Kambuku wa Bengal - yotchuka kwambiri pamitundu yonse ya akambuku. Pangozi, kambuku wa Bengal ndiye nyama yadziko lonse ku Bangladesh. Anthu oteteza zachilengedwe akuyesera kupulumutsa mitundu ya zamoyozo, koma zovuta zazikulu kwa anthu akambuku a Bengal zimakhalabe zopangidwa ndi anthu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bengal Tiger
Mmodzi mwa makolo akale kwambiri a kambuku wa Bengal ndi nyalugwe wokhala ndi mano opatsirana ndi saber, wotchedwanso Smilodon. Iwo anakhalako zaka mamilioni makumi atatu ndi zisanu zapitazo. Mbuye wina woyambirira wa kambuku wa Bengal anali Proailur, katsamba kakang'ono koyambirira. Ndiwo ena mwa zakale zakale za amphaka zomwe zapezeka kuyambira zaka mamiliyoni makumi awiri ndi asanu zapitazo ku Europe.
Achibale ena apafupi a kambuku ndi kambuku ndi nyamayi. Zakale zakale kwambiri za akambuku, zakhala zaka ziwiri miliyoni, zapezeka ku China. Amakhulupirira kuti akambuku a Bengal adafika ku India pafupifupi zaka zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo, chifukwa palibe zotsalira za nyama iyi zomwe zapezeka m'derali mpaka nthawi imeneyo.
Kanema: Bengal Tiger
Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti panali kusintha kwakukulu panthawiyo, chifukwa akambuku amayenera kusamukira kutali kuti apulumuke. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chake chinali kukwera kwa nyanja, chifukwa kum'mwera kwa China kunasefukira.
Akambuku asintha ndikusintha kwazaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Kalelo, amphaka akulu anali okulirapo kuposa masiku ano. Akambukuwa atayamba kuchepa, amatha kuphunzira kusambira ndikukhala ndi luso lokwera mumitengo. Akambuku nawonso anayamba kuthamanga kwambiri, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupeza nyama. Tiger chisinthiko ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha kusankha kwachilengedwe.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe wa Bengal wochokera ku Red Book
Chodziwika kwambiri cha kambuku wa Bengal ndi malaya ake apadera, omwe amakhala amtundu wakuda kuchokera pachikaso choyera mpaka lalanje ndipo ali ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kapena yakuda. Mtundu uwu umakhala wachikhalidwe komanso wodziwika bwino. Nyalugwe wa Bengal amakhalanso ndi mimba yoyera komanso mchira woyera wokhala ndi mphete zakuda.
Pali kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwamitundu ya akambuku a Bengal komwe kwadzetsa zomwe zimatchedwa "akambuku oyera." Anthu awa ndi oyera kapena oyera okhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiirira. Palinso kusintha kwa majini a kambuku wa Bengal komwe kumabweretsa mtundu wakuda.
Nyalugwe wa Bengal, monga mitundu ina yambiri, amawonetsa kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Wamphongo nthawi zambiri amakhala wokulirapo kuposa wamkazi, pafupifupi 3 mita kutalika; pamene kukula kwa mkazi kuli mamita 2.5. Amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi mchira wautali, womwe umatha kutalika kuyambira masentimita 60 mpaka mita imodzi.
Kulemera kwake kwa kambuku wa Bengal kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi munthu. Mitunduyi imadziwika kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri pabanja la mphalapala ndipo sinatheretu (ngakhale ena amati kambuku wa ku Siberia ndi wamkulu); membala wocheperako wa amphaka akulu ndi cheetah. Nyalugwe wa Bengal samakhala ndi moyo wautali kwenikweni kuthengo poyerekeza ndi amphaka ena amtchire ndipo, pafupifupi, amakhala ndi zaka 8-10, ndipo zaka 15 zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zaka zakubadwa. Akambuku a Bengal amadziwika kuti amakhala zaka 18 m'malo otetezedwa kwambiri, monga mu ukapolo kapena m'malo osungidwa.
Kodi kambuku wa Bengal amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Indian Bengal Tiger
Malo okhala ndi awa:
- India;
- Nepal;
- Butane;
- Bangladesh.
Chiwerengero cha akambukuwa chimasiyana kutengera malo omwe amakhala. Ku India, kuchuluka kwa akambuku a Bengal akuti ali pafupifupi akambuku okwana 1,411. Ku Nepal, chiwerengero cha nyama chikuyerekeza pafupifupi 155. Ku Bhutan, kuli pafupifupi 67-81 nyama. Ku Bangladesh, kuchuluka kwa akambuku a Bengal akuti pafupifupi 200 akuimira mitunduyo.
Pokhudzana ndi kuyesayesa kwa akambuku a Bengal, malo a Terai Ark m'mapiri a Himalaya ndiofunika kwambiri. Ili kumpoto kwa India ndi kumwera kwa Nepal, pali zigawo khumi ndi chimodzi mdera la Terai Ark. Maderawa amapangidwa ndi nkhalango zazitali zazitali, mapiri a nkhalango zowuma ndikupanga malo otetezedwa a kambuku wa Bengal 49,000 kilomita lalikulu. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumafalikira pakati pa madera otetezedwa kuti ateteze mtundu wa akambuku, komanso kusunga chilengedwe. Kuteteza mitundu m'derali kumathandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi kupha nyama mosavomerezeka.
Ubwino wina wa malo otetezedwa a akambuku aku Bengal mdera la Terai ndikudziwitsidwa kwanuko zakufunika kwachitetezo. Anthu akumaloko akamaphunzira zavuto la akambuku a Bengal, amadziwa kuti akuyenera kulowererapo ndi kuteteza nyamayi.
Kodi kambuku wa Bengal amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe wa Bengal mwachilengedwe
Akambuku ndiwo amphaka amtchire okulirapo, koma kukula kwake sikumagwira nawo ntchito nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, kukula kwake kwakukulu kumatha kupha nyama yomwe yagwidwa itagwidwa; komabe, mosiyana ndi amphaka monga cheetah, kambuku wa Bengal sangathamangitse nyama.
Akambuku amasaka m'mawa ndi nthawi yamadzulo, pomwe dzuwa silili lowala kwambiri ngati masana, chifukwa chake mikwingwirima ya lalanje ndi yakuda imalola kuti zizibisala muudzu wautali wamadambo, madambo, tchire komanso nkhalango. Mikwingwirima yakuda imalola kuti kambukuyu azibisala pakati pamithunzi, pomwe mtundu wa lalanje wa ubweya wake umakhala wofanana ndi dzuwa lowala kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti nyalugwe wa Bengal azimugwirira modzidzimutsa.
Nyalugwe wa Bengal nthawi zambiri amapha nyama zing'onozing'ono ndikuluma kamodzi kumbuyo kwa khosi. Nyalugwe wa Bengal atagwetsa nyama yake, yomwe imatha kuyambira nkhumba zakutchire ndi agwape mpaka njati, mphaka wamtchire amakoka nyamayo kupita nayo mumthunzi wamitengo kapena kumtsinje wamadambo akumadambo kuti akhale ozizira.
Mosiyana ndi amphaka ambiri, omwe amakonda kudya gawo lawo ndikusiya nyama zawo, kambuku wa Bengal amatha kudya makilogalamu 30 a nyama nthawi imodzi. Imodzi mwa mikhalidwe yapadera yodya kambuku wa Bengal poyerekeza ndi amphaka ena akulu ndikuti imakhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu chamthupi.
Ndizodziwika kuti amatha kudya nyama, yomwe idayamba kale kuwola popanda zovuta zake. Mwina ichi ndi chifukwa chomwe kambuku wa Bengal saopa kupha nyama zodwala komanso zakale zomwe zikulimbana ndi ziwetozo kapena sizingathe kulimbana nazo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe wa Bengal ku Russia
Nthawi zambiri anthu amaganiza kuti nyalugwe ndi msaki woopsa ndipo sazengereza kuukira anthu; komabe, izi ndizosowa kwambiri. Akambuku a Bengal ndi amanyazi koma amakonda kukhala m'malo awo ndikudya nyama "yabwinobwino"; komabe, pali zifukwa zina zomwe zingayambitse akambuku aku Bengal kufunafuna chakudya china.
Amadziwika kuti nthawi zina akambuku aku Bengal samenya anthu okha, komanso nyama zina monga akambuku, ng'ona ndi zimbalangondo zakuda zaku Asia. Nyalugwe amatha kukakamizidwa kusaka nyamazi pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza: kulephera kusaka nyama yokhazikika, kusowa kwa nyama m'dera la akambuku, kapena kuvulala chifukwa chakukalamba kapena zifukwa zina.
Munthu nthawi zambiri amakhala wosavuta kwa kambuku wa Bengal, ndipo ngakhale sangakonde kuwukira anthu, pakalibe njira ina, amatha kugwetsa munthu wamkulu msinkhu, ngakhale nyalugwe walemala chifukwa chovulala.
Poyerekeza ndi kambuku wa Bengal, nyalugwe amatha kuthamangitsa nyama iliyonse. Samasaka nyama zakale, zofooka komanso zodwala, m'malo mwake amapita kukafuna nyama iliyonse yomwe yasiyana ndi ziwetozo. Komwe amphaka akuluakulu amakonda kusaka m'magulu, akambuku a Bengal si nyama yokhayokha ndipo imakonda kukhala ndi kusaka yokha.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bengal Tiger
Akambuku achikazi a Bengal amafikira kukhwima pafupifupi zaka 3-4, ndipo nyalugwe wamwamuna wa Bengal atatha zaka 4-5. Nyalugwe yamphongo ya Bengal ikafika pokhwima, imasunthira kudera la Bengal wokhwima pafupi kuti akwere. Kambuku wamphongo wa Bengal amatha kukhala ndi wamkazi masiku 20 mpaka 80 okha; Komabe, kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, mkazi amakhala ndi chonde kwa masiku 3-7 okha.
Itakwatirana, nyalugwe wamwamuna wa Bengal amabwerera kudera lake ndipo satenganso gawo limodzi m'moyo wa akazi ndi ana. Komabe, m'malo ena osungira nyama, amuna aku Bengal nthawi zambiri amalumikizana ndi ana awo. Kambuku wamkazi wa ku Bengal amabala ana 1 mpaka 4 nthawi imodzi, nthawi yolera imakhala pafupifupi masiku 105. Mzimayi akabereka ana ake, amathawira kuphanga lotetezeka kapena muudzu wautali womwe ungateteze anawo akamakula.
Ana obadwa kumene amakhala olemera pafupifupi 1 kg ndipo amakhala ndi malaya okhwima kwambiri omwe amatuluka anawo ali pafupifupi miyezi isanu. Ubweya umateteza ana ang'ono ku chilengedwe, pomwe amapeza chidziwitso chokhudza iwo owazungulira.
Pakubadwa, akambuku achichepere samatha kuwona kapena kumva, alibe mano, chifukwa chake amadalira kwathunthu amayi awo kwa milungu ingapo yoyambirira ya moyo. Pambuyo pa masabata awiri kapena atatu, makanda amakula mano a mkaka, omwe amasinthidwa msanga ndi mano osatha miyezi iwiri kapena itatu. Anawo amadya mkaka wa amayi awo, koma anawo akafika miyezi iwiri ndipo ali ndi mano, amayambanso kudya chakudya chotafuna.
Pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, akambuku achichepere aku Bengal amayamba kutsatira amayi awo akamapita kukasaka kuti akapeze maluso ofunikira. Komabe, ana a Bengal sangathe kusaka okha mpaka atakwanitsa miyezi 18. Zinyama zazing'ono zimakhala ndi amayi awo, abale ndi alongo kwa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, pomwe gulu la banjali limabalalika, akambuku achichepere atapita kukafufuza madera awo.
Monga amphaka ena ambiri amtchire, nyalugwe wamkazi wamkazi wa Bengal amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi gawo la amayi ake. Akambuku amphongo a Bengal nthawi zambiri amapitilira apo. Amakhulupirira kuti zimathandiza kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa mitundu yoberekera mkati mwa zamoyo.
Adani achilengedwe a nyalugwe wa Bengal
Chithunzi: Bengal Tiger India
Ndi chifukwa cha munthu kuti kuchuluka kwa akambuku a Bengal kwatsika mpaka kutsika.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kutayika ndi izi:
- Kusaka;
- Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa.
Chifukwa cha kusaka komanso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa m'malo omwe kambuku wa Bengal amakhala, chilombo chokongola chija chimatulutsidwa mnyumba ndikusiyidwa wopanda chakudya. Zikopa za akambuku ndizofunika kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale ndizosaloledwa kusaka nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutheratu, opha nyama mozemba amapha nyama izi ndikugulitsa zikopa zawo pamsika wakuda wa masenti.
Anthu oteteza zachilengedwe akuyembekeza kuti angathandize kupewa choonongekochi poteteza zachilengedwe m'mapaki omwe amatha kutsata anthu komanso kuletsa osaka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe wa Bengal mwachilengedwe
Pofika kumapeto kwa ma 1980, ntchito zoteteza akambuku ku Bengal zidakulirakulira kuchokera kumadera asanu ndi anayi mpaka khumi ndi asanu, kufalikira pamtunda wamakilomita 24,700. Pofika chaka cha 1984, akuti akambuku opitilira 1,100 aku Bengal amakhala m'malo amenewa. Tsoka ilo, kuwonjezeka kumeneku sikunapitirire, ndipo ngakhale akambuku aku India adafika 3,642 pofika zaka za m'ma 1990, adatsikanso ndipo adalembedwa pafupifupi 1,400 kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2008.
Mu theka loyambirira la zaka makumi awiri mphambu chimodzi, boma la India lidayamba kukhazikitsa malo osungira nyama zatsopano zisanu ndi zitatu. Boma lalonjeza kuti lipereka ndalama zowonjezera $ 153 miliyoni pantchito ya Project Tiger.
Ndalamayi inali yofunika kwambiri pomanga gulu lachitetezo cha akambuku kuti athane ndi zigawenga. Pulogalamuyi idasamutsa anthu pafupifupi 200,000 omwe amakhala moyandikana ndi akambuku aku Bengal. Kuchepetsa kulumikizana kwa kambuku ndi umunthu ndi gawo lofunikira pakusunga anthu amtunduwu.
Nyumba m'nyumba zawo zimathandiza akambuku a Bengal kuthandizira pankhani yakubereketsa yomwe cholinga chake ndi kutulutsa akambuku obwereranso kuthengo. Kambuku yekha wa Bengal wosasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama ku India ndi wamkazi wochokera ku North America. Kusunga akambuku ambiri aku Bengal ku India sikuti kumangothandiza kuti amasuke bwino kuthengo, komanso kumathandizira kuti magazi amtundu wa akambukuwa asasakanizidwe ndi mitundu ina.
"Kuwonongeka" kwa chibadwa, monga momwe kumatchulidwira, kwachitika kale pakati pa akambuku kuyambira 1976 ku Twicross Zoo ku England. Zoo adakweza nyalugwe wamkazi wamkazi wa Bengal ndikumupereka ku Dudhwa National Park ku India kuti atsimikizire kuti akambuku ogwidwa ku Bengal amatha kuchita bwino kuthengo. Zotsatira zake, chachikazi sichinali kambuku wangwiro wa Bengal.
Kuteteza nyalugwe wa Bengal
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe wa Bengal wochokera ku Red Book
Project Tiger, yomwe idayambitsidwa ku India ku 1972, ndi ntchito yomwe idapangidwa ndi cholinga choteteza madera ofunikira, komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti akambuku a Bengal akhalabe mdzikolo. Lingaliro lantchitoyo lidali kupanga akambuku ambiri omwe amatha kufalikira kunkhalango zoyandikana nawo.
Chaka chomwecho Tiger Tiger idakhazikitsidwa ku India, boma la India lidapereka lamulo lakuteteza nyama zakutchire la 1972. Lamuloli limalola mabungwe aboma kuti achitepo kanthu powonetsetsa kuti nyalugwe wa Bengal atetezedwa. Mu 2004, Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ndi Zankhalango ku India udavomereza RS. Mamiliyoni 13 adagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mapu. Cholinga cha ntchitoyi ndikuyika mapu m'nkhalango zonse ku India pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje monga makamera, misampha, ma telemetry amawailesi komanso kuwerengera ziweto kuti adziwe kukula kwa akambukuwa.
Kuswana kwa akambuku a Bengal kwakhala kukuchitika kuyambira 1880; komabe, mwatsoka, kufalikira kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kusakanikirana kwa subspecies. Kuwongolera kuswana kwa akambuku oyera a Bengal ali mu ukapolo, pali buku la akambuku a Bengal. Bukuli lili ndi zolembedwa za akambuku onse aku Bengal omwe amasungidwa mndende.
Ntchito ya Re-Wilding, Tiger Canyons, idayambitsidwa mu 2000 ndi a John Varti, wopanga makanema wanyama ku South Africa. Pamodzi ndi Dave Salmoni, yemwe ndi katswiri wa zinyama, adaphunzitsa ana a akambuku ogwidwa kuti azisaka nyama komanso aziyanjana ndi kusaka ndi chakudya kuti abwezeretse chidwi cha amphakawa.
Cholinga cha ntchitoyi chinali choti akambuku aphunzire momwe angadzisamalirire. Kenako adzamasulidwa ku South African Wildlife Refuge. Tsoka ilo, ntchitoyi idakumana ndi zopinga zambiri ndipo idadzudzulidwa kwambiri. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti amphaka adachita zoyipa kuti ajambule. Ichi sichinali gawo losangalatsa kwambiri; akambuku onse anawoloka ndi akambuku a mzere wa ku Siberia.
Kutayika kwa nyalugwe wa Bengal sikungatanthauze kuti dziko lapansi lataya mitundu yake, komanso kumakhalanso koopsa m'chilengedwe.Pachifukwa ichi, dongosolo lazinthu, lomwe ndilofunika kwambiri kuthengo, lingasokonezedwe. Ngati zachilengedwe zitaya chimodzi mwazikuluzikulu, kapena sizikuluzikulu kwambiri, zodya nyama, zitha kubweretsa chipwirikiti.
Kusokonezeka kwachilengedwe kumatha kuwoneka kochepa poyamba. Komabe, zodabwitsazi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi gulugufe, pomwe kutayika kwa mtundu umodzi kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa ina, ngakhale kusintha pang'ono pang'ono kwachilengedwe kudzatsogolera kuwonongeka kwa dera lonse lapansi. Kambuku wa Bengal imafunikira thandizo lathu - izi ndizochepa zomwe munthu angachite, monga mtundu womwe wawononga kwambiri ziweto zambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 01.02.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/16/2019 ku 21:11
