adani ambiri. Pali anthu ochepa omwe amatha kuthana ndi wamkulu. Komabe, zimachitika kuti pakusambira ndikudumphira pansi, pomwe chimbalangacho chimasaka, chitha kuukiridwa ndi walrus wamkulu wokhala ndi ming'oma yayikulu, ndipo nthawi zina anamgumi opha - nyama zikuluzikulu zam'nyanja - amaukira.
Ponena za adani a zimbalangondo zakumtunda, ndibwino kuti tiwone kuwopsa kwa ana awo. Alibe chodzitetezera kotero kuti, pokhala kutali ndi amayi awo, amatha kukhala nyama ya adani onse:
- Volkov;
- Pestsov;
- Agalu;
- Mbalame zodya nyama.
Mayi akawonedwa kapena kusunthidwa kuti atenge nyama, anawo amakhala pangozi nthawi yomweyo, opanda nzeru komanso opusa iwowo amathamangira kukakumana ndi imfa. Ngakhale zitatetezedwa mwalamulo, zimbalangondo nthawi zambiri zimakonda kugwiririra nyama. Munthu anali, ndipo akadali mdani wamkulu wa zimbalangondo zakumtunda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo chakumtunda kuchokera ku Red Book
Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa, chiwerengero chonse cha zimbalangondo zakumtunda ndi anthu 20-25 zikwi. Komabe, asayansi amaneneratu kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi ndi gawo lachitatu pofika chaka cha 2050.
Padziko lonse, pali mitundu itatu ya zimbalangondo:
- Chukotka-Alaska;
- Nyanja ya Kara-Barents;
- Laptevskaya.
Ku Russia, zimbalangondo zakumtunda zalembedwa mu Red Book pansi pa mitundu yovuta. Kuwonjezeka kwa zimbalangondo zakumtunda ndizokayikitsa: zimaswana pang'onopang'ono, ndipo anthu omwe amafa satsika. Ngakhale zoletsa zimbalangondo zowombera, ambiri amakhala ozunzidwa ndi achiwembu chifukwa cha khungu ndipo mwinanso amangosaka kusaka. Kuphatikiza apo, mkhalidwe wakuthupi wa ziweto umawonongeka.
Asayansi akuneneratu za kutentha kwa nyengo komwe sikungakhale bwino kwa mitundu iyi. Kuchokera pachimake chosungunuka, zimbalangondo zimasowa malo okhala komanso kusaka, kufa ndi njala komanso kufa nthawi isanakwane, osakhala ndi nthawi yoti asiye ana. Kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zakhala zikuwonongeka, izi zimakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikuchepetsa moyo wa anthu.
Chitetezo cha chimbalangondo
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo cha nyama
Kalekale, atazindikira nyama zodabwitsa izi, osaka nyama adathetsa zimbalangondo za nyama ndi zikopa. Chilombocho chinali chapadera, khungu linali losayerekezeka ndi la wina aliyense. Koma ndikukula kwa sayansi ndikufalikira kwa chidwi m'chilengedwe pakati pa anthu, chikhumbo chosunga mitundu yazinyama zosiyanasiyana zidayamba kutetezedwa ndi lamulo.
Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, kusaka zimbalangondo kumaloledwa ku Russia. Ku Alaska, Canada ndi Greenland kuli gawo lapadera la zimbalangondo zosaka. Izi zimasiyanasiyana chaka ndi chaka, kutengera malingaliro ndi kuwerengera kwa asayansi.
Mu 1973, mgwirizano udasainidwa pakati pa mayiko omwe ali ndi zimbalangondo zazikulu kwambiri pakuwateteza. Kuwasaka kwakhala cholakwa, kupatula miyambo yazikhalidwe zaku Arctic.
Komanso, kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa nyama, malo osungira zachilengedwe adakhazikitsidwa ku Wrangel Island ku 1976; zimbalangondo zokha zidasankha malowa kuti abereke ana. Kale m'zaka za zana la 21, Russia ndi United States asainirana mgwirizano wosunga mtundu wa Chukotka-Alaska. Ngakhale kuyesayesa konse, kunenedweratu za kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zaka zikubwerazi ndikomvetsa chisoni. Ngakhale kuyesetsa konse kwa anthu, pali omwe amaphwanya malamulo onse ndikuwononga zimbalangondo. Kutentha kwanyengo kumachotsera nyama chakudya chabwino, komanso kuwononga chilengedwe ndikosavulaza thanzi lawo.
Tsopano anthu ali ndi mwayi wambiri komanso akufuna kuthandiza nyama m'chilengedwe. Izi zimapereka chiyembekezo kuti chimbalangondo adzamva bwino ndipo achuluke m'zaka zikubwerazi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 16:20
