Malo ogona a nkhalango - Nyama kuchokera ku dongosolo la makoswe. Nyama zokongola izi ndizocheperako kotero kuti akulu amatha kulowa mchikhatho cha munthu. Mchira wautali wautali, womwe umagona mnyumba modzitama, umafanana ndi gologolo, ndipo utoto wosiyana waubweya, kuyambira chikaso-lalanje mpaka imvi, azitona, umawonjezeranso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwa nyamayo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Malo ogona a Forest
Banja la anthu ogona lili ndi mitundu 28 ndipo limafikira magawo 9. Ku Europe, gawo logawa limangokhala gawo la thundu. Ku Asia ndi Transcaucasia, dormouse amakhala m'nkhalango zamitundumitundu. Malire akumadzulo kwa malo okhala ndi otsetsereka akumpoto a Alps. Kudera lakummwera kwa Europe, nyamazi ndizofala ku Balkan Peninsula ndipo mwina ku Greece. Ndipo pa chilumba cha Apennine, nyama zimakhala m'mapiri a Calabrian okha. Pomwe kum'mawa kwa Europe, anthu ogona amakhala pafupifupi kwathunthu, kupatula kumpoto kwa Poland, ndipo ku Ukraine sangapezeke ku Crimea ndi ku Black Sea.
Kugawidwa kudera lonse la Republic of Belarus. Anthu ochepa amapezeka ku Asia Minor, kumpoto kwa Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, kumadzulo kwa China, kumpoto kwa Afghanistan. Malire akum'mawa a malo okhala ndi malo otsetsereka akumadzulo a Mongolia Altai.
M'madera a Russian Federation, nyumba zogona nkhalango zimapezeka mdera la Pskov, Novgorod, Tver, komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dera la Kirov komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa dera la Volga.
Kudera la Europe la Russia, malire amtunduwo amayenda m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Don. Makoswe amapezeka ku North Caucasus kuchokera ku mtsinje wa Kuban ndikumwera chakumwera, kulanda pafupifupi dera lonse la Caucasus. Amapezeka m'nkhalango za Central Asia, Southern Altai, Eastern Kazakhstan. M'mapiri, dormouse imatha kukwera mpaka 3000 m, ngakhale kufikira lamba lamiyala.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Malo ogona a nkhalango zanyama
Kunja, nyama zazing'onozi zimatha kusokonezedwa ndi gologolo, kapena mbewa yolemetsa. Kutalika kwa thupi lawo kumafika masentimita 13, pomwe mchira wawo umakhala mpaka 17 cm, ndipo kulemera kwawo kumakhala magalamu 40. Mphuno ya mutu wogona ndi yolimba, vibrissae ili pamenepo - ndevu zazing'ono. Ndi chithandizo chawo, nyamazo zimazindikira chilengedwe. Vibrissae amayenda, gulu losiyana la minofu limayang'anira mtolo uliwonse. Nthawi zambiri amafika ku 20% ya thupi lonse lanyumba yogona.
Maso ndi aakulu, amdima, komanso owala. Makutuwo ndi akulu pakati, ozungulira. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yayikulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi yakutsogolo. Ali ndi zala 5 chilichonse, pomwe chakutsogolo chili ndi 4. Miyendo ndi yopyapyala komanso yaifupi. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako kuposa amuna.
Mchira wophwanyidwa wosalala umangokhala ngati chokongoletsera nyama, komanso umathandizira kukhalabe olimba poyenda pamitu ya mitengo. Khungu la mchira limakhala ndi mitsempha yambiri yamagazi, yomwe imathandizira kudziwa momwe mutu wogona umakhalira. Nyama ikakhala bata, malayawo amakhala opanikizika. Koma ngati nyumba yogona ikwiya kapena ikuchita mantha, tsinde la mchira limasanduka pinki yakuda ndipo ubweya umasokonekera ngati mphaka kuti uwonekere wokulirapo kwa wotsutsana naye.
Zala zosasinthasintha zimathandiza mutu wogona m'nkhalango molimba mtima kukwera mitengo, kumamatira ku nthambi zowonda. Paws pali 6 calluses lalikulu ndi otukukira kunja. Pamwambapo, chinyama chili ndi utoto, mzere wakuda umatsogolera kuchokera pamphuno mpaka khutu. Gawo lakumunsi ndi loyera kapena loyera. Sonya ali ndi mano 20 pakamwa pake.
Kodi nkhalango yogona ikukhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Momwe nyumba yogona nkhalango imawonekera
Chofunikira chachikulu cha nyama kumalo amenewa ndi nkhalango zowola ndi zitsamba komanso nkhalango zowirira. Nthawi zina nyumba zogona zimakhazikika m'minda, nkhalango zosakanikirana, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, zimakhala m'malo oyera, komanso tchire ndi mapiri.
Makoswewa amakhala m'mapanga, osapewa zisa za mbalame zomwe zasiya, komanso amatha kumangapo zawo. Zinyama zimagwiritsa ntchito makungwa a thundu, moss, masamba ndi nthambi zazing'ono ngati zida. Amatseka zisa zawo ndi ubweya ndi pansi. Anthu ogona amatenga masiku 2-3 kuti amange "nyumba". Nthawi zina amatha kuthamangitsa anthu okhala mnyumba yosungiramo mbalame ndikukhala komweko. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zimakhazikika m'nkhalango, chifukwa minga ya zomera imapangitsa malo awo obisalako kufikako kwa adani ambiri.
Sonya, akukonzekera kukhala makolo, amateteza zisa zawo mowolowa manja, ndikuzaza ndi ubweya, osachepera theka. Kumbali ina, anthu osakwatira amangomanga nyumba zawo mosasamala, nthawi zina osazitchinjiriza. M'misasa yotere, makoswe nthawi zambiri samatha masiku opitilira 3-4, akupumulamo masana. Kenako akuyang'ana nyumba yatsopano.
Monga lamulo, nyumba zotere sizikhala ndi khomo. Poyembekezera zoopsa nthawi zonse, mitu yakugona m'nkhalango imatha kudumpha kuchokera pogona paliponse. Pamalo pomwe nyama imodzi imakhala, pakhoza kukhala nyumba zokwanira 8. Izi zimachitika osati chifukwa chongofuna kukhala otetezeka, komanso kuthekera kochoka pachisa nthawi iliyonse ikakhala yakuda kapena ikadzala ndi tiziromboti. M'nyengo yozizira, anthu ogona amadzikumbira mabowo pafupifupi 30 cm, pansi pa mizu kapena milu ya matabwa, kuti asazizire pamwamba, ndikubisalira miyezi 5.
Kodi nkhalango yodyeramo nkhalango imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Malo ogona a nkhalango
Popeza kuti nyumba yogona ndi nyama yogona usiku, masana amagona pogona pake, ndipo madzulo amapita kukasaka chakudya. Chakudya chawo chimasiyana. Zogona sizabwino kwenikweni pachakudya.
Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo:
- mbewu ndi zipatso za mitengo, zomera, zitsamba (mtedza, mtedza wa linden, ntchafu zouma, strawberries, mabulosi akuda, raspberries, acorns, zipatso za hawthorn);
- mitu yakum'mwera yogona amatha kudya ma apurikoti, maapulo, maula, mphesa, nthanga za dzungu, vwende ndi mavwende;
- kumayambiriro kwa masika, dormouse amadya masamba, makungwa a mphukira ya msondodzi, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, aspen;
- osanyoza mbewu za zipatso zokhala ndi hydrocyanic acid.
Ngakhale nyamazo zimakonda chakudya chodzala, ngati zikamakumana ndi chisa cha mbalame ndi anapiye kapena mazira obadwa kumene, zogona zimadya. Amadyanso tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, mphutsi zawo ndi mphutsi, komanso nkhono ndi nkhono.
Chifukwa chakumvetsera kwawo mwachidwi, mitu yakugona imamveka phokoso la phokoso la tizilombo. Pozizira koopsa kwakanthawi kuti tidziwe komwe kumachokera phokosolo, nyamayo imapeza mosavuta ndikugwira nyama. Abuluzi ang'onoang'ono kapena makoswe ena akhoza kukhala chakudya chamasana kwa nyama izi.
Kutengera ndi komwe nyama zimakhalako, chakudya chomera ndi chinyama chitha kukhala pachakudya chawo. M'nyengo yozizira, ogona, monga lamulo, samasunga chakudya, koma nthawi zina amatha kusunga m'maenje.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Malo ogona a Forest
Ngakhale nkhalango ndi zitsamba zimawerengedwa kuti ndi malo okonda kugona, zimapezekanso m'malo opaki kapena dimba. Zinyama zina zimasankha moyo wapamtunda, zina zokha. Oyamba amakhala nthawi yayitali m'mitengo. Kawirikawiri dormouse imagwira ntchito usiku wokha, koma nthawi yamatenda, nyama imapezeka masana. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi moyo wosakhalitsa, amakhala m'mabanja pokhapokha panthawi yoswana.
Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira kwambiri, dormouse hibernate. Pakadali pano, amapeza mafuta ochulukirapo, motero amatha kulemera kawiri m'nyengo yozizira. Kutentha kwa thupi mu tulo kumachepetsa kwambiri. Ngati nthawi yotentha ikafika 38 C, ndiye kuti nthawi ya hibernation ndi 4-5 C, kapena osachepera.
Ngati pofika nthawi yodzuka kuzizira kukadali komweko, ndiye kuti chinyama chimatha kubwerera kubowola ndikugona kwambiri. Pambuyo pa kugona, nthawi yoswana imayamba ndipo ogona amafunafuna anzawo. Sony ndi yoyera kwambiri. Amatha maola ambiri akupesa ubweya, ndikudula tsitsi lililonse kumchira. Atchire, amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 6. Mutha kuziweta ngati mudzawagwira ndi ana. Sony sakonda kutengedwa ndi manja awo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Malo ogona a nkhalango zanyama
Dormouse dormouse ali pamodzi kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri. Masika, masewera olimbirana amayamba. Amuna amadzuka ku thukuta msanga kuposa akazi ndipo amayamba kulemba mitengo. Amadya kwambiri kuti akhale bwino atagona nthawi yayitali. Pakatha pafupifupi sabata, zazikazi zimatulukanso kuchokera minks. Usiku amaliza mluzu, "akuimba" phokoso ndikusiya zipsinjo zawo pafupi ndi malembedwe amphongo.
M'nyengo yoswana, amakhala awiriawiri pachisa chimodzi. Koma atangobereka kumene, wamkazi amakakamiza kuthamangitsa mwamunayo. Mimba yake imakhala pafupifupi masiku 28. Akadwala, ana asanu ndi atatu amabadwa. Kwenikweni, anawo amakhala kamodzi kamodzi pachaka. Madzulo a kubala, mkazi amakhala wachuma makamaka ndipo amakonzanso mosalekeza malo otetezera. Ndi chakudya chochuluka, dormouse imatha kukhazikika pachisa chimodzi ngakhale ndi mabanja.
Mitu yogona pang'ono imabadwa yamaliseche ndi yakhungu ndipo tsiku loyamba imalemera pafupifupi 2 g. Mayi wachikondi amakhala ndi ana nthawi zonse, amawadyetsa ndikuwothawitsa ana, kusiya kanthawi kochepa kuti adyetse ndikutseka dzenje. Ngati mmodzi wa anawo wasowa, mayiyo amupeza mwakung'ung'udza ndikumubweretsa.
Ali ndi zaka ziwiri zamasabata, anawo amatsegula maso awo ndipo posachedwa azitha kukwera payokha nthambi zamitengo ndikupeza chakudya chawo. Ali ndi zaka 45, amakhala odziyimira pawokha ndipo amasiya chisa.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhalango amagona
Chithunzi: Momwe nyumba yogona nkhalango imawonekera
Mdani wamkulu wa makoswe amenewa ndi kadzidzi wakuda, kadzidzi wopepuka. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 38 ndi kulemera mpaka magalamu 600. Mapiko ake amafikira 1 mita, ndipo utoto wake umatha kuyambira imvi mpaka kufiira kapena bulauni yakuda.
Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi malo amdima komanso owala. Maso akuda. Mtundu uwu wa kadzidzi umakhala m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, nkhalango zowirira, mapaki ndi minda. Amamanga zisa nthawi zambiri m'mabowo, momwe amakhala zaka zambiri, ndikupumuliranso nthawi yozizira. Iwo akhoza kukhazikika mu zisa zakale za zolusa, masoka niches. Mofanana ndi nyumba zogona m'nkhalango, kadzidzi wonyezimira amakhala malo omwewo ndipo amadzuka dzuwa litalowa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Malo ogona a nkhalango
M'dera lake logawidwa, malo ogona a nkhalango m'dera la USSR wakale amagawidwa mosagwirizana. Ku mbali ya ku Ulaya, m'dera la nkhalango zosakanikirana (Belovezhie, nkhokwe zaku Russia ndi Belarus, nkhalango ya Ukraine), nambala yake ndiofala, koma nthawi zambiri ndiyochepa.
Kumpoto chakum'mawa (Pskov, Tver, dera la Volga, mayiko a Baltic) mtundu uwu wa dormouse ukucheperachepera. M'madera awa, nyumba zogona nkhalango zalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo zimafunikira chidwi ngati nyama zomwe zili pachiwopsezo komanso chosowa. Pazaka 20 zapitazi zowonera zamoyo ku biocenter ya Voronezh State University, zidawululidwa kuti nyumba yokhayo yodyeramo nkhalango imodzi ndi nyumba zogona zingapo za hazel zidagwidwa usiku wa msampha 9 800. Nthawi yomweyo, pofufuza za titmouse, akulu 8 ndi ana awiri a 6 nyama zazing'ono anapezeka.
Chiwerengero cha nyama izi kumapiri - Carpathians, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Codruh, Kopet-Dag, Central Asia - sizimayambitsa nkhawa. Nyama zodyeramo nkhalango sizotsutsana ndi anthu. Amakhazikika m'minda ya zipatso, minda yamphesa, minda ya mtedza. Ku Moldova, kuli malo ogona ambiri makamaka chifukwa cha malamba a nkhalango zamtchire, kubzala kwa mthethe woyera, caragana. Kuchokera komwe zitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti nkhalango yogona nkhalango imafuna chitetezo chapadera ndi chitetezo mdera la mayiko a CIS kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa malo okhala.
Chitetezo cha nkhalango zogona
Chithunzi: Malo ogona a nkhalango zanyama
Mitundu ya nkhalango zodyeramo nkhalango zalembedwa mu Red Book la zigawo zingapo za Russia - Kursk, Orel, Tambov ndi Lipetsk. Mtundu wa dormouse uwu umatetezedwa ndi Msonkhano wa Vienna pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Komanso, nyumba zogona nkhalango zalembedwa mndandanda wofiira wa IUCN, monga mtundu womwe umafunikira kuwunikidwa nthawi zonse ndikuwunikidwa.
Zinthu zazikulu pakusoweka kwa nyamazi ndi izi:
- ntchito za nkhalango, zomwe chaka chilichonse zimawononga malo ambiri okhala nyumba zogona;
- kudula ndi kuyeretsa nkhalango zakale kwambiri;
- kuchepetsa kwakukulu m'deralo;
- chitukuko chochepa chazithunzi;
- kukolola kochepa;
- kuchepetsa mitengo yakale yopanda mphako.
Malo osungira zachilengedwe a Oka m'chigawo cha Ryazan, ku Belarus, madera otetezedwa a Berezinsky, Voronezh ndi Khopersky amateteza malo okhala nyumba zodyeramo nkhalango ndikuwulula zatsopano kuti zisungidwe, kuletsa mitundu yonse yazinthu zankhalango. VGPBZ ndi KhGPZ zimateteza mitunduyo ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti ziteteze zachilengedwe za nkhalango.
Okonda nyama zamtunduwu sakulimbikitsidwa kuti agwire nyumba zogona m'nkhalango ndikubwera nazo kunyumba. Ndi bwino kupita ndi mwana wanu m'masitolo apadera. Kugula koyamba kwa chinyama kuyenera kukhala khola lalikulu. Musamulole kuti ayende mozungulira nyumbayo, apo ayi nyumba yogona nkhalango adzathawa kupyola poyambira choyamba chomwe chidzawonekere.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 22:23
