Nkhumba zabwino Ndi nyama yokhala ndi mphanda pakati pa nkhalango za Central Russia ndi mizinda yaku North. Gwape wofiira amakhalanso Kumpoto ndi South America, Eurasia, komanso mitundu yamtunduwu imapezeka ku North Africa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gwape ofiira
Banja la agwape Cervldae ali ndi mitundu yambiri. Gwape wofiira, gwape wa sika, gwape wamaluwa, gwape wofiira, nswala zazikulu zamtundu wa gauze, Bukhara nswala.
Mmodzi mwa oimira oyamba amtunduwu ndi mphalapala yayikulu (Megaceros), yemwenso amatchedwa nyama yamphongo yayikulu. Mitunduyi idakhala kuyambira ku Pliocene mpaka ku Polyanite. Izi ndi pafupifupi zaka miliyoni zapitazo. Makolo akale a nswala zamakono amakhala m'chigawo chapakati cha Asia. Kuchokera komwe ndikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi.
Pa chisinthiko, panali magulu angapo - agwape a mtundu wakumadzulo. Mwa mitundu iyi, nyangazi zimakula ngati korona. Gwape wofiyira ndiye woimira wamakono wamtunduwu. Ndipo mtundu wakum'mawa wa munthu, nyanga zake sizimapanga nthambi. Oimira amtunduwu momwe timazolowera kuwona mu Paleolithic. Kuyambira pamenepo, mawonekedwe enieni a nyama sanasinthe kwambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gwape wofiira Red Book
Mbawala zolemekezeka amatchedwa "mafumu a nkhalango" pazifukwa. Ichi ndi nyama yayikulu komanso yamphamvu. Kukula kwa mwamuna wamwamuna wamkulu kumayambira 170 mpaka 210 cm, kutalika kwa nyama ikamafota ndi masentimita 127-148. Nyama yamphongo wamkulu imalemera 174 -209 kg. Akazi a mtundu uwu ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna. Kulemera kwa mphalapala wamkulu wamkazi kuyambira 130 mpaka 162 kg. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 160 mpaka 200. Kutalika kwa mkazi wamkulu ndi masentimita 110-130. Nyama zazing'ono zazaka ziwiri zimalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 120. Akuluakulu amtunduwu amakhala pafupifupi makilogalamu 170.
Madzi ofiira ofiira amapezeka masika ndi nthawi yophukira. Spring molt imachitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka koyambirira kwa Juni. Kukonzanso kwa ubweya wophukira kumachitika mu Seputembara-Okutobala, kutengera nyengo yomwe nyama imakhalamo.
Kanema: Gwape wofiira
Nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi moyo wachilengedwe ndi pafupifupi zaka 17-18. Mu ukapolo, nyama zimakhala motalikirapo, pafupifupi zaka 24. Gwape wamkulu ali ndi mano 34 mkamwa mwake. Mwa awa, mano 20 ali pamunsi pa nsagwada, 14 kumtunda. Kukula kwathunthu kwa mano ndikupanga nsagwada kumachitika miyezi 24 ya moyo wa nyama.
Mphalapala zimakhala ndi malaya odera, utoto wake umatha kukhala wosiyana. Pakhungu la nswala pali ubweya wopota womwe umateteza thupi la nyama ku chimfine ndikutchinga kuti lisazizidwe ngakhale kuzizira kwambiri. Pali ma capillaries ambiri m'magazi a nswala, chifukwa chake, ngakhale atakutidwa ndi ubweya, samaundana. Nyama yamphongo imatha kupirira kutentha mpaka madigiri 60 Celsius.
Kodi mbawala zofiira zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Gwape wofiira wa ku Caucasus
Malo okhala agwape ofiira ndi akulu kwambiri. Mbawala zimakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Russia, awa ndi nkhalango zakatikati mwa dzikolo, Kaluga ndi Bryansk. Kumpoto, Yakutia ndi dziko lonse la Sokh Republic. Kolyma ndi Kamchatka. Ukraine ndi Belarus, Baltics.
Kunja ndi Algeria, Morocco, Chile, North Africa, Argentina. Mbawala zimakondanso madambo okongola a New Zealand. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha agwape amtunduwu amakhala ku Alaska ndi North America. Mitunduyi imalolera mosavuta kuzolowera. Chifukwa chake ili ndi magawo ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Gwape wofiira amakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi mitengo yambiri. Mbawala ndi nyama yodyetsa nyama, zimadya chakudya chomera, chifukwa chake amakhala makamaka komwe chakudya chingapezeke. Mu 1781, kuweta nyama zamtunduwu kunayambanso ku Russia.
Kodi nswala zofiira zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nswala zofiira za ku Crimea
Mbawala ndizodyetsa nyama ndipo zimadya zakudya zamasamba. Zakudya za agwape zimaphatikizapo makamaka udzu ,udzu, ndi masamba amitengo. Bowa ndi zipatso, ziphuphu zimadyedwa. Mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndi nyemba.
M'nyengo yozizira, ndi chivundikiro chochepa cha chipale chofewa, mbawala zimatha kukumba masamba agwa pansi pa chisanu, kudyetsa makungwa amitengo ang'onoang'ono ndi tchire. Komanso mabokosi ndi zipatso, mtedza zimadyedwa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mizu. Mbawala zimanunkhiza bwino, ndipo zimatha kununkhiza chakudya ngakhale pansi pa chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa kuyambira theka la mita mpaka mita mita.
Anthu omwe amakhala kumpoto ndi Tundra nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda mapuloteni chifukwa cha chakudya chosasangalatsa. Yagel ndi mosses sangapereke chilichonse chomwe thupi la nyama limafunikira. Chifukwa chake, mbawala zimatha kudya mazira a mbalame, ngakhalenso nyerere zawo zomwe zatayidwa.
Mbawala ndi yowola ndipo njira yodyetsera imatenga pafupifupi maola 8. Mbawala sizimadya msanga nthawi yotentha. Izi ndi nyama zakusiku zambiri. Komanso, mbawala sizimakonda phokoso, zimawawopsa. Madzulo, mbawala zimapita kumalo odyetserako ziweto ndi msipu kumene zimadya pafupifupi usiku wonse, ndipo chakum'mawa nyamayo imabwerera komwe imakhalako, komwe imapuma ndikugaya chakudya.
Mbozi zofiira zimatha kusunthira nyengo ngati kulibe chakudya m'malo awo. Mphoyozi zimasamukira m'gulu la ziweto zambiri. Kumbali zonse, gulu laling'ono la agwape limasonkhana m'gulu lalikulu. Gulu lamtunduwu limapatsa mphalapala chitetezo komanso zimapulumuka kwambiri. Zikakhala zoopsa, mbawala zimasonkhananso pagulu kuti ziziteteze komanso kutetezana. Patsogolo pa gululo pali mtsogoleri, yemwe amayang'anira chitetezo. Mphalapala zimatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali zisanapeze malo omwe zingapeze chakudya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gwape ofiira ku Russia
Chikhalidwe, zizolowezi za nyama ndi njira yamoyo makamaka zimadalira komwe nyama imakhala. Nyama zamtchire ndizankhanza komanso zowopsa. Ayenera kudziteteza ndi gulu la ziweto kwa adani, kuti apulumuke m'malo achilengedwe ovuta. Pakusamuka kwa mphalapala, kumva kubangula kwa mtsogoleri, ndibwino kuti anthu achoke. Mbawala siziukira anthu, komabe, sadzaopa kudzitchinjiriza.
Kutchire, mphalapala zamphongo zimatha kukhala zokha, pomwe zazikazi zimasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Gulu la akazi ndi anthu 4-7. Nthawi zina timagulu ting'onoting'ono taimuna imodzi ndi tachikazi tambiri tokhala ndi ana amphongo timasonkhana. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa akazi ndi abambo kumawonekera munyengo yokhwima. M'nyengo yokwatirana, yaimuna imakhala yaukali. Iwalani za chakudya ndi chakudya ndikuyang'ana wamkazi. Mbawala nthawi ino imatha kukhoma ndi nyanga osati yamphongo imodzi yokha, komanso mkazi yemwe samabwezera.
Komanso, mbawala zamphongo, kaya ndi ukali, kapena kuti zizimasule ku mphalapala zolemetsa, zimenya mitengoyo mwamphamvu ndi nyanga zake. Nthawi yomweyo, kugogoda kwamphongo ndi kubangula kwa amuna kumamveka kuthengo.
Izi zimachitika m'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amuna amadzipheratu okha nthawi yokwatirana ndipo ambiri samakhala m'nyengo yozizira. Nthawi zambiri moyo wa nswala, monga nyama zina, umathera pofunafuna chakudya. Ngati pali chosowa chapadera, mbawala zimatha kubwera kunyumba za anthu kudzafuna chakudya.
Nswala zofiira zimagwirizana bwino ndi anthu. Ulimi wa mphalapala umapezeka kwambiri Kumpoto kwa dziko lathu komanso m'maiko ena. Munthu anali wokhoza osati kuweta chinyama ichi, komanso kupanga agwapewo mthandizi wachifundo. Katundu wonyamula nyama, gwirani ntchito mogwirizana. Pafamu, agwape ofiira amasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mbawala pafamuyi amakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto aulere, amafunikira madera ambiri.
Mphalapala zimakhala ndi nzeru zotha kusamukira kwina, kwakuti mphalapala zimasuntha, ngakhale kuti chibadwa ichi chimatha nthawi. Ng'ombe yamphongo imaleredwa zonse zapakhomo komanso nyama. Venison ndiye chakudya chofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu okhala Kumpoto ndi Far East.
Chikhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Gwape ofiira
Gwape wofiira ndi nyama ya ng'ombe. Kulumikizana mosavuta ndi oimira ena amtundu uwu, owongoleredwa bwino ndi anthu.
Makhalidwe abwino a mphalapala:
- Gwape wamwamuna amatha kukhala yekha;
- amuna pa nthawi yopanga mawonekedwe a akazi; Chiwerengero cha akazi pafupi ndi wamwamuna mmodzi chitha kufikira anthu 20;
- Akazi m'moyo wamba amakhala mosiyana ndi amuna, m'magulu ang'onoang'ono;
- panthawi yosamukira, gulu lonselo limamvera mtsogoleri. Kusamuka kumatha kuchitika pamtunda wautali;
- mbawala zimayenda mwachangu ndikusambira bwino.
Kubalana kwa nswala zofiira
Izi zimachitika nthawi yachisanu. Mchitidwewu umayamba mu Seputembara-Okutobala. M'nyengo yokwatira, amuna amalephera kukhala maso. Amayiwala za chitetezo, chakudya, kukhala aukali. Mkazi amatha kubereka ali ndi zaka 2-3. Amuna azaka za 5-7.
Njira yolumikizirana ndi mbawala sizikhala motalika. Nthawi zambiri kukondana kumachitika mumasekondi ochepa. Mimba ya gwape wofiira wamkazi amatenga pafupifupi miyezi 8. Mimba imachitika nthawi yachisanu, zikavuta kupeza chakudya, zomwe ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri thupi la mayi. Masika, nthawi zina (koma kawirikawiri) ana awiri amabadwa. Pakubadwa, mwana wamkazi amalemera makilogalamu 7 mpaka 10.
Pambuyo pobereka, mphalapala imagona muudzu osayenda kwa mlungu umodzi, mayiyo amadyetsa mwana wake mkaka, ndipo amadyetsa pafupi ndi mwana wakeyo. Kuteteza ana ku adani. Pofika nyengo yozizira yotsatira, mwana amasiya kuyamwa mkaka ndikuzolowera chakudya wamba. Gwape wofiira amateteza ana awo ndi gulu lonselo. Kutseka ana ndi matupi awo kuchokera kuzilombo zowononga pamene akuukira, kusokera m'magulu.
Adani achilengedwe a nswala zofiira
Chithunzi: Zinyama zofiira kuchokera ku Red Book
Zowononga. Adani akuluakulu a mphalapala zakutchire ndi olusa. Choyambirira, awa ndi mimbulu. Ziweto zazimayi zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu panthawi yapakati komanso kudyetsa ana awo, komanso nthawi yachisanu ikadutsa. Nyama zikatopa ndipo sizingathamange mwachangu. Kuphatikiza pa mimbulu, adani akulu agwape ndi ma raccoon ndi agalu amtchire, nkhandwe, amphaka, amphaka akuluakulu aku Bengal, harza ndi zimbalangondo. Pothawa adani, mbawala zimatha kukwera pamwamba, kubisala m'madzi.
Tizilombo Adani osawoneka. Kuphatikiza pa zolusa, agwape atha kugwidwa ndi tizilombo toyamwa magazi. M'nyengo yachilimwe, pali tizilombo tambiri ku Far East ndi North komwe nyama zimakakamizidwa kusamuka. Munthu. Ndipo, zowonadi, alenje ndi opha nyama mopsereza ndi chiopsezo chachikulu kwa agwape. Nyama yam'madzi ndi gawo lofunikira pa zakudya za anthu. M'malo ena, nyama yamphongo ndimaiona ngati ndiwo yayikulu. Makamaka okhala kumpoto, komwe kulibe china koma nswala, nyama ya akavalo ndi nsomba. Kusaka nyama kunaloledwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Red deer Russia
Udindo wa mitundu ya nswala zofiira mu Red Data Book ndi "mitundu yomwe ili ndi chiopsezo chocheperako". Kusaka agwape sikuloledwa m'malo onse, komanso nthawi zina pachaka. Chiwerengero cha agwape ofiira chakhala chikuchepa kwambiri pazaka 10 zapitazi, chifukwa chake nyama zosaka zimaloledwa kwa miyezi ingapo pachaka. Izi makamaka nyengo yophukira-nthawi yozizira.
Poyambirira, m'mizinda ya Yakutia kumpoto ndi Taimyr, munali agwape ambiri, zomwe zimawopseza miyoyo ya anthu. Mbawala zimayandikira malo okhala anthu; m'nyengo yozizira, nyama zamtchire zimakhala zowopsa kwa anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, mbawala zidadya mitundu ina yazomera zomwe sizingathe kukhalanso bwino.
Popita nthawi, ziweto zatsika kwambiri, motero malamulo ena akhazikitsidwa posaka. Ndipo pazolinga zachuma ndi kudyedwa, famu yopha nsomba yakonzedwa, pomwe nswala zimapangidwira zosowa za anthu.
Mlonda wofiira
Chithunzi: Gwape ofiira
Njira zotetezera kuchuluka kwa mitundu iyi:
- kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhokwe zachilengedwe. Kukhazikitsa malo osaka nyama iliyonse ndikoletsedwa. Ndipo malo awa ndiotetezedwa ndi boma.
- choletsa kusaka nyama zamtunduwu. Kusaka nyama zofiira kumaloledwa kokha m'nyengo yozizira-yozizira, osati m'malo onse.
- kulengedwa kwa minda yamalonda yothandizira ziweto. Kukula kwa Kumpoto ndi munthu nkosatheka popanda ulimi. Ng'ombe, mbuzi ndi ziweto zina sizingafanane ndi zovuta zakumpoto, komanso kuti muchepetse kusaka kwadzidzidzi kwa mphalapala zakutchire, minda yobereketsa nswala idapangidwa. Ulimi wa mphalapala umatukuka kwambiri osati m'dziko lathu lino komanso kunja.
Gwape ofiira ndi nyama zomwe zakhala ndi mbiri yakale. Chimodzi mwazolimba kwambiri, zamphamvu komanso zokhoza kusintha njira yamoyo wa nyama. Nyama zimalolera kukhala moyo wovuta kwambiri. Mbawala imakumana mosavuta ndi anthu, ndikulabadira maphunziro.Nkhumba zabwino - ichi ndi chozizwitsa chachikulu chachilengedwe, kotero tiyeni tisunge mawonekedwe okongola pamodzi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 17:33
