Chisindikizo cha Baikal ndi imodzi mwazinyama zoyimiriridwa ndi nyanjayi, koma nyamayi ndiomwe imakhalamo m'madzi ake. Monga ichthyophage, Phoca sibirica ili ndi malo apadera mu piramidi ya zachilengedwe. Chisindikizo cha Baikal ndi cha banja la zisindikizo zodziwika bwino (Phoca) ndipo ndi chilombo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Baikal seal
Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi makolo a Baikal pinniped ndi mitundu yoyandikira kwambiri: Caspian, ringed seal ndi common seal. Kugawidwa kwa mitundu kunachitika pafupifupi zaka 2.2 miliyoni zapitazo. Panthawi yozizira, nyengo ya Pleistocene, p. Lena adatuluka mu Nyanja ya Baikal, panthawiyo munalinso nyanja zambiri zamadzi.
Makolo a nzika zamakono za Baikal, osunthira kutali ndi madzi oundana omwe akupita, adasamukira kunyanja ya Arctic kudzera mumayendedwe amadzi abwino. Makolo a mtundu uwu, monga asayansi akunenera, adasinthika mwachangu ndikupeza kusiyana kwamikhalidwe. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, kutchulidwa kwa Baikal pinniped kunali pakati pa ofufuza kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 17, ndipo kufotokozera kwasayansi kunapangidwa ndi ofufuza motsogozedwa ndi G. Gmelin. Iwo anali mamembala aulendowu wopita ku Kamchatka ndipo amatsogozedwa ndi Bering.
Anthu okhala ku Baikal amakhala zaka pafupifupi 50. Kulemera kwawo kumakula mpaka zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndikufika 70 kg mwa akazi, mpaka 80 kg mwa amuna. Imakhalabe pamlingo uwu mpaka zaka 35, ndiye kuti kulemera ndi kukula kwa nyama pang'onopang'ono kumatsika mpaka 60-70 kg. Kulemera kwa nyama zopitilira zaka 10 kumasinthanso munyengo. Akazi kuyambira masika mpaka nthawi yophukira amapeza makilogalamu 12 a mafuta, ndipo amuna - makilogalamu 17, pofika zaka 25, kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwake kumatha kukhala 20-30 kg. Pali anthu opitilira 100 kg. Kukula kwa pinnipeds wamkulu ndi masentimita 133-143 koyambirira kwa chilimwe, ndi masentimita 140-149 pofika Novembala (wamkazi ndi wamwamuna).
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Baikal seal m'nyengo yozizira
Thupi la nyama ya Baikal limafanana ndi chokhotakhota, popeza mutu umadutsa mthupi, kenako umaloza kumchira. Chovala chovekera cha nyama ndi mtundu umodzi (kutalika kwa malaya - 2 cm). Kumbuyo kwake, utoto wake ndi imvi-siliva wokhala ndi utoto wabulauni, mbali ndi mimba ndizopepuka pang'ono. Agologolo obadwa kumene amakhala oyera ngati chipale chofewa. Pambuyo pa molt woyamba, patatha mwezi umodzi, makanda osakwana chaka chimodzi (omkan) amakhala ndi ubweya wasiliva.
M'magulu akuluakulu, mkamwa mwake mulibe tsitsi. Mlomo wapamwamba wazisindikizo za Baikal umakhala ndi mizere isanu ndi itatu yama translucent vibrissae; mwa akazi ndi yayitali. Pamwamba pamaso pamayikidwa ma vibrissae asanu mozungulira chozungulira ndi chimodzi pakati. Mawonekedwe ofukula a mphuno ali ndi mavavu achikopa. Nyama ikakhala m'madzi, siyitsekeka mwamphamvu, komanso khutu silitsegula. Pakutulutsa mpweya, mphuno zimatseguka pang'ono. Chisindikizo cha Baikal chimakhala ndi mphamvu yotulutsa fungo komanso kumva.
Video: Baikal chisindikizo
Amawona bwino ndi mwana wawo wowongoka, yemwe amatha kukulira. Maso ali ndi chikope chachitatu. Iris ndi bulauni wamtundu. Maso akuluakulu ozungulira a Baikal pinniping sangathe kukhala nthawi yayitali ndi mpweya ndikuyamba kuthirira kwambiri. Mafuta osanjikiza ndi 1.5 cm masika ndipo amafika masentimita 14 pofika Novembala.
Adzagwira ntchitoyi:
- matenthedwe kutchinjiriza;
- ndi chipinda chosungira magetsi;
- kumatha zotsatira za mavuto kusintha pa pamadzi ndi kukwera;
- kumawonjezera kukongola.
Zipsepse za nyama yoyamwa zimakhala ndi nembanemba ndipo zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi. Ali ndi zikhadabo zomwe zili zamphamvu kutsogolo. Pansi pa madzi, kuyenda kumachitika chifukwa cha ntchito za zipsepse zakumbuyo, komanso pa ayezi - kutsogolo. Pamtunda, nyamayo imakhala yovuta, koma ikuthawa, imadumphadumpha ndi malire, pogwiritsa ntchito mchira wake ndi zipsepse zake.
Pansi pamadzi, ma pinniped amayenda pa liwiro la 8 km / h, akaopsezedwa, amathamanga mpaka 25 km / h. Zisindikizo zimadyetsa pomwe kuwala kumalowera, pakuya pafupifupi mita 30 ndikukhala pansi pamadzi pafupifupi ola limodzi. Atasambira mpaka 200-300 m, amatha kupirira kuthamanga mpaka 21 atm. Nyama ikakhala pansi pamadzi, kudzazidwa kwa mapapo kumakhala pafupifupi 2 cubic metres. onani ngati ndi yayitali kuya, ndiye kuti mpweya umachokera ku hemoglobin yamagazi.
Zinthu zazikulu za mitunduyi:
- maso akulu;
- mano pafupipafupi okhala ndi nsonga ziwiri;
- zikhadabo zamphamvu pa zipsepse zakutsogolo.
Kodi chidindo cha Baikal chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Baikal seal
Nyama imapezeka pafupifupi mdera lonse la Nyanja ya Baikal, kupatula nsonga yakumwera. M'miyezi yotentha - m'chigawo chapakati komanso pagombe lakum'mawa chakumpoto. Awa ndi malo ogulitsa ku Cape North Kedrovy, Cape Pongonye ndi Khoboy, kuzilumba za Ushkany, mdera lamtsinje. Zovuta. Ambiri mwa achikulirewo amasamukira kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Baikal m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo kumwera, ali achichepere, akadali osakhwima.
Chisindikizo ichi chimakhala moyo wake wonse m'madzi, ndiye kuti, ndi nektobiont (nektos amatanthauza kusambira). Mitunduyi imatha kutchulidwa ndi achikunja, chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa ayezi, mosiyana ndi abale ake apamtima: zisindikizo zaimvi ndi zowuluka. M'nyengo yozizira, m'madzi, nyama imagwiritsa ntchito mabowo amlengalenga momwe amapumira, ndikukwera pamwamba. Mlengalenga amapangidwa kumayambiriro kwa kuzizira (Disembala-Januware) ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu zamapiko akutsogolo. M'mwezi wa Meyi-Juni, madzi oundana akasungunuka pa Nyanja ya Baikal, nyama imasunthira kumpoto, komwe imakhutira m'malo amalo ogulitsira.
M'nyengo yophukira, zimasamukira kumadzi osaya, pomwe nyanjayo imazizira kale. Awa ndi madera a Chivyrkuisky Bay ndi Proval, pofika Disembala nyamayo imakhazikika m'dera lonse lamadzi. Kuchuluka kwa akazi kumayang'ana kufupi ndi gombe lakum'mawa, komwe kuzizira kumayambira koyambirira, kuti apeze malo abwino kubisalako mtsogolo. Amuna, opitilizabe kunenepa, amayenda m'madzi otseguka kumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Baikal.
M'chilimwe, kufalitsa zisindikizo munyanjayi kumalumikizidwa ndi kudyetsa kwambiri. Nyama itatha nyengo yachisanu, kuswana, kusungunuka kwambiri kumachepetsa thupi. Zisindikizo za mibadwo yosiyana siyana komanso amuna ndi akazi amakwera malo otsetsereka am'mbali mwa nyanja kuyambira pakati pa chilimwe mpaka Okutobala. Pakutha kwa Seputembala, kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa mabedi ogona kumawonjezeka, chifukwa cha kusungunuka. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zimasungunuka pa ayezi, ngati zichoka pasanapite nthawi, ndiye kuti nyamazo zimafika kumtunda, ndikupanga magulu a anthu mazana angapo.
Kodi chidindo cha Baikal chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Baikal seal m'madzi
Chakudya chachikulu cha nzika zakuya kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi nsomba, imadya pafupifupi tani pachaka. Nsomba sizogulitsa: zazikulu ndi zazing'ono golomyanka, gobies, mitundu 15 yama broadloobies. Amadyanso: dace, grayling, minnow, nsomba ndi mitundu yamitengo yamtengo wapatali: omul, whitefish, grayling. Tisaiwale kuti siwo gawo lalikulu pamenyu. Nyama imasaka nsomba iyi ngati kulibe chakudya chokwanira, kusamalira odwala ndi ofooka. Zisindikizo zathanzi ndizovuta kuzitsatira, chifukwa ndizothamanga kwambiri komanso zopanda pake. Pamodzi ndi nsomba, zisindikizo zimakhala ndi amphipods pazosankha. Pafupifupi, chinyama chimadya makilogalamu 3-5 a nsomba patsiku, 70% mwa iwo ndi golomyanka.
Chosangalatsa: Zinawonetsedwa kuti zisindikizo zomwe zidakwezedwa kundende sizinasamale za imvi ndi omul, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mu dziwe, ndikudya gobies omwe amawakonda komanso golomyanka.
Kugawidwa kwa nyama m'derali kumalumikizidwa ndi zakudya zokhudzana ndi ukalamba. Achinyamata mpaka zaka zitatu amakhala pafupi ndi gombe. Sangathe kumira nthawi yayitali, kuzimitsa kupuma kwawo. Chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi ziphuphu za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Akuluakulu, akulowerera pansi, amadya nyama zakutchire ndi nsomba kumadera akutali kwambiri. M'madzi osaya mchilimwe simudzapeza chisindikizo, popeza nthawi ino ya chaka palibe chakudya chomwe mumakonda m'madzi otentha - golomyanka. Ndipo popanga ayezi ndi ma hummock, chidindocho chimayandikira kufupi ndi gombe. Nyama imadyetsa madzulo. Pakasungunuka, chakudya chimakhala chocheperako, popeza nyamazo zimathera nthawi yawo yambiri pachisanu kapena pagombe.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Baikal seal
Nyama za Baikal izi zimagona m'madzi ndipo zimakhala zotetezeka, chifukwa kulibe adani kumeneko. Nthawi yogona imatenga nthawi yayitali mpaka mpweya umatha. Panali zochitika zina pamene osambira pansi pamadzi ankasambira mpaka chisindikizo chogona ndikuchigwira, koma ngakhale potembenuka, ma pinniped sanasokoneze tulo.
Aang'ono amakhala pafupifupi miyezi 1.5 m'phanga. Pakadali pano, kuchokera padzuwa la kasupe komanso kutentha kwa nyama zomwe, denga la pogona limagwa. Munthawi imeneyi, makanda amakhala ndi nthawi yolumikizana.
Malo obisalapo amateteza ana amphaka ku nyama zolusa komanso ku hypothermia. Amapangidwa ndi chipale chofewa ndipo amatsekedwa kwathunthu kunja. Pakadali pano, mphepo yamphamvu imawomba panja, kutentha kwamlengalenga kumafika -20 °, ndipo mkati mwa dzenje kuli pafupi zero, nthawi zina kukwera mpaka + 5 °.
Mkati mwa phangalo mumakhala dzenje, momwe mayi amapitilira pansi pamadzi kuti adyetse kapena, zikafika pangozi, amataya mwana pamenepo. Kutuluka kwina nthawi zonse kumakhala 3-4 m kuchokera kuphanga. Mayi, popewa kuchita izi, amatha kuyika kagalu m'mano mwake kapena m'mapiko ake kutsogolo m'madzi. Mafuta onunkhiritsa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pophunzitsa kusaka. Kusintha kwa ana kupita ku chakudya chodziyimira pawokha, mayi amabweretsa nsomba kudzenje.
Zisindikizo zimakhala ndi ma phototaxis olakwika, omwe amapewa kuyenda molowera ku kuwala, ndiye kuti, samayesetsa kukumba dzenje kuti atuluke. Denga likugwa, anawo amalowa m'madzi kudzera pamalo omwe ali m dzenjemo. Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, agologolo amakhetsa, amasintha ubweya wawo woyera kukhala wa siliva.
Nyanjayo ikazizira kwambiri, nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito mabowo - mpweya wopumira. Pakhoza kukhala khumi ndi awiri mwa iwo pamtunda wa mamitala mazana mozungulira lair. Kutseguka kwa ma air vent sikuposa 1.5 dm pamtunda, ndikukulira mozama. Amapangidwa kuti nyama izitha kupuma pang'ono. Nthawi zambiri, chidindocho chimawapangitsa kukhala pafupi ndi phompho la zotchingira pansi pamunsi. Ili ndi dzina la chisanu chooneka ngati kondomu.
Ntchito yotulutsa mpweya imadutsa magawo angapo. Kuchokera pansi, chidindocho chimaswa madzi oundana ndi zikhadabo zake. Munthawi imeneyi, thovu la mpweya wotulutsidwa limadzaza padziko lapansi. Mpweya woipa womwe uli mmenemo umasungunuka chifukwa cha kutentha kochepa. Oxygen imasokonezeka ndi madzi, omwe pinniped angagwiritse ntchito kupuma. Mpweya woterewu umalepheretsa ayezi kuzizira, ndikosavuta kuwonongeka. Chisindikizo chimatha kupanga mabowo angapo nyengo iliyonse, ngakhale m'madzi oundana mpaka mita imodzi. Pothawira pansi, mabowo omwe ali muma vlogs amakhala ndi mulifupi mwake. Kutha komanso kufuna kupanga mabowo otere m'madzi oundana ndi chibadwa chobadwa nacho.
Zosangalatsa: Kuyesera kunachitika pazisindikizo zazing'ono zosakwanitsa miyezi iwiri. Thovu, lokwana masentimita asanu, linatsitsidwa mu dziwe limodzi ndi nyama. Madzi otsala onse anali aulere. Anawo anayamba kutulutsa mpweya mu chithovu, kenako ndikusambira mpaka kwa iwo, kutulutsa mphuno zawo ndikupuma. Zisindikizo izi zinagwidwa kuthengo asanayambe kusambira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Baikal seal cub
Kukula msinkhu m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Baikal kumayamba ndi zaka zinayi, koma anthu ena samaberekana mpaka zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, amuna amakula zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. M'zaka khumi zapitazi za Marichi ndi theka loyamba la Epulo, phokoso la ma pinnipeds limamveka pansi pa ayezi. Izi ndi phokoso lokopa lomwe amakopana. Ichi ndiye chiyambi cha chisindikizo. Kuphatikizana kumachitika m'madzi.
Kubala kumatenga miyezi 11. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa February, akazi amayamba kumanga phanga, omwe ndi mamitala mazana kuchokera wina ndi mnzake komanso kutali ndi gombe. Pakutha nyengo yozizira komanso mwezi wonse woyamba wa masika, pinnipeds amasulidwa pamtolo. Amabereka mwana mmodzi, mu 2% ya milandu - mapasa. Kulemera kwa wakhanda ndi pafupifupi 4 kg.
Ana amadya mkaka. Nthawi yoyamwitsa ku Baikal pinnipeds ndi yayitali kuposa abale ake apamtima ndipo zimatengera kuwonongedwa kwa ayezi. Ndi miyezi 2 - 3.5. M'madera ena akumwera kumatha kukhala kofupikitsa kuposa kumpoto masiku 20. Ngakhale ayisi atayamba kuphulika, amayi amapitilizabe kudyetsa ana awo ndi mkaka. Ali ndi zaka 2 - 2.5 miyezi, zisindikizo zimakhala zolemera pafupifupi 20 kg. Kulemera kwakukulu kumeneku kumalumikizidwa ndi nthawi yayitali yoyamwitsa mkaka.
Kwa moyo wake wonse, mkazi amabereka nthawi zopitilira 20, mpaka wazaka pafupifupi makumi anayi. Popeza kuti kutenga mimba sikumachitika zaka zina zimadalira thanzi la mayi.
Zaka makumi awiri zokumana nazo pakuwona nyama zawonetsa kudalira kwachindunji pakubzala pama hydroclimatic pa Nyanja ya Baikal mchaka ndi momwe molt amapitilira. Amuna amakhala ndi mitala, atakhala nthawi yayitali amakhala pafupi ndi malo awo ogulitsa. Sachita nawo kulera ana. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yazisindikizo zodindira imagwirizana ndi kudyetsa ana. Amuna amatha kuwabweretsera mabala, kuthamangitsa makanda omwe amakonda amayi awo.
Adani achilengedwe a Baikal seal
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Baikal pa ayezi
Kwa zisindikizo, akhwangwala ndi ziwombankhanga zoyera ndizowopsa. Kuwonongeka koyambirira kwa denga la dzenje, mbalame zowononga izi zitha kuwukira anawo. Zowona kuti malo oterewa ali kutali ndi gombe samapatula kuwukira kwa nyama zolusa: mimbulu, nkhandwe. Imfa ya zisindikizo ndi zaka zoyambirira ndizosowa kwambiri. Zinyama zazikulu sizituluka pa ayezi, koma panthawi yamchere. Koma ngakhale panthawiyi, zikafika pangozi, amalowa m'madzi nthawi yomweyo. Pa ma rookeries, zimbalangondo zimatha kuyendayenda, kusaka zisindikizo.
Zikhokwe za Nyanja ya Baikal zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi tiziromboti mkati, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda, kufooka, komanso nthawi zina kufa kwa nyama. Chakumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu, imfa yayikulu idalembedwa (1.5 zikwi) chifukwa cha mliri wa nyama zodya nyama. Onyamula kachilomboka amalembedwabe ndi nyama, koma imfa ndi miliri sizinachitike kuyambira pamenepo.
Mmodzi mwa adani a chinyama chopanda vuto ndi munthu. Zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza zimatsimikizira zowona za kusindikiza kwa Baikal. A Tungus ndi a Buryats apita kuzisindikizo kwanthawi yayitali, kenako nzika zaku Russia nawonso zidagwirizana nawo. Zaka mazana awiri kapena zitatu zapitazo, anthu 1,6-2,000 adasakidwa pachaka, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, mpaka 4 zikwi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito nyama (kulemera kwake kumafika makilogalamu 35 ndi miyezi iwiri), okalamba chifukwa chodziwika kukoma kwa nsomba, kutsekana chifukwa cha mafuta amtengo wapatali ndi zikopa.
M'zaka zapitazi, pafupifupi nyama 10,000 zimasakidwa pachaka. Kumayambiriro kwa millennium iyi, wokhala ndi gawo lovomerezeka mwalamulo mpaka mitu 3.5,000, mpaka mitu 15,000 pachaka idawonongedwa. Vuto lalikulu, makamaka kwa ana, ndi galimoto komanso zoyendera. Amawawopseza ndi phokoso lake. Zisindikizo zimatha kutayika pakati pa zotumphukira ndikufa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Baikal seal m'nyengo yozizira
Limnological Siberia Institute of the Academy of Science of the Russian Federation imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zowerengera anthu, mwachitsanzo, poyendera madera a Nyanja ya Baikal poyendetsa ndege kapena kujambula mlengalenga. Pofika koyambirira kwa 2000s, m'nyanja ya Baikal mumakhala mbalame pafupifupi zikwi 60. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera, kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo tsopano kuli zikwi 115. Kukula kwa ziweto kunayamba kutheka pambuyo poletsa kusaka komanso chifukwa cholimbana ndi anthu opha nyama mosavomerezeka. Koma palinso kusaka kosavomerezeka kwa zisindikizo komwe kwadutsa molt woyamba.
Chisindikizo cha Baikal sichinalembedwe m'chigawo chachikulu cha Red Data Book, koma malingana ndi momwe chilili, chimafunikira chidwi ndi kuchuluka kwawo ndikukhala m'chilengedwe. Kuyambira 2007, kuwasaka kwaletsedwa. Kupatulapo ndi anthu am'deralo a oimira ochepa ku Far North. Mu 2018, kuletsa zisindikizo kudakulitsidwa.
Chosangalatsa: Kuti muwone moyo wa chisindikizo cha Baikal, mutha kuchezera zisindikizo ku Irkutsk, Listvyanka ndi mudziwo. MRS pafupi ndi Nyanja Yaing'ono. Kukhazikika kwa anthu osindikizidwa kumalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zambiri m'moyo wake, zomwe zimapulumutsa nyengo yozizira komanso malo akuya kwambiri.
Izi ndi monga:
- dongosolo la lairs;
- zomangamanga;
- yaitali mkaka wa m'mawere;
- kukula msanga kwa zisindikizo;
- kusambira bwino pamadzi komanso luso logwira mpweya.
Izi zimapangidwanso pulasitiki ndipo zimatha kusintha kusintha kwa maboma oyimitsa, kuwongolera magawo azakudya, ndipo ndikosavuta kulekerera kufalikira kwa matenda.
Chisindikizo cha Baikal - ndi cholumikizira chofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zamoyo za Baikal. Imayendetsa kayendedwe kabwino ka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba. Zakudya zophatikizidwazo zimaphatikizapo nsomba zambiri za pelagic, zomwe sizogulitsa, koma zimapikisana kuti zipeze mitundu yamitundu yofunika: omul, whitefish, grayling, lenok. Kusunga madzi a m'nyanja ya Baikal oyera kumadalira khungu lotchedwa epishura, lomwe limadutsa madzi. Amadyedwa ndi golomyanka ndi gobies - chakudya chachikulu cha Baikal seal. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa Epishura, chifukwa chake kuyera kwa madzi am'nyanjayi, kumasungidwa mwachilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 17:14
