Sungani - Iyi ndi kansomba kakang'ono komwe ndimadzi amchere komanso madzi amchere. Kuchuluka kwake m'malo okhala ndiokwera kwambiri. Smelt imagwidwa nthawi zonse pazogulitsa, koma ngakhale zili choncho, kuchuluka kwake kumakhazikika. Nsomba yaying'ono iyi imakondanso asodzi amateur; pali ambiri mwa iwo m'nyanja zozizira.
Mitundu yonse ya banja losungunuka ilinso chimodzimodzi. Koma Far East imanunkhiza, mosiyana ndi enawo, ili ndi pakamwa pocheperapo ndi nsagwada zotsikira kutsogolo, ndipo kumapeto kwake kwakumaso ndi kofupikirapo kuposa kwamabanja ena. Ku Far East ndi Sakhalin, kutentha kwa madzi oundana ndikotchuka kwambiri pakati pa okonda kusodza nthawi yachisanu, amatchedwanso "Voroshenka". Imagwira m'chiboo cha ayezi, ndipo imazizira pomwepo, mu chisanu. Kwa fungo lomwe langobedwa kumene, kununkhira kwa nkhaka ndichikhalidwe, chifukwa chake fungo lili ndi dzina lina - borage.
Smelt amakhala m'masukulu akulu m'nyanja (m'malo omwe pansi pamchenga) kapena m'nyanja. Nthawi yobereka ikayamba, imasamukira kukamwa kwa mitsinje - komwe kulibe msanga.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sungani
Pali chisokonezo chokhudza mtundu wa smelt. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza mikangano yokhudza kaya kansomboka ndi ka hering'i kapena salimoni. Titha kunena molimba mtima kuti onse ali olondola. Chisokonezo chimadza chifukwa choti otsutsana amatanthauza magulu osiyanasiyana. Monga mukudziwa, pofotokoza mtundu winawake, nthawi zambiri amachokera ku taxon yayikulu (gulu m'kagulu) kupita kumunsi: superorder - order - banja - mtundu - mitundu kapena subspecies. Tidzayang'ana magawo awiri.
Mu atlas-determinant ya nsomba NA Myagkov (M. "Maphunziro", 1994) adapereka malingaliro otsatirawa. Wolemba ma atlas amasiyanitsa superlup ya Klupeoid, yomwe imaphatikizapo dongosolo la hering'i ndi dongosolo la salmonids. Banja la smelt ndi la dongosolo la salmonids. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi mtundu ndi mtundu.
Azungu akumva. Iye, monga ma smelts onse, ali ndi mano pachibwano chake. Mzere womwe uli pambali umangowonekera mpaka 4 - 16 masikelo. Miphika ndi yasiliva, kumbuyo kwake ndi kobiriwira bulauni. Fungo lamtunduwu ndilotalika pafupifupi masentimita 20.
Sungani. Nsomba zazing'ono zamadzi opanda mano okhala ndi mano ofooka kuposa nsomba zaku Europe. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 6, nthawi zina pang'ono.
Fungo la mano. Ali ndi mano amphamvu poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina. Mzere womwe uli pambali ukuwonekera mpaka 14 - 30 masikelo. Kutalika kumafika masentimita 35. Ndi nsomba yowopsa komanso yamadzi.
Mtsinje wa Smallmouth unanunkhiza. Nsomba zamtundu uwu zimafanana ndi sprat. Mzere wasiliva umaonekera bwino mthupi lake lonse. Madontho akuda amatha kuzindikira pamiyeso ndi zipsepse. Kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 10.
Nyanja ya Smallmouth imanunkhiza. Mtundu uwu, mosiyana ndi mtsinje waung'onowu, ulibe mzere wonyezimira komanso madontho akuda. Ngati pali mfundo zakuda, ndiye kuti ndizovuta kusiyanitsa. Nyanja ya Smallmouth smelt ndi yayikulupo pang'ono kuposa smelt yamtsinje - kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 12.
Capelin. Iyi ndi nsomba yam'madzi, yonona kwambiri yamitundu yonse. Ali ndi mbiya yasiliva, pomwe mzere wowonekera umawonekera bwino, womwe umayenda mthupi lake lonse, mpaka kumapeto kwake. Kumbuyo kwa capelin kumakhala kobiriwira buluu. Kutalika kwa capelin pafupifupi 20 masentimita.
M'buku "Fish of the USSR" wolemba V. Lebedeva, V. Spanovskaya, K. Savvitov, L. Sokolov ndi E. Tsepkin (M., "Mysl", 1969), palinso gulu la hering'i, momwe, kuphatikiza banja la nsomba, pali banja la smelt.
Chotsatira ndicho mtundu wamagulu ndi mitundu:
- mtundu wa smelt. Mitundu - European and Asian catfish smelt;
- mtundu wa smallmouth umanunkhiza. Onani - smallmouth smelt, kapena borage;
- mtundu wa capelin. Mitundu - capelin, kapena uyok;
- mtundu wagolide wonunkhira. Mitunduyi ndi golide wonyezimira, kapena nsomba ya siliva.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Sungani nsomba
Smelt ndi nsomba yomwe imakhala m'masukulu ambiri. Maonekedwe ake amatengera mtundu womwewo. Mphamvu ndi kuwongola kwa mano amene ali pa nsagwada zimadaliranso mtundu wa chilombo chimenechi. Kutalika kwa thupi lonunkhira, kutengera mtundu, kumakhala pakati pa masentimita 6 mpaka 35. Thupi lanyama limakhala lopindika, lokhalitsa; pakamwa poyerekeza ndi kutalika kwa nsomba palokha ndi yayikulu. Mitundu yonse ya fungo imawoneka yofanana: thupi limakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira, kumbuyo kuli mdima kuposa migolo ndi mimba ndipo kumakhala ndi utoto wobiriwira wobiriwira, zipsepsezo zimakhala zotuwa kapena pafupifupi zowonekera.
Koma Far East imamveka (aka borage, kapena nagysh), mosiyana ndi ena onse, ili ndi kamwa yaying'ono mofanana. Mamba ake amakhalanso ochepa komanso owonekera bwino. Mimba ya Far East sinunkhike si silvery, koma yoyera-yachikasu, ndipo kumbuyo kwa masikelo kuli greenish-bluish. European smelt (kapena smelt) imakhala yolimba, mamba akulu kukula kwake ndi msana wobiriwira wobiriwira. Kukhazikika kwa thupi lake kumakhala kocheperako komanso kotalikirapo poyerekeza ndi ena onse.
Chinyezi, chomwe chimakhala m'madzi, chili ndi zipsepse zopanda utoto, kumbuyo kofiyira, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti zizibisala munyanja yokhala ndi matope pansi. Kusiyana pakati pa nsomba za dongosolo la salmonids ndi zipsepse ziwiri zakuthambo, imodzi mwayo ndi yeniyeni, ndipo yachiwiri, yaying'ono, ndi mafuta. Mapeto ake ndi ozungulira, akusowa cheza chenicheni ndipo amapezeka mdera la caudal. Pachifukwa ichi, ma salmonids amatha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta, mwachitsanzo, ndi hering'i. Oimira banja la a smelt, omwe, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ali mgulu la ma salmonid, ali ndi adipose fin.
Kodi fungo limakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kumva bwanji ngati fungo
Malo ogawa nsomba za banja losungunuka ndi ochulukirapo. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti smelt amatha kuzolowera.
Kutuluka kwa Asia kumafalikira m'nyanja: White, Baltic, North. Pali zambiri ku Far East, makamaka ku Sakhalin, Chukotka, ndi zilumba za Kuril. Nsomba zimasankha madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti azikhala. Womvera ku Asia amakhalanso mumtsinje wa Siberia ndi Far Eastern.
Anthu aku Europe amakhala akumva ku Baltic ndi North Seas. Kuphatikiza pa nyanja, amakhala m'madzi - mwachitsanzo ku Ladoga ndi Onega. Chifukwa chakuzolowera, nsombazi zidafalikira mumtsinje wa Volga.
Madzi amchere amasungunuka amakhala m'madzi ambiri m'chigawo cha Europe ku Russia, komanso m'madzi aku Western Europe. Mutha kupezanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia. Nsombazo, monga lamulo, zimakonda malo amchenga, kupewa mafunde amphamvu.
Smallmouth nag amakhala kugombe la Far East, koma pokhala nsomba yowopsa, imalowanso m'mitsinje. Pali zambiri ku Sakhalin, kugombe lakumwera kwa zilumba za Kuril, ku Kamchatka, mpaka kugombe lakumpoto kwa Korea.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kusungunuka kwabwino, idayambitsidwa munyanja kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia komanso m'madzi a Ural. Nthawi zina nsomba iyi imasankha malo okhala okha. Iye anaonekera mosungira ena - Mwachitsanzo, Rybinsk, Gorky ndi Kuibyshev.
Kodi fungo limadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kum'maŵa kwa Far smelt
Nsomba za banja losungunuka zimadya mwachangu, mosasamala nyengo. Koma fungo limakhala losusuka makamaka mchilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira. Chifukwa nsomba zazing'onozi zili ndi mano akuthwa pa nsagwada zawo, ma smelts amawerengedwa kuti ndi odyetsa. Pakamwa pa fungo ndilocheperako, koma mano ndi ambiri.
Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakonda kuzama, osati kokha kuti zizibisalira nyama zina, komanso kuti zizipezere chakudya: kuti zigwire mwachangu, nsomba yaying'ono kuposa momwe imanunkhira. Smelt imadyetsanso caviar yokhazikitsidwa ndi nsomba zina, planktonic algae, dipterans ndi mphutsi zawo, crustaceans. Mwa njira, kususuka kwa nsomba iyi kumathandizira kuti asodzi-okonda kusungunuka, monga lamulo, sangakhale opanda nsomba zabwino. Kutengera kukula kwake komanso kapangidwe kam'kamwa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma smelt imakhala ndi zokonda zawo.
Nagi yaying'ono, chifukwa cha kukula kwake, komwe kumasiyana ndi anthu akuluakulu, motero, ili ndi kamwa kakang'ono. Mano pa nsagwada za nsombazi ndi zazing'ono komanso zofooka. Chifukwa chake, kavalo kakang'ono kameneka kamagwira mwachangu, amadya nkhanu, mphutsi, ndi mazira. Ndipo chifukwa chakuti kamwa yaying'onoyo imayendetsedwa mmwamba, imadyetsanso ma dipterans oyenda.
Popeza anthu aku Europe ndi aku Asia ndi omwe amakhala akulu kwambiri m'banja lomwe limanunkhira, pakamwa pawo ndi chachikulu ndipo mano awo ndi olimba. Nsombazi zimakhala ndi zakudya zawo. Amadyetsa ma crustaceans a benthic, plankton, chironomid mphutsi (oimira dongosolo la Diptera), ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Izi zimachitika kuti m'mimba mwa smelt amapeza abale ake - timiyeso tating'onoting'ono. Izi ndichifukwa choti "amuna amtundu" amadyetsana m'madamu omwe mulibe chakudya china.
Khalani ndi moyo wabwino
Chithunzi: Sungani
Smelt ndi nsomba yomwe imakhala m'masukulu akulu. Izi zimamuthandiza osati kungoyenda nthawi yobereka, komanso kuthawa adani. Nsombazi sizikuloleza kuipitsa madzi ndipo, chifukwa chake, zimakonda madzi oyera kuti azikhalamo. Chifukwa chake, m'mitsinje yambiri yonyansa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa ma smelt, komwe kumakhalanso nsomba zamalonda kumeneko, kwatsika kwambiri. Oimira a banja la smelt amakonda kwambiri, chifukwa chake amakonda malo ozama a nyanja, mitsinje kapena nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, posiyanitsa kuya kwake, nsombayo imayesa kubisalira nyama zina.
Mosiyana ndi nsomba zambiri, nyengo yotulutsa fungo ndi masika. Ponena zakubala, ndikuyenera kudziwa kuti m'malo omwe amakhala komanso kupezeka kapena kusamuka, nsomba zimakhala zowopsa ndikukhala anthu. Anadromous amakhala m'madzi, koma amakwera mumitsinje kuti abereke. Ndiye kuti, iyi ndi nsomba zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisamukire kunyanja kupita kumitsinje. Zinyumba ndi nsomba zomwe moyo wawo sugwirizana ndi nyanja, amakhala mumtsinje kapena m'nyanja nthawi zonse.
Kutulutsa kwa smelt
Chithunzi: Sungani nsomba
Kutentha kumafalikira ndi caviar. Ndiye kuti, pali nthawi yobala m'moyo wake. Popeza chiyembekezo cha moyo wa nsomba za banja ili ndi chosiyana, ndiye kuti kukhwima kumakhudzanso zaka zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati smelt amakhala zaka zitatu, ndiye kuti amatha kubereka zaka 1-2. Anthu aku Asia aku smelt komanso anthu aku Siberia, omwe amakhala ndi moyo zaka 10 kapena 12, amakhala achikulire ali ndi zaka 5-7. Mwachitsanzo, anadromous smallmouth imamveka - yokhwima zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu kenako imasamukira kumapeto kwa nyengo kuti izipereke m'mitsinje. Mu moyo wake wonse, fungo lotereli limangopitilira katatu.
Nthawi zambiri nsombazi zimayenda mtunda wautali kwambiri kukula kwake popita kumitsinje ndi mitsinje kukaikira mazira. Njirayi nthawi zina imakhala makilomita makumi. Njira yoberekera yokha imatenga masiku angapo. Nsomba zimasankha malo oti aziikira mazira kuti pali chakudya chochuluka chamtsogolo chamtsogolo, komanso nyama zowononga zochepa. Pakubala, mawonekedwe a nsombazi amasinthanso pang'ono - mwa amuna, ma tubercles amawonekera pamiyeso, mwa akazi, nawonso, koma amangokhala pamutu pawo.
Kutentha kumatuluka nthawi zosiyanasiyana kutengera dera. Zimatengera kutentha kwa madzi. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika madzi oundanawo atasungunuka. Kutentha kwamadzi kuyenera kukhala koyenera panthawiyi - osatsika kuposa +4 madigiri. Koma pachimake penipeni pobereka kumachitika panthawi yomwe kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala kokulirapo (6 - 9 madigiri). Nsomba zimabereka masika, nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi. Kuikira mazira, chinyezi chimasankha malo osaya ndi madzi.
Sungunulani mazira amatuluka mpaka pansi. Iyenera kukhala yamchenga, yamiyala kapena yopanda mchenga. Mkazi amaikira mazira pafupifupi zikwi zinayi. Mazirawo amakhala ndi chipolopolo chomata. Chifukwa cha izi, amamatira pamiyala ndi zomera zapansi pamadzi kapena zinthu pansi. Kuphatikiza pa chigobacho chakunja, dzira lilinso ndi lamkati, lofanana ndi nsomba zonse. Dzira likatupa, chigobacho chakunja chimaphulika, chimatulutsa chamkati ndikusunthira kunja. Koma imalumikizidwa nthawi imodzi ndi chipolopolo chamkati. Zikuwoneka ngati phesi pomwe dzira lokhala ndi mluza limasunthira momasuka m'madzi.
Mazira akufa amang'ambidwa pang'onopang'ono, amatengedwa ndi zamakono, ndipo chipolopolo chakunja chimakhala ngati parachuti ndipo chimathandizira kuyenda kwawo m'madzi. Chifukwa cha izi, malo obalira a smelt amamasulidwa ku mazira osafunikira kale, ndipo kukula kwamtsogolo kwamtsogolo kumayamba bwino. Pakaduka chipolopolocho, dzira la umuna limachoka pansi. Mazira akusambira ndimayendedwe amapitilizabe kukula, ndipo patatha masiku 11 - 16 atasesedwa ndi akazi, mphutsi zopyapyala zimatuluka. Kutalika kwawo kumakhala pafupifupi 12 millimeter. Posakhalitsa, mphutsi izi, zikupitilira njira yawo yakumunsi, zimayamba kugwira chakudya: plankton, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Adani achilengedwe a smelt
Chithunzi: Kumva bwanji ngati fungo
Zoopsa zambiri zimadikirira nsombazi pamoyo wake wonse. Amadyetsa nsomba zomwe ndi zazikulu kuposa izo.
Ndipo mumadzi ndizokwanira kuposa izi:
- Salimoni;
- pike;
- kodula;
- burbot;
- zander;
- thovu wofiirira;
- palia;
- nsomba;
- hering'i.
smelt ili, ngakhale siyodalirika kwambiri, njira yodzitetezera kwa nyama zolusa zazikulu kuposa izo. Akuluakulu a smelt nthawi zambiri amapanga gulu. Gulu lodzaza ndi anthu limachita zinthu mogwirizana komanso mogwirizana. Pakakhala ngozi, nsomba za m'gulu zimayandikana ndipo zimangokhala ngati gulu limodzi. Anthu onse mgululi amayamba kusambira mozungulira, pomwe nthawi yomweyo amasintha mayendedwe.
Smelt roe ndi mphutsi zake ndi chakudya cha nsomba zambiri. Makamaka mukawona kuti nsomba zam'banjali zimabereka munthawi yanjala yoyambirira. Ndipo popeza kudakali chakudya chochepa cha nsomba zomwe zili ndi njala m'nyengo yozizira masika, zimadya mphutsi zambiri komanso mwachangu. Osati kokha okhala m'madzi, komanso mbalame ndi adani achilengedwe a smelt. M'nyengo yobereka, fungo limatulukira pamwamba, ndipo mbalame zimatuluka m'madzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kum'maŵa kwa Far smelt
Ponena za anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, izi ndi izi:
- a European anadromous smelt amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja ya Baltic Sea, kumtunda kwa Volga;
- smelt toothed, kapena catfish amakhala m'madzi azinyanja za Arctic ndi Pacific;
- mtsinje wa smallmouth umanunkhiza malo okhala mwatsopano m'nyanja za Arctic ndi Pacific;
- Nyanja yaying'ono imanunkhira ikukhala munyanja ya Pacific - kuchokera ku Kamchatka kupita ku Korea.
Capelin amakhala kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific Ocean. Ku Russia, idakumbidwa m'mipukutu yambiri kuti igulitse Nyanja ya Barents kumadzulo kwa Novaya Zemlya. Capelin amapezekanso pagombe la Kola Peninsula. Smelt si nsomba zotetezedwa. Chifukwa chachonde kwambiri, mitunduyo kununkhiza amakhazikika.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 26.01.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/18/2019 ku 22:10
