Sungani mwa mitundu Mustela erminea ndi ya adani ndipo ndi ya banja la mustelids. Ma Weasels ndi ma ferrets ali mgulu lomwelo limodzi naye. Nyama zazing'ono zimakhala moyo wawo pansi kapena kukwera mitengo, kusaka nyama zazing'ono zotentha, nthawi zina zopanda mafupa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ermine
Kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane za mitunduyo kunaperekedwa koyamba ndi Linnaeus mu 1758. Ndi mphalapala kakang'ono kokhala ndi thupi lalitali komanso losinthasintha, lokhala ndi miyendo yayifupi yokhala ndi zikhadabo zowala komanso zakuthwa. Pakhosi losunthika pamakhala mutu wamfupi wokhala ndi thumba laling'onoting'ono, lomwe lili ndi makutu ozungulira. Mchirawo ndi wautali pang'ono, koma m'ma subspecies ena, mwachitsanzo, ermine yayitali, ndi yayikulu kuposa theka la kukula kwake.
Zotsalira zazinyama zidapezeka ku Western Europe m'magawo a Late Pliocene, ku North America ku Middle Pleistocene. M'madipatimenti a Upper Quaternary amapezeka ku England, France, Poland, Crimea, North. Caucasus (Phanga la Matuzka), Altai (Khomo la Denisov). Zonse mu. Zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka ku America ndi za glaciation yomaliza. Kukula kwa nyama zolusa m'nyengo yozizira ndikochepa kwambiri kuposa kotentha.
Malongosoledwe a subspecies 35 amaperekedwa. Ku Russia, zisanu ndi zinayi ndizofala kwambiri. Amasiyana mikhalidwe ina ya morphometric, ndipo kunja - kukula ndi utoto wa ubweya wachilimwe:
- kumpoto - sing'anga, bulauni wakuda;
- Russian - sing'anga, kuchokera bulauni yakuda mpaka kufiira;
- Tobolsk - yayikulu kwambiri, yofiirira;
- Berengian - sing'anga, kuchokera ku bulauni wonyezimira mpaka wachikasu;
- Anthu a ku Caucasus - aang'ono, ofiira njerwa;
- Fergana - yaying'ono kuposa yapita ija, bulauni-fawn kapena imvi;
- Altai - ocheperako kuposa Fergana, ofiira ofiira;
- Transbaikal - yaying'ono, yakuda bulauni;
- Shantar - yaying'ono kuposa Transbaikal, yakuda bulauni.
Komanso, subspecies za ma mustelid awa ochokera ku Sakhalin ndi Kuriles sizikudziwika, mwina ndi za subspecies zomwe zimafala kuzilumba zaku Japan.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Zinyama zanyama
Ermine kwakhala kotchuka kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa cha ubweya wake woyera. Chovala chake chimakhala ndimtunduwu m'nyengo yozizira, kokha kumapeto kwa mchira ndikuda. Nthawi zina pamimba pamakhala chikasu. Chovala cha tsitsi panthawiyi ndi chokulirapo, chowundana, koma osati chachitali. Mtundu wa nsonga ya mchira sasintha ndi nyengo. Chinyama chomwecho chilimwe chili ndi mitundu iwiri yokhala ndi malire omveka. Mchira, komanso pamwamba pamutu, kumbuyo, mbali, mbali yakunja yamiyendo, ndi bulauni, ndimitundumitundu. Mimba, mmero, mlomo wapamwamba, chifuwa, manja ndi oyera. Chivundikiro cha chilimwe chimachepa pang'ono kuposa chivundikiro chachisanu.
Mwa akazi:
- kutalika kwa thupi - 17-26 cm;
- mchira - 6-11 cm;
- kulemera - 50-180 g.
Amuna:
- kutalika kwa thupi - 20-32 cm;
- mchira - 7-13 cm;
- kulemera - 110-260 g.
Nyama imathamanga bwino, imadziwa kusambira bwino, ngakhale siyesetsa izi, imakweranso mitengo. Wodya nyama uyu, ngakhale si wamkulu, ali ndi khalidwe loyipa, ndiwolimba mtima kwambiri. Mwa amuna, dera lomwe amasaka pafupipafupi limaposa kawiri kuposa akazi. Tsiku limodzi, amathamanga mpaka makilomita 15, koma mbali zambiri samasaka, koma amalemba ndi kuteteza gawolo. Akazi amayenda pang'ono, mtunda wawo ndi 2-3 km.
Ikakhala yosangalala, nyama imayamba kulira mokweza, kuwuwa, kutsamwa. Wina akafika pamanda ali ndi ana, mkaziyo amalira moopsa.
Zilonda zam'mimba zimakhala pansi pa mchira wa nyama. Kudzera mmimbamo yake, chinsinsi chokhala ndi fungo linalake lamphamvu chimatulutsidwa, chomwe chimayamwitsa gawo. Makanda amtundu uwu wamtundu wa weasel amayenda motsatira amayi awo, mphuno mpaka mchira, atafola ngati unyolo. Mwana wamphamvu kwambiri amakhala patsogolo nthawi zonse. Ngati wina atsalira kumbuyo, ndiye kuti omwe ali okulirapo amakoka khutu.
Kodi ermine amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kukhala chilimwe
Malo ogawa nyama iyi ndiyotakata kwambiri - ndi gawo lonse la ku Europe, mpaka ku Pyrenees ndi Alps, mapiri a Caucasus. Kudera la Asia, amapezeka kulikonse kumwera kwa Kazakhstan, Pamirs, kumapiri a Altai, kumpoto kwa Mongolia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, kuzilumba za Hokkaido ndi Honshu. Ku North America, ermine idakhazikika mpaka Maryland, ku Great Lakes, Saskatchewan. Pakati pa mapiri a Cordillera, adasamukira ku California, pakati pake komanso kumpoto kwa New Mexico. Kumpoto, amakhala kufupi ndi nyanja ya Arctic, amapezeka kuzilumba za Arctic ndi Canada, m'mphepete mwa Greenland (kumpoto ndi kum'mawa).
Nyama yaying'onoyo idabweretsedwa ku New Zealand kukamenyana ndi akalulu oswana, koma nyama yolimba, osapeza adani achilengedwe kumeneko, sikuti amangothana ndi mbala zokolola, komanso amasinthira mbalame zodziwika bwino - kiwi. Mbalamezi sizidziwa kuuluka ndikuikira mazira pansi, ndipo zimawononga mopanda chifundo.
Mu Russia, ngwazi wathu amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic, pa zilumba za Novosibirsk. Kum'mwera, malowa amafikira kumpoto kwa dera la Black Sea, kutsika kwa Don ndikufika pakamwa pa Volga. Pali malo okhala okhaokha mdera la Elbrus, ku Ossetia, kenako kulikonse, mpaka kumalire akumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa dzikolo, ku Sakhalin ndi lokwera kwa Kuril.
Kodi ermine amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Zinyama zazing'ono
Nyamayi ndi mlenje wabwino kwambiri, imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti ipeze chakudya.
Zakudya zambiri zamtundu wa weasel zimakhala ndi makoswe:
- mbewa zoyipa;
- mbewa zakutchire;
- ma pikas;
- ziphuphu;
- nkhono;
- zikopa.
Komanso, nyama imasaka mbalame ndi amphibiya, samanyalanyaza zokwawa, kuwononga zisa za mbalame, kugwira nsomba, tizilombo, komanso kudya zipatso. Imalimbikitsanso ma grouse ndi ma hazel grouses. Nthawi zina, imadyetsa zovunda. Amasaka makoswe ngati mbewa, amawathamangitsa pansi, m'mabowo, m'nkhalango zakufa komanso pansi pa chisanu. Imadumpha kuchokera kumbuyo ndi pamwamba ndikukaluma kumbuyo kwa mutu. Ndi makoswe ambiri, zimawawononga kuposa momwe amadya, ndikupangira. Ponena za kulimba mtima ndi kusachita bwino, alibe wofanana naye. Amawombera nyama ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala zazikulu kuposa iye, amatha kuthamangira munthu.
Nyamayo imasaka akalulu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosangalatsa. Kuwona wovulalayo patali, ermine imayamba kudumpha kwambiri, kugwa, kugubuduka. Kalulu wokonda chidwi amayang'ana mwachidwi nyama "yopenga" ija. Iye, kulumpha ndi kupota, pang'onopang'ono akuyandikira cholinga anafuna. Atafika pamtunda wocheperako, ngwazi yathu imamenya kalulu, ndikumugwira kumbuyo kwake.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ermine mwachilengedwe
Ermine yakhazikika m'malo osiyanasiyana nyengo, koma imakonda malo okhala magwero amadzi. Pamtunda, amapezeka pamadambo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'malo otsetsereka a zigwa. M'nkhalango, awa ndi zigawo zam'mitsinje, kunja kwa madambo, m'mphepete, kuyeretsa, kuyeretsa, m'malo okhala ndi tchire, koma simudzamuwona m'nkhalango. M'mapiri ndi nkhalango-steppes, amakondanso m'mphepete mwa malo osungiramo madzi, amakhala m'mipata, m'minda ya birch, m'nkhalango za paini. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka kufupi ndi nyumba zakumidzi, m'manda, m'minda yamaluwa. Mu Caucasus Mountains, amakhala m'mapiri Alpine (3 zikwi mamita pamwamba pa nyanja), mu Altai - mu placers miyala.
Chinyama sichipanga mabowo, koma chimatenga malo obisika a makoswe pansi pogona. Chipinda chachisa chimakhala ndi masamba owuma ndi ubweya. Imakhazikikanso m'ming'alu yamapiri, pansi pa zitsa ndi mizu, mulu wamitengo yakufa ndi zopumira mphepo, imakhala m'mabowo. M'nyengo yozizira, amakonza malo ogona kwakanthawi - malo ogona m'malo omwewo. Chiwembu chimatha kukhala mahekitala 10, nthawi zina mpaka mahekitala 200.
Amakhala moyo wokangalika makamaka usiku, kapena madzulo. Pa tsiku, ali ndi nthawi 4-5, nthawi yonseyi ili pafupi maola asanu. Nyamayo imasaka kwa mphindi pafupifupi 30-60, ndipo ikadya, imapuma. M'nyengo yozizira, pakagwa chipale chofewa kapena chisanu, ngati pali chakudya, ermine samachoka pamalowo masiku angapo. Nyama zimakhala zaka 2-3, zikufa ndi adani awo achilengedwe. Nthawi ya ukapolo, nthawi ya moyo wawo ikhoza kukhala mpaka zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Poyang'ana malo ake osaka, nyamayo ikuwonetsa chidwi. Amatha kugwira diso la munthu, ndipo akamamuwona, amalumphira paphiri, ndikuyimirira ndikuwona, akuwona kuchuluka kwa ngozi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwana ermine
Amuna ndi akazi amakhala mosiyana ndipo amakhala. Amuna ali ndi mitala. Pakatikati mwa mwezi wa March, amayamba kugwira ntchito, yomwe imatha mpaka September. Akazi amanyamula ana kuyambira masiku 240 mpaka 393. Kufalikira kwa nthawi yonse yoyembekezera kumayambitsidwa pang'ono. Nthawi imeneyi, mwana wosabadwayo samadziphatika kukhoma lachiberekero. Makina otere amaperekedwa mwachilengedwe kuti anawo athe kuwonekera nthawi yabwino kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, mu zinyalala pali ana aamuna 6-8, chiwerengerochi chimakhala pakati pa awiri mpaka 18. Kulemera kwa makanda ndi 0,8-2.6 g Pakubadwa amakhala akhungu komanso ogontha, kumbuyo kwa miyendo yakutsogolo pa thupi laling'ono pali kuchepa koonekera.
Mitsempha yamakutu imatsegulidwa mwezi, maso - masiku 4-10 pambuyo pake. Mano aana amawoneka makanda m'masabata 2-3. Kuwasintha kukhala okhazikika kumayamba tsiku la makumi anayi atabadwa, ndikuwasintha tsiku la 70. Ana obadwa kumene amawoneka ndi mane pakhosi, omwe amatha mwezi. Mayi amasamalira ana, poyamba samawasiya kawirikawiri. Imachoka pakabowo kokha kuti ikatsitsimuke.
Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ndi theka, anawo amatulutsa mawu, amayamba kuwonetsa mwamphamvu. Amayi awo amawaphunzitsa kusaka. Ana akusewera wina ndi mnzake. Akusiya una kuti ayende, amatsatira amayi awo. Pakadutsa miyezi iwiri, ana omwe amwalira amayamba kutuluka mdzenjemo. Pakadali pano, amakhala atakwanitsa kukula ndi akulu. Kukula msinkhu kwa amuna kumachitika mchaka chimodzi. Amayi amakula msanga kwambiri, estrus yawo yoyamba imapezeka pa tsiku la 17 kuyambira kubadwa. Amatha kuphimbidwa ngakhale asanawone.
Ana akhanda nthawi yomweyo amawonetsa kuthekera kophatikizana. Kusintha uku, chifukwa chothandizana kwambiri, kumawathandiza kukhala ofunda. Izi zimawapangitsa kumva kuti ndi otetezeka. Ngati mutawalekanitsa, adzakweranso, kukankhana ndi kumamatirana. Kuzindikira kumazimiririka nthawi yomwe nyama zimawona kuwala.
Adani achilengedwe a ermine
Chithunzi: Ermine
Woyimira pang'ono wa weasel ali ndi adani ambiri, choyambirira, ndi anzawo akulu: Sable, ferret, Siberia weasel, mink. Amatha kupulumuka ermine m'malo ake posaka. Ochita nawo mpikisano wathu pakapezedwe ka chakudya nawonso amawopseza. Popeza ndi kusowa kwa chakudya, ayenera kusamuka. Izi ndizo, choyamba, achibale apamtima - mchere ndi weasel, mbalame zodya nyama: mitundu yaying'ono ya mphamba ndi kadzidzi. Kuchuluka kwa nyama zolusa zazing'ono kwakuchepa kwambiri m'chigwa cha Ob chifukwa chakusamuka kwakukulu kwa kafadala kuno ku Siberia.
Ankhandwe ndi ngozi; ankhandwe aku Arctic amasaka nyama zazing'ono kumtunda. Masana, nyama imatha kugwidwa ndi akhwangwala, ziwombankhanga zagolide, usiku - ndi akadzidzi. Mfuti imatha kubisalira nyama zina mumtengo ndikukhala pamenepo. Pa kusamuka, nyama, kuthana ndi zopinga zamadzi, nthawi zambiri imakhala nyama ya nsomba zazikulu: taimen, pike. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikhoza kupha nyama. M'nyengo yotentha, yamvula, amadya nkhono za amber, momwe mphutsi za Scriabingilus zimakhala, ndipo nyongolotsi zimayambitsa mtundu uwu wa ma mustelids.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Zinyama zanyama
Nthawi zambiri, ermine amakhala pamalo amodzi, koma chifukwa chosowa chakudya amayenda maulendo ataliatali. Zinawonedwa kuti ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono ambiri - nyama yayikulu yodya nyama, imatha kusunthira mtunda wautali. Nyama imeneyi imadziwika ndi kayendedwe ka nyengo. Mwa kuchuluka, kudumpha kwakukulu kumatha kuchitika, koma sikusintha kangapo - kuyambira 30 mpaka 190. Izi zimadalira kupezeka kwa chakudya, kusowa kwa magwero amadzi kapena kusefukira kwamadzi, moto, matenda azinyama komanso kufalikira kwawo ndi mphutsi.
Mtundu uwu wa weasel uli ndi ubweya wolimba, wopyapyala, woyera ngati chipale. Ndiye amene wakhala akusodza nthawi zonse. Nyamayo ndi yaying'ono, chifukwa chovala chimodzi chaubweya kapena chovala chaubweya muyenera kugwira anthu pafupifupi 200. M'zaka za zana la 17th, munthu wina wozunzidwa anaimbidwa mlandu kukhothi ku England. Adatsutsa lingaliro la woyang'anira lamulolo ndipo adapambana, kutsimikizira kuti mkanjo wa ermine wa wantchito wa Themis unali wabodza. Popeza nyamayi ndi yankhanza ndipo imawononga ma voles ambiri, kuletsa kwa ma voles osakhazikika kunayambitsidwanso ku Sakhalin. Kusaka makoswe, onyamula matenda owopsa kwa anthu, ndizothandiza kwambiri.
Ermine imatha kuwerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwamaselidi ambiri ku Russia. Makamaka mukaganizira madera omwe amakhala mdziko lonselo. Chiwerengero cha zinyama ku Russia ndi zoposa mamiliyoni awiri.
Anthu ambiri, pafupifupi 60% amapezeka ku Far East ndi Eastern Siberia, 20% ali ku Yakutia. Kumpoto kwa gawo la Europe ndi Western Siberia, nyama zina 10% zodya nyama zimakhala, makamaka m'nkhalango. Chigawo chonse cha nkhalango-tundra chakumpoto chili ndi anthu ambiri.
Chiwerengero cha zinyama zimakhudzidwa ndi nyengo yachisanu ndi chisanu, kusefukira kwamadzi ndi moto. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa omwe amanyamula ubweya wamtengo wapatali kunayamba kuchepa chifukwa chakukula kwanthaka kwa mbewu zaulimi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Pachifukwa ichi, nyamayo idataya madera ake wamba, makamaka mitsinje yamadzi osefukira komwe kuli akasinja.
Chifukwa chachisoni chaku New Zealand, IUCN yatchula kuti ermine ndi nyama yowopsa. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zikopa pafupifupi 100-150 zikwi za ubweya wamtengo wapatali zidakumbidwa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa anthu, popeza mitundu yambiri idakololedwa kale. Kumbali inayi, kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa nyama zitha kulumikizidwa ndikusintha kwa njira zakusaka nyama zazing'ono, kutayika kwa luso komanso zokumana nazo zaka mazana ambiri. Sungani zosavuta kusinthasintha kuzikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Kuchepa kwa kusodza kuyenera kukhala chilimbikitso chokhazikitsira njira zowunikira pazomwe zimayambitsa komanso mavuto omwe angakhalepo pakugawana ndi kubzala ermine.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 16:51
