Mphaka wamtchire - munthu wokongola wokongola. Ndi yayikulu poyerekeza ndi mphaka wamba, mawonekedwe ake ndi utoto amafanana ndi mphaka. Kuphatikiza pa chachikulu, mutha kupeza mayina ena a nyama iyi: nyumba, mphaka wa m'nkhalango, mphalapala, mphaka wa Nile. Wolimba mtima wolusa uyu adatchulidwa mu Red Book m'dziko lathu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Jungle cat
Mphaka wa nkhalango wakhala akudziwika kuyambira kalekale, Aigupto amatcha "Nile". Iwo anali oyamba kumulemekeza, zidachitika zaka zoposa zikwi zitatu zapitazo. Ndi nyamayi yosangalatsa kwambiri amasaka abakha. Izi zidadziwika chifukwa cha zojambula zojambula pamwala, zomwe zikuwonetsa momwe amphaka amasambira ndi nyama. Mphaka adapezanso dzina lachiwiri loti "nyumba" kuchokera kwa anthu aku Egypt, amatanthauzira kuti "nyumba", chifukwa mphaka uyu amakhala m'nyumba zawo.
M'mbuyomu, amphakawa anali ziweto zotchuka m'maiko 25 osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale mbiri yawo nthawi zambiri imakayikira. Kwa ambiri, nyumbayo idakhalabe nyama yolusa komanso yowopsa yomwe sinali yodana ndi nkhuku, chifukwa chake amawopa m'midzi. Mmodzi mwa oyamba kufotokoza nyama iyi anali woyenda komanso wazachilengedwe Johann Anton Guldenstedt, yemwe anali wogwira ntchito ya Catherine II paulendo wake wopita kumalire akumwera a Ufumu wa Russia, izi zidachitika mu 1776.
Komabe, m'masiku amenewo, panali okonda mphaka ndipo mtundu watsopano umapangidwa, wofanana kwambiri ndi mphaka wa m'nkhalango, koma osati wankhanza komanso wamtchire. Izi zidatheka podutsa mphaka wamba komanso mphaka wa Nile. Mitunduyi idatchedwa - "Felis chaus", amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi mawonekedwe osinthika.
Kenako, zimphona zina zinabadwa, zomwe mwamaonekedwe ake sizinasiyane ndi mphaka wa m'nkhalango, koma anali wofatsa kwambiri. Tsopano dziko lapansi limakhala ndi mitundu 10 yamtundu wa swx lynx.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mphaka wamtchire wamtchire
Poyerekeza ndi mphaka wamba, mphaka wa m'nkhalango amakhala ndi zokulirapo zokulirapo. Thupi la mphaka wamtchire ndi 60 mpaka 90 cm kutalika, osawerengera mchira, womwe umafikira 30 - 35 cm kutalika. Kulemera kwake kulinso kwakukulu - kuyambira 5 mpaka 12 kg. Mphaka amafika kutalika kwa theka la mita atafota. Amphaka ang'onoang'ono amakhala ku Thailand komanso pachilumba cha Sri Lanka, pomwe zazikulu kwambiri zimapezeka ku Caucasus ndi Palestine.
Sikoyenera kuti khate la m'nkhalango limalumikizidwa ndi mphaka, chifukwa mawonekedwe ake onse amafanana bwino ndi onse, utoto wake ndi zingwe zakuda zoseketsa m'makutu mwake. Mtundu wa mphaka ndi wa mchenga wa imvi, wofanana ndi mabango owuma. Pali mtundu wotchulidwa pang'ono pamtundu wa mawanga kapena mikwingwirima yakuda; imawonekera kwambiri mwa achinyamata ndi ana, makamaka mikwingwirima ili pamapazi ndi mchira. Ubweya wa mphaka siwotalika, wolusa. M'nyengo yotentha imadzaza kwambiri, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira imakhala yodzaza kwambiri komanso yolimba kwambiri.
Mtundu wamphaka wamphaka wa Nile umasiyana pang'ono, zimatengera dera lomwe amakhala, zimachitika:
- mchenga wopepuka;
- chikasu chofiira;
- bulauni wonyezimira;
- imvi chikasu.
Zilonda zamphaka zamtchire ndizamphamvu kwambiri, zolimba ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zakuthwa. Mphuno ya mphaka wa m'nkhalango ndi yozungulira komanso yolumikizidwa mpaka pansi, yaying'ono kukula kwake malinga ndi malamulo ake. Zowonekera kunja kwa mphaka wa Nile ndizogwirizana kwathunthu ndi ma feline onse, ndipo utoto wa ubweya waubweya umaloleza kuti uphatikane mosavuta ndi malo achilengedwe amalo omwe amakhala.
Kodi mphaka wa nkhalango amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Jungle cat m'chilengedwe
Amphaka a m'nkhalango amakonda nyengo yofunda, chifukwa cha Central Asia ndi gombe la Caspian ndi malo omwe amakonda kukhalamo. Komanso, amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ya Africa (Nile), ku Thailand, pachilumba cha Sri Lanka, ku Palestine, India, Indochina, kum'mawa kwa Eurasia, ku Caucasus. M'dera la Russian Federation, kupatula Nyanja ya Caspian, amapezeka ku Dagestan komanso kumunsi kwa Mtsinje wa Volga.
Amphaka amadana ndi malo otseguka, chifukwa chake amatuluka nawo pafupipafupi, osachoka kutali ndi komwe angatumizidwe kwamuyaya. Amphaka amakonda tchire ndi zitsamba zamabango, komwe amamva kukhala omasuka kwambiri komanso otetezeka. Zisindikizo zimakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mabango. Nyumbazi sizimakonda konse kumanga nyumba zawo, koma zimakonda kukhazikika m'mapanga opanda nkhandwe ndi ma badger. Iwo samakhala mmenemo kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zonse amasamukira kumalo atsopano pofuna chitetezo. Pamphepete mwa nyanja mutha kuwona mayendedwe amphaka, awa ndi amphaka amtchire omwe amawasiya osaya. Amasambira ndikusambira bwino, kusaka mbalame zam'madzi ndi nsomba.
Ngati mphaka amakhala m'dera lamapiri, ndiye kuti sakonda kukwera mtunda wopitilira 800 - 1000 mita, posankha nkhalango zake zaminga, nthawi zambiri zaminga. Mphaka safuna kulumikizana ndi anthu, kutsogolera moyo wachinsinsi komanso wosamala. M'nyengo yozizira yozizira komanso kumayambiriro kwa masika, amatha kuyendera midzi ya anthu, kukawombera zigawenga, ndi cholinga chokuba nkhuku, zomwe amakonda kudya.
Kodi mphaka wamtchire amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Momwe mphaka wa m'nkhalango amawonekera
Titha kunena kuti mphaka wa m'nkhalango ndi nyama yopatsa chidwi yonse yomwe imadya pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chagwera pansi pake. Sachita manyazi kudyera mbalame, kuzigwira zikuwuluka, mazira azisa zawo amakhala gawo la chakudya chake. Amagwira mphaka ndi mitundu yonse ya makoswe (mbewa zakutchire, gopher, martens), atakhala pafupi ndi mink, kuyembekezera nyama yotalikirapo. Mphaka sangakane tizilombo zilizonse ngakhale amphibiya, amatha kudya achule, abuluzi ndi njoka. Mphaka wa m'nkhalango amatha kudzipezera kalulu woyera, kapena nguluwe yaying'ono yakutchire, ngati mwayi utapezeka. Amasaka mbalame yomwe imakhala pamadzi, imagwira nsomba. Sizangochitika mwangozi kuti amayenda pansi pamadzi ndikusambira mokongola.
Ndikoyenera kuganizira momwe mphaka amasangalalira posodza. Akuwomba mbama yake pang'onopang'ono pamadzi, ndikupereka chithunzi cha tizilombo tomwe tikugwedeza, ndikukopa nsomba. Ngati ikusambira, nthawi yomweyo imagwera pachikhadabo chamakhola akuthwa. Pofuna kuisodza, mphaka amalowetsa mutu wake m'madzi.
Nyumbayo imayamba kusaka kutagwa. Imayang'anitsitsa nyama ndipo imachita mwakachetechete, imatha kugwira nyama yomwe idalumpha mwadontho, yomwe imafinya mwaluso.
Mwa anthu am'mudzimo, mphaka amadziwika kuti ndi wakuba komanso wakuba, yemwe amalowa m'makoko a nkhuku, kuba nkhuku ndi nkhuku zina, ndipo amatha kuba ngakhale nkhumba yaying'ono. Zowona, mphaka wa m'nkhalango samachita izi kawirikawiri, chifukwa sasankha kuyandikira pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Kwenikweni, kuba kumachitika nthawi yozizira yozizira komanso koyambirira kwa masika, zikavuta kupeza chakudya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mphaka wamtchire kuthengo
Mphaka wamtchire amakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi madamu osiyanasiyana, atasankha zitsamba zawo zobiriwira komanso zitsamba zamabango. Nthawi zonse amachita mosamala kwambiri komanso mwakachetechete, kuyesera kuti asamve phokoso kwambiri ndikuchita ngati kazitape wodziwa zambiri. Nyama imayesetsa kupewa malo otseguka. Mphaka sakonda kukwera mitengo, ngakhale ali ndi zikhasu zamphamvu ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa.
Kusaka mphaka wa m'nkhalango ndichinthu chachiwiri, pa iyo amachita molimba mtima komanso mosamala kwambiri kuti asawopsyeze. Mphaka amakhala akugwira ntchito nthawi yamadzulo, ndipo masana amakonda kumasuka m'nkhalango kapena mumtsinje.
Masomphenya abwino ndikumvetsera mwachidwi kumathandiza kuti mphalapala azisaka bwino, komanso kuti asagwidwe ndi omwe akufuna zoipa. Ngati kugunda ndi mdani sikungapeweke, katsayo amachita molimba mtima komanso mwamphamvu, kuwonetsa mphamvu zake zonse ndi mphamvu zake. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mphaka wa nkhalango ndikuti imakonda kulowa m'madzi osati kungosaka, komanso kuti ichotse fungo lake. Izi zimasiyanitsa ndi amphaka oweta, omwe, m'malo mwake, amakonda kuzisiya kulikonse.
Nyumba imakonda kukhala payokha kudera lake, amapeza banja kwakanthawi kochepa. Mphaka amakonda kukhala ndi malo akeake, pomwe amakhala womasuka komanso wosakhazikika. Gawo la malo oterewa limatha kukhala pakati pa 50 mpaka 180 sq. Km. Makhalidwe ena osangalatsa a mphaka wa m'nkhalango ndikukhazikika komanso kuleza mtima. Mphaka amatha kukhala mwakachetechete kwa maola ambiri pafupi ndi bowo la womenyedwayo, kuwonetsa kudekha mtima kopirira.
Ndizotheka kuweta nyama zolusa, koma iyi ndi ntchito yolemetsa kwambiri yomwe imafunikira chikhumbo chachikulu ndi khama, chifukwa chinyama chimakonda ufulu kwambiri komanso chimadziyimira pawokha, chimakhala ndi chikhalidwe chovuta kwambiri. Ngakhale ana amphaka ang'onoang'ono amakakamira kulira ndi kuwomba, kuwonetsa kupanduka kwawo komanso kulimba kwawo kuyambira ali mwana. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mphaka woweta wa m'nkhalango amatha kuzindikira munthu m'modzi yekha ngati mwini wake, ndipo amasamalira ena onse pabanjapo mwano.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Jungle cat
Amphaka a m'nkhalango amakonda kukhala okhaokha, ndikupanga mabanja nthawi yokhwima, yomwe nthawi zambiri imachitika mu February - Marichi. Pakadali pano nyama zimakhala zaukali komanso zoopsa. Monga amphaka wamba, amatulutsa mawu oitanira mnyumba mokweza ndikumenya nkhondo zowopsa kuti zikhale ndi akazi. Atatha kukwatira, mphaka amasamalira malo otakasuka pomwe pakhala pake. Kawirikawiri, imapezeka m'nkhalango zosadutsika kwambiri. Mkazi amapanga pansi kuchokera ku nthambi, mabango, nthenga, ubweya, kuti mphaka azikhala ofunda komanso omasuka.
Mimba satenga nthawi yopitilira miyezi iwiri. Kawirikawiri ana atatu kapena asanu ndi mmodzi amabadwa. Zinyalala nthawi zambiri zimayang'aniridwa ndi amuna. Ana obadwa kumene obadwa kumene amalemera magalamu 60 mpaka 100. Pakubadwa, amakhala akhungu kwathunthu, ndipo maso awo amatseguka pafupifupi masiku 10. Mtundu wawo ndi wowala kwambiri, mtunduwo umawonekera kwambiri kuposa akulu.
Amayi amasamalira ana mosamala, kudyetsa mkaka wa m'mawere mpaka azaka zitatu, ngakhale kuyambira miyezi iwiri amalowetsa zakudya zina pachakudyacho. Wamphongo amatenganso gawo pakukweza ndi kudyetsa, nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi. Kuyambira zaka zisanu, nyama zazing'ono zimawonetsa kudziyimira pawokha, ndipo pofika miyezi isanu ndi itatu amakhala atakhwima kale. Kumtchire, nthawi yayitali yamphaka wamtchire ndi zaka 14 mpaka 15. Ali mu ukapolo, amatha kukhala ndi moyo pang'ono ndikuberekana, chabwino, chabwino.
Adani achilengedwe amphaka am'nkhalango
Chithunzi: Mphaka wamtchire wamtchire
Mwachilengedwe, mphaka wa m'nkhalango amawopsezedwa ndi nyama zikuluzikulu zowononga poyerekeza ndi izo. Mwachitsanzo, nyalugwe nthawi zambiri amawaukira, ngakhale atakhala kuti ndi mtundu wa mphalapala. Adani akuluakulu ndi nkhandwe, nkhandwe komanso mimbulu. Kawirikawiri mphaka wa m'nkhalango kwa iwo mwachangu amachoka mwachangu, chifukwa mphamvu zawo sizofanana. Kuti adzipulumutse, akhoza kukwera mumtengo pogwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo zakuthwa, motero amapusitsa nkhandwe ndi mimbulu. Mothandizidwa ndi kulumpha, mphaka amatha kuyenda mosavuta pamtengo umodzi kupita kwina kuti apulumuke kuzilombo zazikuluzikulu.
Imodzi mwaziwopsezo zazikulu zakupezeka kwa nyama zamtunduwu ndikusintha komwe amakhala. Izi zitha kukhala kutha kwa matupi amadzi, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kusakhala bwino kwachilengedwe, ndikukula kwa malo amphaka amtchire ndi anthu. Mphaka wa nkhalango alibe chidwi ndi anthu omwe amachita nawo kusaka, ubweya wake suyamikiridwa konse, ukhoza kugwidwa mwangozi.
Koma nthawi zambiri munthu amapha amphaka am'nkhalango chifukwa choumitsa nkhuku, ndikuzibera pabwalo pomwepo. Palibe zifukwa zina zogwirira nyamazi, koma ndizokwanira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, ku Russia, mphaka wa nkhalango walembedwa mu Red Book.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Jungle cat m'chilengedwe
Moyo wachinsinsi komanso wosamala kwambiri wa amphaka am'nkhalango sapereka chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu onse, chifukwa chake, sizimveka bwino pankhaniyi. Zikuwonekeratu kuti nyama zake zidawopsezedwa kuti zitha kuzimiririka m'malo ambiri omwe amakhala, makamaka kumwera chakumadzulo ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.
Amadziwika kuti amphaka onse am'nkhalango adatchulidwa pamagwiritsidwe achiwiri a CITES (msonkhano wapadziko lonse wokhudza malonda ndi chitetezo cha nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha). M'mayiko ambiri aku India ndi Afghanistan, ndizoletsedwa kuwononga ndi kuwagulitsa. Ma subspecies aku Caucasus omwe amakhala ku Russia adatchulidwa mu Red Book. Amapezeka m'madera a Ossetia, Chechnya, Ingushetia, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Caspian, kumadera otsika a Volga.
Malinga ndi chidziwitso chodalirika, amadziwika kuti mphaka wa m'nkhalango adawonedwa komaliza pagombe la Caspian mzaka za makumi asanu ndi atatu zamzaka za zana la makumi awiri, ngakhale okalamba akuti nthawi zina amawawona ngakhale pano. Misonkhano yosavuta ya anthu omwe ali ndi amphaka amtchirewa ikuwonetsa kuti nyama iyi yachepetsa kwambiri anthu ake pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana ndipo m'maiko ambiri, kuphatikiza lathu, latsala pang'ono kutha, zomwe siziyenera kuloledwa.
Kuteteza amphaka m'nkhalango
Chithunzi: Jungle cat
Monga tanenera kale, mitundu ya amphaka amtchire a ku Caucasus omwe amakhala ku Russian Federation adatchulidwa mu Red Book, kuwopseza kuti atha kwambiri. Kutengera ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa m'bukuli, titha kunena kuti kuli nyama 500 zokha mdziko lathu.
Zambiri mwazinthu zosiyanasiyana zidapangitsa kuti mitundu ya mphaka m'nkhalango ikhale yovuta kwambiri:
- kupha;
- kugwira nyama chifukwa cha kufa kwa nkhuku;
- nyengo yozizira komanso yozizira;
- kuyanika madambo;
- kusowa chakudya;
- zolusa zazikulu (mimbulu, mimbulu, akambuku);
- zachilengedwe zoipa.
M'dziko lathu, kusaka ndi kuwononga mphaka wa m'nkhalango ndikoletsedwa. M'malo osungira nyama ena, amawasungira kuti aziswana, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zabwino. Palibe chifukwa chomwe nyama yapaderayi ingaloledwe kutheratu padziko lapansi.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera izi nkhalango yamtchireInde, ndiwophunzitsidwa ngati mungakhale ndi cholinga ichi. Koma chikhalidwe cha mdani wokoma mtima komanso waluso nthawi zonse amayesetsa kukhala ndi ufulu. Chilombo chonyada chimenechi chimakonda kulumikizana ndi nkhalango zamtendere kuti zizilankhulana ndi anthu. Chifukwa chake, simuyenera kusokonezana ndi moyo wake muulamuliro wake wachilengedwe, komwe amadzimva kuti ndi mbuye weniweni wazikhalidwezo ndipo ali wodekha, wamtendere komanso wachimwemwe!
Tsiku lofalitsa: 29.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 22:16
