Thupi lokoma, nkhope yomwetulira, chidwi chachikulu cha munthu komanso mawonekedwe osangalala - inde, ndizo zonse dolphin botolo... Dolphin, monga ambiri amakonda kutcha nyama yochenjera imeneyi. Ndi munthu, amayamba ubale wabwino kwambiri. Lero, kuli ma dolphinariums m'matawuni aliwonse am'mbali mwa nyanja, momwe aliyense amatha kukwaniritsa maloto ake osambira ndi ma dolphin pamtengo wokwanira. Koma kodi dolphin wa botolo ndi wokongola komanso wopanda vuto?
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Afalina
Nkhani yonena za chiyambi cha nyama zam'madzi ndizopatsa chidwi. Kodi nyama izi zidakhala bwanji kunyanja yakuya? Kuyankha funsoli sikophweka, koma pali malingaliro angapo okhudzana ndi mwambowu. Onse amawira kuti makolo aziboda, amadya nsomba, amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi kufunafuna chakudya. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, ziwalo zawo zopumira komanso kapangidwe ka thupi lawo zidayamba kusintha. Umu ndi m'mene anamgumi akale (archeocetes), anamgumi a baleen (mystacocetes), ndi anamgumi okhala ndi mano (odonocetes) adawonekera.
Ma dolphin amakono am'madzi amachokera ku gulu la anangumi akale okhala ndi mano otchedwa Squalodontidae. Amakhala munthawi ya Oligocene, koma munthawi yotsatira ya Miocene, pafupifupi zaka 20 miliyoni zapitazo, mabanja 4 adatuluka pagululi, lomwe likupezeka mpaka pano. Mwa zina panali ma dolphin am'mitsinje ndi am'nyanja okhala ndi mabanja awo atatu.
Mitundu ya ma dolphin a botolo kapena ma dolphin a botolo (Tursiops truncatus) amachokera ku mtundu wa Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops), banja la Dolphin. Izi ndi nyama zazikulu, 2.3-3 m kutalika, anthu ena amafika 3.6 m, koma kawirikawiri. Kulemera kwake kwa ma dolphin amtundu wa botolo kumasiyana makilogalamu 150 mpaka 300. Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino cha ma dolphin ndi "mlomo" wotukuka pa chigaza chachitali, pafupifupi 60 cm.
Mafuta osanjikiza a thupi la dolphin amamupatsa kutentha, koma nyama izi zilibe thukuta. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zipsepse ndizomwe zimayambitsa ntchito yosinthana ndi kutentha kwa madzi: kupindika, pectoral ndi caudal. Zipsepse za dolphin zomwe zimaponyedwa kumtunda zimathamanga kwambiri ndipo, ngati simukuzithandiza, kuzisakaniza, ndiye kuti amangosiya kugwira ntchito.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dolphin bottlenose dolphin
Mtundu wa ma dolphin a botolo ndiwofiirira pamwamba, komanso wowala pansi: kuyambira imvi mpaka pafupifupi yoyera. Mpheto yam'mbali ndiyokwera, m'munsi imakulira kwambiri, ndipo kumbuyo kwake imadulidwa mozungulira. Zipsepse za pectoral zimakhalanso ndizoyambira kenako zimangoloza kumapeto kwenikweni. Mbali zakumapeto kwa zipsepse ndizolimba komanso zowoneka bwino, pomwe kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kocheperako komanso kopindika. Ma dolphin akuda ku Black Sea amakhala ndi mitundu ina yapadera yautoto. Amagawidwanso m'magulu awiri. Yoyamba imadziwika ndi mzere womveka bwino pakati pa dera lamdima la dorsum ndi m'mimba mopepuka, ndipo pafupi ndi dorsal fin ali ndi kansalu kopepuka, kotsogola kotsogola.
Gulu linalo liribe malire omveka pakati pa malo owala ndi mdima. Kujambula mu gawo ili la thupi kumakhala kopota, kumasintha kosalala kuchoka kumdima kupita kukuwala, ndipo palibe kansalu koyera kumapeto kwa dorsal fin. Nthawi zina kusintha kumakhala ndi malire ozungulira. Pali mitundu ingapo yama dolphin amtundu wa botolo, amadziwika chifukwa cha malo okhala ndi zina mwa kapangidwe ka thupi kapena utoto, monga momwe ziliri ndi Nyanja Yakuda:
- Dolphin wamba wa botolo (T.t. truncatus, 1821);
- Nyanja yakuda ya dolphin (T.tontontus, 1940);
- Dolphin yaku Far East (T. gilli, 1873).
Indian bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus) - Asayansi ena amawawona ngati mtundu wina, popeza uli ndi mano ambiri (28 m'malo mwa 19-24x). Nsagwada zakumunsi za ma dolphin amtundu wa botolo ndizotambalala kwambiri kuposa zakumwambazo. Pali mano ambiri mkamwa mwa dolphin: kuyambira pa 19 mpaka 28 awiriawiri. Pa nsagwada m'munsi muli awiri awiri awiri kupatula apo. Dzino lililonse ndi chulu chakuthwa, 6-10 mm wandiweyani. Kupezeka kwa mano ndiyosangalatsanso, amaikidwa m'njira yoti pakhale malo aulere pakati pawo. Nsagwada zikatsekedwa, mano apansi amadzaza malo apamwamba, ndipo mosemphanitsa.
Mtima wa nyama umagunda pafupifupi 100 pa mphindi. Komabe, ndimphamvu yolimbitsa thupi, imapweteka 140 zonse, makamaka mukamathamanga kwambiri. Dolphin wa botolo amakhala ndi 40 km / h, ndipo amathanso kudumpha mita 5 kuchokera m'madzi.
Zida zamawu za dolphin yotchedwa bottlenose dolphin ndichinthu china chodabwitsa. Masaka amlengalenga (pali mitundu itatu iwiri), yolumikizidwa ndimalekezero amphuno, amalola zinyama izi kutulutsa mawu osiyanasiyana pafupipafupi 7 mpaka 20 kHz. Mwanjira imeneyi, amatha kulumikizana ndi abale.
Kodi dolphin wa botolo amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nyanja yakuda ya dolphin
Ma dolphin amtundu wa bottlenose amapezeka pafupifupi m'madzi onse ofunda m'nyanja zam'mlengalenga, komanso m'madzi ozizira. M'madzi a Atlantic, amagawidwa kuchokera kumalire akumwera a Greenland kupita ku Uruguay ndi South Africa. M'nyanja zam'deralo: Black, Baltic, Caribbean ndi Mediterranean, dolphins amapezekanso mochuluka.
Amakuta Nyanja ya Indian kuyambira kumpoto kwenikweni, kuphatikiza Nyanja Yofiira, kenako amayenda chakumwera mpaka ku South Australia. Chiwerengero chawo chimachokera ku Japan mpaka Argentina ku Pacific Ocean, pomwe amalanda boma la Oregon kupita ku Tasmania yomwe.
Kodi dolphin wa botolo amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Ma dolphin a Bottlenose
Nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizomwe zimadya kwambiri ma dolphin a botolo. Ndi osaka bwino kwambiri panyanja ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti agwire nyama yawo. Kupatula apo, akuluakulu ayenera kudya makilogalamu 8-15 a chakudya chamoyo tsiku lililonse.
Mwachitsanzo, ma dolphin amasaka gulu lonse la nsomba zomwe zimakhala moyo wosiyana:
- hamsu;
- mullet;
- anangula;
- ng'oma;
- umbrine, ndi zina.
Ngati pali nsomba zokwanira, ma dolphin amtundu wa botolo amasaka masana okha. Chakudya chikangotsika, nyama zimayamba kufunafuna chakudya pafupi ndi nyanja ndipo usiku zimasintha njira.
Ma dolphin a bottlenose amasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kukasaka anthu ena okhala kunyanja yakuya:
- shirimpi;
- Zikopa zam'nyanja;
- cheza chamagetsi;
- fulonda;
- mitundu ina ya nsombazi;
- nyamazi;
- ziphuphu;
- nkhono.
Amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika usiku, ndipo ma dolphin amtunduwu amayenera kusintha zizolowezi zawo kuti akhale okwanira. Ma dolphins amasangalala kuthandizana. Amalumikizana ndi likhweru ma siginolo apadera, osalola nyama kubisala, kuyizungulira mbali zonse. Aluntha awa amagwiritsanso ntchito mimbulu yawo kusokoneza omwe amawazunza.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyanja Yakuda dolphin bottlenose dolphin
Ma dolphin a Bottlenose ndi otsatira moyo wokhazikika, koma nthawi zina mumatha kupeza magulu osamukasamuka a nyama izi. Nthawi zambiri amasankha madera am'mbali mwa nyanja. Ndizomveka komwe angapeze chakudya chochuluka! Popeza chikhalidwe cha chakudya chawo chili pansi, amatha kusambira. Mu Nyanja Yakuda, ayenera kupeza chakudya kuchokera kuzama mpaka 90 m, ndi ku Mediterranean, magawowa amakula mpaka 150 m.
Malinga ndi malipoti ena, ma dolphin amtundu wa botolo amatha kupita m'madzi akuya mu Gulf of Guinea: mpaka mamita 400-500. Koma izi ndizosiyana ndi lamulo. Koma ku United States, kuyesa kunachitika, pomwe dolphin idayamba kutsika mpaka mamita 300. Kuyesaku kunachitika ngati gawo limodzi mwamapulogalamu a Navy, zidatenga nthawi yayitali kuti zitheke.
Pakusaka, dolphin imayenda mozungulira, nthawi zambiri imasinthana. Nthawi yomweyo, amakhala ndi mpweya kwa mphindi zochepa, ndipo kupuma kwake kumatha kukhala kotala la ola limodzi. Ali mu ukapolo, dolphin amapuma mosiyana, amafunika kupumira nthawi 1 mpaka 4 pamphindi, pomwe amatulutsa kaye, kenako ndikupumira nthawi yomweyo. Pakati pa mpikisano wokadya nyama, amaliza mluzu ngakhalenso kutulutsa zofananazo ndi kukuwa. Pakakhala chakudya chambiri, amauza anthu ena kuti adyetse potulutsa mawu mokweza. Ngati akufuna kuwopseza m'modzi wawo, mutha kumva kuwomba m'manja. Kuti muziyenda molowera kumtunda kapena mukasaka chakudya, anyani otchedwa bottlenose dolphins amagwiritsa ntchito mabatani otchingira echolocation, omwe amafanana kwambiri ndi timadontho ta zitseko tosalala.
Ma dolphin amagwira ntchito masana. Usiku, amagona pafupi ndi madzi, nthawi zambiri amatsegula maso kwa masekondi angapo ndikutseka kwa masekondi 30-40. Amasiya dala michira yawo ikulendewera. Kufooka, kukomoka kwa chimaliziro pamadzi kumakankhira thupi kutuluka m'madzi kuti lipume. Wokhala m'madzi sangathe kugona tulo tofa nato. Ndipo chilengedwe chimaonetsetsa kuti ma hemispheres a dolphin amagona motsatana! Ma dolphins amadziwika chifukwa chokonda zosangalatsa. Ali mu ukapolo, amayamba masewera: mwana wina amasekerera wina ndi chidole, ndipo amamugwira. Ndipo kuthengo, amakonda kukwera funde lomwe limapangidwa ndi uta wa sitimayo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Afalina
Ma dolphin adakhazikitsa kulumikizana kwambiri. Amakhala m'magulu akulu, komwe aliyense ndi wachibale. Amathandizana wina ndi mnzake, osati pofunafuna nyama zokha, komanso m'malo owopsa. Si zachilendo - milandu pomwe gulu la dolphin lidapha tiger shark, yomwe idalimbikira kuukira dolphin wakhanda. Zimakhalanso kuti ma dolphin amapulumutsa anthu akumira. Koma samachita izi ndi zolinga zabwino, koma mwachidziwikire, kulakwitsa munthu ngati wachibale.
Kutha kwa ma dolphin a bottlenose kulankhulana kwakhala kusangalatsa asayansi kwanthawi yayitali, kotero kafukufuku wambiri adawonekera mbali iyi. Zomwe iwo adapeza zinali zodabwitsa. Ma dolphin a bottlenose, monga anthu amakhalira, komanso amatha kukhala "abwino" komanso "oyipa"!
Mwachitsanzo, masewera osangalatsa otaya mwana wa dolphin m'madzi sanatanthauziridwe ndi ofufuza ochokera mbali yabwino kwambiri. Chifukwa chake ma dolphin akuluakulu amphaka amapha mwana kuchokera pagulu lachilendo. Kufufuza kwa mwana yemwe adapulumuka "masewera" oterewa kunawonetsa ma fracture angapo ndi mikwingwirima yayikulu. Kuthamangitsa mkazi pa "masewera okwatirana" nthawi zina kumawoneka okhumudwitsa. Chiwonetsero chokhala ndi amuna okonda nkhondo chimakhala ngati chiwawa. Kuphatikiza pa "kununkhiza" ndikupeza mawonekedwe onyada, amaluma wamkazi ndikumwetulira. Zazimuna zimayesetsa kukwatirana ndi amuna angapo nthawi imodzi, koma osati chifukwa chongotengeka, koma kuti onse atenge mwana wobadwa ngati wawo ndipo asayese kumuwononga.
Nthawi yoswana ya ma dolphin a botolo imakhala mchaka ndi chilimwe. Mkazi amakhala wokhwima pogonana akafika pamtanda wopitilira masentimita 220. Pakatha milungu ingapo atakhwima, nthawi zambiri mimba imatenga miyezi 12. Mwa akazi apakati, mayendedwe amacheperachepera, kumapeto kwa teremu amakhala osakhazikika komanso osakhala ochezeka. Kubala kumatenga mphindi zochepa mpaka maola angapo. Chipatso chimatuluka mchira koyamba, umbilical chingwe chimaswa mosavuta. Mwana wakhanda, wokakamizidwa ndi mayi ndi akazi ena 1-2 pamwamba, amatulutsa mpweya wake woyamba m'moyo wake. Pakadali pano, chisangalalo china chimakhudza gulu lonse. Nthawi yomweyo mwana wamphongoyu amayang'ana nsafu ndipo amadyetsa mkaka wa mayi theka lililonse la ola.
Mwana samasiya mayi ake kwa milungu ingapo yoyambirira. Pambuyo pake azichita popanda zopinga zilizonse. Komabe, kudyetsa mkaka kudzapitilira kwa miyezi pafupifupi 20. Ngakhale ma dolphin amatha kudya chakudya chotafuna miyezi 3-6, monga momwe amachitira akaidi. Kukula msinkhu kumachitika zaka 5-7.
Adani achilengedwe a dolphin wa botolo
Chithunzi: Dolphin bottlenose dolphin
Ngakhale nyama zanzeru komanso zazikulu monga ma dolphin sizingakhale mwamtendere. Zoopsa zambiri zimawadikirira m'nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, "zoopsa" izi sikuti nthawi zonse zimakhala zolusa! Ma dolphin achichepere kapena ofooka amasakidwa ndi katran shark, omwe amakhala ochepa. Kunena zowona, nyama zazikuluzikulu zowopsa ndizowopsa kwambiri. Nsombazi ndi nsomba zazikulu zoyera zitha kuukira mtundu wa dolphin popanda chikumbumtima, ndipo ndi mwayi wambiri atuluka opambana. Ngakhale dolphin imakhala yothamanga kwambiri komanso yothamanga kwambiri kuposa nsombazi, nthawi zina misa imakhala yofunika kwambiri.
Shark sadzaukira gulu la zinyama, chifukwa izi zimatsimikizira kuti nyamayo imwalira. Ma dolphin, mosafanana ndi moyo wina uliwonse wam'nyanja, amatha kusonkhana mwadzidzidzi. Pansi pomwepo, ma dolphin amtundu wa botolo amathanso kudikirira ngozi. Mbalame yotchedwa stingray stingray ndi munga wake imatha kuboola nyama mobwerezabwereza, kupyoza m'mimba, m'mapapo, ndikupangitsa kuti iphedwe. Anthu a dolphin amawonongeka kwambiri ndi masoka achilengedwe: chisanu mwadzidzidzi kapena namondwe wamkulu. Koma amavutikanso kwambiri kuchokera kwa anthu. Mwachindunji - kuchokera kwa opha nyama mosavutikira, komanso mwanjira zina - kuchokera ku kuipitsa nyanja yapadziko lapansi ndi zinyalala ndi mafuta.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyanja yakuda ya dolphin
Chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu sichikudziwika, koma chidziwitso pa kuchuluka kwa anthu ena chilipo:
- Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, komanso m'madzi aku Japan - kuchuluka kwawo kuli pafupifupi 67,000;
- Gulf of Mexico ili ndi ma dolphin okwana 35,000;
- Kunyanja ya Mediterranean kuli anthu 10,000;
- Pamphepete mwa nyanja ya North Atlantic - anthu 11,700;
- Pali dolphin pafupifupi 7,000 mu Black Sea.
Chaka chilichonse ma dolphin masauzande ambiri amaphedwa ndi zochita za anthu: maukonde, kuwombera, kuwononga nyama nthawi yopuma. Zinthu zovulaza zomwe zimawononga madzi a m'nyanja zapadziko lapansi zimalowa munthawi ya nyama, zimadzikundikira pamenepo ndikupangitsa matenda ambiri ndipo, koposa zonse, kutaya padera kwa akazi. Kanema wamafuta omwe atayika amatha kulepheretsa kupuma kwa ma dolphin apamabotolo, komwe amafa chifukwa chowawa.
Vuto lina lopangidwa ndi anthu ndi phokoso lokhazikika. Chifukwa chakuyenda kwa zombo, nsalu yotchinga yotere imafalikira patali kwambiri ndipo imasokoneza kulumikizana kwa ma dolphin am'madzi ndi komwe amakhala mlengalenga. Izi zimasokoneza kapangidwe kabwino ka chakudya ndipo zimayambitsanso matenda.
Komabe, kusungidwa kwa ma dolphin amtundu wa botolo ndi LC, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kulibe nkhawa ndi anthu okhala m'matumba. Mitundu yokhayo yomwe imadzetsa nkhawa ndi ma dolphin akuda a Black Sea. Adatchulidwa mu Red Book of Russia ndipo ali mgulu lachitatu. Kugwira ma dolphin kwaletsedwa kuyambira 1966. Nyama zanzeru izi ndikumwetulira kosangalatsa (chinsinsi chake chimakhala m'mafuta pamasaya) ndizodabwitsa kwambiri. Maluso awo odabwitsa komanso machitidwe achilendo m'nyanja ndizodabwitsa. Kusilira ma dolphin am'madzi mu nyanja yamchere, mutha kusangalala ndi kulingalira kwawo. Komabe dolphin botolo ziyenera kukhala panyanja, zotentha komanso zoyera, kuti chiwerengerocho chisungidwe ndikuwonjezeka.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 31.01.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/16/2019 ku 21:20
