Gwape wobadwira ali mgulu la mitundu - agwape. Izi ndizinyama zochokera kubanja la artiodactyl zomwe zimadya mitundu ina yazakudya zamasamba. Amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (amphongo), momwe mumakhala yamphongo imodzi komanso akazi asanu okhala ndi ana. Amakhala achinsinsi komanso amantha, amapereka nkhalango zoyipa komanso zamtundu wa Manchu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sika deer
Gwape wamaluwa (sika deer) ali ndi malo apadera m'banja la agwape. Izi ndichifukwa choti anali pafupi kukhala ndi anthu ndipo chifukwa chake adalembedwa mu Red Book. Zonsezi ndichakuti anthu akumayiko akum'mawa, makamaka China ndi Tibet, amayamikira kuthekera kwa mankhwalawa, komwe amapangira nyanga zosasunthika. Pantocrine idatengedwa kuchokera ku anthawi ya sika deer, yomwe idathandizira kwambiri dongosolo lamanjenje.
Mtengo wa nyerere unali wokwera kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake kusaka nyama zamtundu wa pantach kudakulirakulira, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kudagwa mwachangu. Pakadali pano, koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri ku USSR kunalibe mitu 1,000 ya nswala za sika, ndipo m'malo ena a Asia mitundu iyi yasowa kwathunthu. Potengera kafukufuku, akatswiri a paleozoologists atsimikiza kuti makolo a nswala zamakono amabwerera ku South Asia. Amakhulupirira kuti nswala za sika ndizachikale kwambiri, izi zimatsimikizika ndikupezeka kosavuta kwa kapangidwe ka nyerere kuposa agwape ofiira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Sika deer Red Book
Sika deer ndi ochepa kukula poyerekeza ndi abale ena. Zimasiyana ndimakhalidwe abwino komanso owonda. Thupi la anthu onsewa ndi lalifupi, sacrum ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Zosangalatsa kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, amatha kukula mwachangu, ndikufikira kutalika kwa mita 2.5, mpaka 8 mita kutalika.
Amuna okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi nyanga. Mawonekedwe a korona ndi ofanana ndi olemera pang'ono. Kutalika ndi kulemera kwa nyanga za nyama kumasintha pakukula kwake, ndipo kumatha kukhala kuchokera pa masentimita 65 mpaka 80 panyanga palibe njira zopitilira zisanu, nthawi zina pali zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mphukira ndiyosalala mpaka kukhudza, imakhala ndi chikasu pafupifupi mtundu wa udzu, wofiirira pafupi ndi tsinde. Mtundu wa ubweya wa nyama umadalira nyengo. M'chilimwe, ubweyawo umakhala ndi utoto wofiyira, womwe umatsikira kumimba, umasanduka wowala. Pamphepete mwake pali ubweya wakuda, ndipo miyendo ili ndi utoto wofiyira.
Chikhalidwe chake ndi kupezeka kwa mawanga oyera omwe amafalitsidwa kumbuyo. Nthawi yomweyo, nthawi yotentha, kuchuluka kwawo kumakhala kochepa m'mbali ndi ntchafu ndipo mawonekedwe ake siabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, si achikulire onse omwe ali nawo, ndipo pofika masika, amasowa kwathunthu. Pofika nyengo yozizira, ubweya wamphongo umasintha, nkutenga imvi, nthawi zina kuderako, ndikukhala imvi mwa akazi. Mtundu wa galasi loyera, womwe uli mkati mwa ntchafu zamkati, umakhala wosasintha. Zinyama molt mu Epulo ndi Seputembara.
Kulemera kwamwamuna wokhwima kumasiyana pamitundu ya 115 - 140 kg, ya akazi 65 - 95 makilogalamu, kutalika pakufota kumatha kufikira masentimita 115, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi 160 - 180 cm. wazaka
Kodi mbawala za sika zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Ussuriisky sika agwape
Malo obadwira a sika deer amaphatikizanso mayiko monga: China, Korea, North Vietnam ndi Taiwan. Amasinthidwanso kuti azikhala ku Caucasus, Europe, United States ndi New Zealand. Koma malo abwino kwambiri anyamayi anali Japan ndi Far East. Makamaka ku Japan ndi chigawo cha Hokkaido, kuchuluka kwawo kwachira chifukwa chakutha mimbulu ndipo osaka ndi ochepa.
Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi zofunikira pakukhala:
- Sika nswala amakonda nkhalango zazitali kwambiri za thundu kuposa nkhalango zazitali kwambiri zamkungudza, ngakhale nthawi zina zimapezeka kumapeto;
- Ma Marals amakhala kumtunda kwa nkhalango komanso kudera lamapiri a Alpine;
- Tugai deer (Bukhara) amasankha zitsamba ndi nkhalango m'mphepete mwa mtsinje kapena nyanja.
Ku Far East, nyamayi imapezeka ku Primorye. Malo abwino kwambiri ali mdera lakumwera kwa Primorye Territory, ndichifukwa choti chipale chofewa sichitha masiku opitilira 8 - 10, komanso chifukwa cha nkhalango yamtundu wa Manchurian yokhala ndi udzu wabwino. Nthawi zambiri, amapezeka m'malo otseguka, pomwe mphepo yamkuntho ngati matalala imatha kuwoloka mamilimita 600 - 800 mm. Popeza nyengozi ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo zimalepheretsa kuyenda, ndipo chinyama chimakhala chotopa kwambiri.
Kuyambira m'ma 1930, ku USSR kunayesedwa kusintha nswala, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kubwezeretsa kwa geni. Kuti achite izi, adabweretsedwa ku nkhokwe (minda ya mphalapala), yomwe inali yabwino kukhalapo, monga:
- Malo osungira Sukhudzin;
- Ilmensky Reserve (yomwe ili mu Urals);
- Malo a Kuibyshevsky;
- Teberda Nature Reserve;
- Malo osungira Khopersky;
- Malo osungira a Okskom;
- Malo osungira a Mordovia.
Nthawi zina, izi zidatheka, koma palinso ena omwe kusaka nyama sikunayime ndikufika povuta, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti asawonongeke kwathunthu.
Kodi nswala amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Sika nyama yamphongo
Zakudyazi zimaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 390 yazomera, zambiri zomwe ndi nthambi za mitengo ndi zitsamba. M'dera la Primorsky, udzu wamtali umakhala kutsogolo m'malo mokhala ngati chakudya ndi zitsamba. M'nyengo yotentha, zipatso zaminga, masamba, masamba, mphukira zazing'ono ndi nthambi zowonda, zikuluzikulu za linden, thundu, ndi Manchurian aralia zimakhala zokoma kwambiri.
Koma osatinso omwe amakonda ndi mtedza wa Manchurian, mphesa za Amur ndi velvet, lespedetsa, acantopanax, elm, mapulo, phulusa, sedges, mchilimwe, ambulera ndi mitundu ina yazovuta. Madzulo a dzinja, nyama imadyetsa mitundu yazomera yomwe imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakudya mafuta.
Komanso, zakudya izi nthawi zina zimagwera theka lachiwiri la dzinja:
- zipatso, mtedza, zipatso za beech;
- nthambi za hazel, thundu, aspen, msondodzi, chozeni, mbalame yamatcheri, alder, euonymus;
- mphukira za mitengo yaying'ono, elm, euonymus, brittle buckthorn;
- anadya makungwa.
Nyama zamphongo sizinyalanyaza kudya kelp ndi zoster algae, zomwe zimakhala ndi mchere wofunikira nyama. Ngati pali odyetsa m'nkhalango, mbawala sizidana kudya udzu. Pofunafuna mchere wofunikira, nswala zimalowa m'dera la akasupe amchere ofunda. Kumeneko amatha kunyambita ndere, phulusa ndi mpweya wina kuchokera kunyanja womwe uli pagombe. Nyama zomwe zimasinthidwa kumadera akumwera zimayendera madera okhala ndi zokometsera zamchere.
Gawo lomwe mbawala zimapezeka zimadalira kuchuluka kwawo. Ngati munthu m'modzi ali ndi chiunda chofanana ndi mahekitala 200, pomwe wamwamuna wokhala ndi gulu la akazi amakhala ndi mahekitala 400. Ziweto zazikulu zimaphimba malo okwanira 800 - 900 ha.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Sika deer ku Russia
Sika agulu amakhala amantha komanso obisa kwambiri. Msonkhano ndi chirombo chanzeru ichi pamalo otseguka, kupatula nkhalango zowirira, chimakhala chofanana ndi zero. Amamva kuyandikira kwa alendo osafunikira kapena chilombo patali kwenikweni. Popeza ali ndi chidwi chakumva komanso fungo labwino kwambiri. Ndikusintha kwa nyengo, machitidwe a nyama amasinthanso.
M'nyengo yotentha, mbawala zimayenda nthawi zonse ndipo zimadyetsa mwachangu. M'nyengo yozizira, mphamvu imatsika, amakhala osagwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri amakhala atagona. Pokhapokha ndi kayendedwe ka mphepo yamphamvu mpamene pamafunika kuthawira m'nkhalango yowirira kwambiri. Sika agulu ndi achangu komanso olimba. Ndiwo osambira abwino kwambiri, amatha kutalika kwa nyanja mpaka 12 km.
Nyama imakonda kudwala matenda opatsirana, milandu yamatenda adalemba:
- matenda a chiwewe, necrobacteriosis, pasteurellosis, anthrax ndi chifuwa chachikulu;
- ziphuphu, candidiasis;
- dicroisliosis, helminths (lathyathyathya, kuzungulira ndi tepi);
- nkhupakupa, midges, ntchentche, nsabwe ndi ena ochokera ku banja la ectoparasite.
Zomalizazi pamwambapa, zimayambitsa kusakhazikika komanso nkhawa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Sika deer cub
Kutha msinkhu kwa mbawala kumachitika chaka chimodzi ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, koma nthawi zambiri akazi amayenda zaka zitatu. Amuna ali okonzeka kuthira manyowa asanafike zaka zinayi. Nyengo yakumasirana imayamba mu Seputembala ndipo imatha koyambirira kwa Novembala. Kutalika kwake ndi masiku 30 - 35. Nthawi imeneyi, mkokomo wamphongo umamveka patali mpaka mamita mazana angapo. Kukhathamira kumachitika patatha masiku angapo, izi ndichifukwa choti wamkazi sangakhale ndi umuna. Izi zimachitika kangapo ndi kanthawi kochepa, pamafunde omwe amaponyedwa makamaka ziboda zamphongo.
Kutalika kwa mimba kumatha kukhala masiku 215-225 kapena (miyezi 7.5). Ng'ombe imodzi imabadwa nthawi zonse ndipo, mwapadera, amapasa. Kubereka kumachitika mu Meyi, makamaka mu Juni. Mwana wakhanda wobadwa kumene amatha kulemera pakati pa 4.5 ndi 7 kg. Ule wa mayi, mwana wakhanda wobadwa kumeneyo amayamba kuyamwa nthawi yomweyo atangotuluka, patadutsa maola angapo imayamba. Ng'ombe zimatha kuyamba msipu patatha masiku 15 - 20 chibadwireni, ndipo zimayamwa mawere mpaka nthawi yotsatira, ngati sizimenyedwa kuchokera kwa mayi.
Ana achichepere amakula kwambiri chilimwe, ndikubwera nyengo yozizira njirazi zimachedwa pang'ono. Pokhapokha pakatha chaka chachiwiri cha moyo m'pamene pamakhala kusiyanasiyana, wamkazi amakhalabe wocheperako, ndipo wamwamuna amapeza timabampu tating'ono m'munsi mwa chigaza, chomwe chimakula mpaka kukhala nyanga.
Adani achilengedwe a nswala ya sika
Chithunzi: Gwape wamtchire wamtchire
Tsoka ilo, nswala ya sika ili ndi anthu ambiri osafuna, kuphatikizapo:
- mimbulu (nthawi zina agalu amisala);
- akambuku, kambuku, kambuku wa chisanu;
- chimbalangondo chofiirira (kuukira sikamakonda);
- nkhandwe, martens, amphaka amphaka (nyama ya achinyamata).
Poyerekeza ndi ziweto zina, mimbulu yotuwa yawononga mtundu uwu. Mimbulu imasaka m'matumba, kuyendetsa ndikuzungulira gulu laling'ono. Izi zimachitika makamaka m'nyengo yozizira komanso koyambirira kwa masika, pomwe kuyenda kwa nswala ya sika kumalephereka kwambiri. Kufooka ndi ulesi kwa nyama, komwe kumadza chifukwa chakusowa kwa chakudya chofunikira, kumakhudzanso. Omasukidwa nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama ya abambo awo, ndi nyama zolusa.
Gwape wosayembekezereka atha kumubisalira. Popeza amphakawa amatha kuyenda ngakhale pachipale chofewa, wovulalayo alibe mwayi woti athawireko. M'nyengo yachisanu komanso yozizira, nyama imatha kufa chifukwa chotopa, chifukwa imatha kupeza chakudya chake. Zimakhala zofooka komanso zopweteka, zomwe zimakopa nyama zolusa zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono. Chitetezo chokha ndikuthawa. Musaiwale kuti nyama zidavutika kwambiri ndikulowererapo kwa anthu omwe amasaka tizilomboto kuti apange mankhwala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Sika nswala kuchokera ku Red Book
M'buku lofiira, nswala ya sika ili ndi magawo awiri - "kuchepa manambala".
Kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa anthu amitundu yofooka kwambiri kumalumikizidwa ndikukhala mosakhazikika ndipo kumatha kusintha mwadzidzidzi nyengo. Zilengezo zakusaka kosalekeza, chifukwa chakutulutsa kwa zikopa, nyama ndi mphalapala.
Palinso zinthu zina zosafunikira:
- kuphunzira dera latsopano lomwe likudula mitengo mwachangu;
- mimbulu yambiri, agalu amtchire ndi nyama zina zolusa;
- kumanga madera atsopano, pafupi ndi malo okhala nyama;
- chizolowezi cha matenda opatsirana, njala;
- kulephera kwa zoweta.
Kuyesayesa kwapangidwa kuti azisunga nyama m'mapaki ndi m'malo osungidwa. M'madera ena, nyama zimalandira chakudya chaka chonse osapeza msipu. Enanso, amalandira kudya m'nyengo yozizira basi ndipo amadyetsa momasuka m'minda. Koma kupuma pang'ono kwa mitengo ndi tchire wandiweyani kunakhudza thanzi, lomwe lidasokonekera kwambiri. Ichi chinali chifukwa chachikulu cha kuchoka kwa mphalapala kuchokera ku msipu.
Kusunga agwape pafupi kwambiri, popanda kulekana, kudakhudza chiyembekezo cha moyo. Chizoloŵezi cha matenda chinawonjezeka, akazi adakhala osabereka ndipo sangathe kubereka ana mtsogolo. Komabe, kubwezeretsa pang'ono kwa mitunduyo kudakwaniritsidwa ku Primorsky Territory, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe, komanso kuteteza nyama pang'ono.
Sika kuteteza nswala
Chithunzi: Sika deer
Sika deer adatchulidwa pa IUCN Red List. Ntchito yayikulu ndikuteteza ndikusunga moyo wamitundu yosawerengeka yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha. Mitundu yomwe imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book yamayiko omwe adatsogola Soviet imadziteteza pamalamulo. Popeza ili ndi chikalata chofunikira kwambiri chalamulo ndipo lili ndi malangizo othandizira kuteteza mitundu yosawerengeka ya zamoyo.
Zosintha zingapo zidapangidwa ndikuyesayesa kuteteza mitunduyo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti izi zidziwike:
- malo okhala (kugawa malo);
- chiwerengero ndi dongosolo mkati mwa ziweto;
- zamoyo (nthawi yobereketsa);
- zosamukira potengera nyengo (koma makamaka nyama sizimachoka m'maiko awo, omwe amakhala mahekitala mazana ambiri).
Pakadali pano, pali chizolowezi cha kuchepa kwa anthu kuthengo, ndipo chidwi chochulukirapo chimaperekedwa m'malo osungira zachilengedwe ndi madera oyandikana nawo. Njira zingapo zidapangidwa, zomwe zidapeza mphamvu atawalandila ngati pulogalamu yaboma.
Ntchito yofunika inali:
- kuteteza mitundu yachilengedwe ya nswala (ngati zingatheke, pewani kusakanikirana kwamitundu);
- ntchito yobwezeretsa nkhokwe zomwe nyama zimakhala;
- kusinthidwa ndikupanga madera otetezedwa;
- mulingo woyenera chitetezo ku zolusa kapena nyama mopsereza (woyamba ikuchitika ndi kuwombelera mimbulu).
Ngakhale chiletso chokhazikitsidwa, kuchuluka kwa mphalapala zamtchire sizimasintha, ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi kumachepa. Izi ndichifukwa choti opha nyama mosaka nyama akupitilizabe kuwononga zinthu zambiri, kufunafuna nyama kuti apambane chikho chamtengo wapatali ngati kanyama kakang'ono kapena nyerere zazing'ono. Sizikudziwika ngati m'tsogolomu pali kuthekera kokulitsa malire a nazale, ntchito yayikulu yomwe sikungotulutsa kokha kwa pantas, komanso kubwezeretsanso gulu lonse la majini. Gwape wobadwira imafuna chitetezo kwa anthu, apo ayi titha kutaya nyama yokongolayi posachedwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 17:04
