Nyama - Zinyama zanyama zomwe zimachokera ku banja la agologolo. Oimira mitunduyo amalemera ma kilogalamu angapo ndikukhala pamalo otseguka. Ma herbivores apadera, atakulungidwa ndiubweya wofunda ndikubisala m'manda kuchokera kumapiri otentha kupita kumapiri ozizira. Pali mitundu yambiri yazinyama zokongola izi, zomwe tikambirana pambuyo pake.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Kudziwa magwero a nyamakazi inali ntchito yovuta kwa asayansi, koma adakwanitsa kuthana ndi chinsinsi ichi pofufuza zambiri zokhudza nyama zakale ndi zida zamakono.
Pakadali pano pali mitundu ya mbalame zotsatirazi:
- Gulu la bobak: imvi, Mongolia, okhala ku steppe ndi nkhalango;
- Imvi;
- Wotsekedwa wakuda;
- Chamtundu wachikaso;
- Chitibeta;
- Ma subspecies a Alpine: owonera nkhope ndi osankhidwa;
- Talas (mbulu ya Menzbir);
- Woodchuck - ali ndi subspecies 9;
- Olimpiki (Olimpiki).
Mitunduyi ndi ya makoswe, omwe alipo opitilira mazana awiri, omwe amapezeka kudera lonse lapansi, kupatula zilumba zina ndi Antarctica. Makoswe amakhulupirira kuti adayamba pafupifupi zaka 60-70 miliyoni zapitazo, koma ena amati adachokera ku Cretaceous.
Pafupifupi zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo, kholo lakale la nyamakazi lidabadwa koyambirira kwa Oligocene, atadumpha ndikusintha kwa mabanja atsopano. Magulu anyama amtunduwu amaganiziridwa kuti ndi abale apafupi kwambiri a agologolo, agalu akumadambo, ndi agologolo amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pakadali pano, anali ndi mawonekedwe achikale a mano ndi ziwalo, koma ungwiro wamapangidwe a khutu lapakati amalankhula zakufunika kwakumva, komwe kudalipo mpaka pano.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Steppe marmot kapena bobak kuchokera pagulu la bobak ndiye wamkulu kwambiri pabanja la agologolo, chifukwa kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 55-75, ndipo kulemera kwa amuna mpaka 10 kg. Ili ndi mutu waukulu pakhosi lalifupi, thupi lopepuka. Mapazi ndi olimba modabwitsa, pomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzindikira zikhadabo zazikulu. Mbali yapadera ndi mchira waufupi kwambiri komanso mtundu wachikasu wachikasu, womwe umakhala wakuda wakuda kumbuyo ndi mchira.
Yemwe akuyimira gulu la "baibach" ndi imvi marmot, yomwe, mosiyana ndi steppe marmot, ili ndi msinkhu wotsika ndi mchira wawufupi, ngakhale kuli kovuta kusiyanitsa nayo. Koma ndizotheka, chifukwa imvi ili ndi tsitsi lofewa komanso lalitali, ndipo mutuwo ndi wakuda.
Wachitatu pagululi ndi nyamakazi ya ku Mongolia kapena ku Siberia. Zimasiyana ndi abale ake m'fupikitsa thupi, lomwe limafikira masentimita 56 ndi theka. Chovala chakumbuyo ndi chakuda ndi ziphuphu zakuda. Mimbayo ndi yakuda kapena yakuda bulauni, ngati kumbuyo.
Woimira womaliza wa gulu la bobak ndi nkhono zam'mapiri. Amafotokozedwa ngati mbewa yayikulu kwambiri ya masentimita makumi asanu ndi limodzi m'litali ndi mchira wa masentimita 12 mpaka 13. Msana ndi wachikaso, nthawi zina wokhala ndi zonyansa zakuda. Pali ubweya wambiri pafupi ndi maso ndi masaya, womwe umateteza maso ku fumbi ndi tinthu tating'ono tomwe timanyamulidwa ndi mphepo.
Mbalame yaimvi imayitanidwa osati konse chifukwa cha chizolowezi chotaya mtundu wa malayawo pafupi ndi ukalamba, koma chifukwa cha utoto wakuda kumtunda. Kutalika kwambiri, chifukwa kumafikira masentimita 80 ndi mchira waukulu wa masentimita 18-24. Kulemera kumasintha nthawi zonse: kuchokera pa 4 mpaka 10 kg, chifukwa cha kugona mokwanira. Amuna ndi akazi amafanana kwambiri m'mawonekedwe, koma amasiyana kukula.
Mtengo wa nkhuni wochokera ku North America ndi wochepa kwambiri, chifukwa kutalika kwake kumachokera masentimita 40 mpaka 60-odd, ndipo amalemera makilogalamu 3-5. Amuna, komanso pakati pa mbalame zaimvi, ndi ofanana ndi zazikazi, koma zokulirapo. Mapazi ndi ofanana ndi ma steppe marmots: afupiafupi, amphamvu, osinthidwa bwino pokumba. Mchira ndiwofewa komanso mosabisa, masentimita 11 mpaka 15. Ubweyawo ndiwokhotakhota, wokhala ndi chovala chamkati chofunda chokhala ndi utoto.
Kodi nyani amakhala kuti?
The steppe marmot, aka bobak, m'mbuyomu amakhala ku steppe, ndipo nthawi zina m'nkhalango, kuyambira Hungary mpaka Irtysh, ndikudutsa Crimea ndi Ciscaucasia. Koma chifukwa cholima madera aamwali, malo okhala atsika kwambiri. Anthu ambiri apulumuka mdera la Lugansk, Kharkov, Zaporozhye ndi Sumy ku Ukraine, m'chigawo cha Middle Volga, Urals, ku basin Don ndi madera ena ku Kazakhstan.
Nyani wamviyo, mosiyana ndi wachibale wake wapafupi, amasankha malo amiyala yambiri, pafupi ndi madambo ndi zigwa za mitsinje. Pambuyo pake, adakhazikika ku Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia, Mongolia ndi Kazakhstan. Mbalame ya ku Mongolia imakhala mogwirizana ndi dzina lake ndipo imakhudza pafupifupi dera lonse la Mongolia. Komanso, malo okhala amapitilira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Ofufuza ena amati kupezeka kwake kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Dziko la Kutuluka. M'gawo la Russia amapezeka ku Tuva, Sayan ndi Transbaikalia.
Mbalame yotchedwa hoary nyamayi imakhala m'chigawo choyandikana cha North America, makamaka ku Canada ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa United States. Amakonda mapiri, koma Kumpoto kwa Alaska amatsikira pafupi ndi nyanja. Amagwira ntchito m'mapiri a mapiri, makamaka osaphimbidwa ndi nkhalango, koma ndi miyala yolira.
Nkhalango yakhazikika pang'ono kumadzulo, koma imakonda zigwa ndi m'mbali mwa nkhalango. Mbalame yotchuka kwambiri ku United States: mayiko akumpoto, kum'mawa ndi chapakati ali pansi paulamuliro wawo. Komanso, oimira ena amtunduwu adakwera chapakatikati pa Alaska komanso kumwera kwa Hudson Bay. Nyama zina zakhazikika ku Peninsula ya Labrador.
Mbalame zam'mapiri zimakhala m'malo ochepa kuposa ena onse. Adapulumuka kudera la Altai, Novosibirsk ndi Kemerovo. Amakonda kukumba maenje momwe amakhala, pafupi ndi malo otsetsereka, mitsinje, ndipo nthawi zina mitsinje ikuluikulu. Wokopeka ndi malo obzalidwa ndi birches ndi aspens, komanso udzu wosiyanasiyana.
Kodi nyamazi zimadya chiyani?
Baibaks, monga anyani onse, amadya zomera. Mwa iwo, amakonda ma oats, omwe amapezeka mchigawochi, osati m'minda ya anthu, zomwe sizimapangitsa kuti akhale tizirombo. Mbewu zina zimakhudzidwanso kawirikawiri. Nthawi zina amadya clover kapena bindweed. Zonse zimatengera nyengo. Masika, chakudya chikasowa, amadya mizu kapena mababu. Ali mu ukapolo, amadya nyama, ngakhale abale.
Mimbulu yakuda imadyanso nyama, koma mu ukapolo sanadye nyama ya nyama, makamaka oimira mtundu womwewo. Kuchokera ku chakudya chomera, mphukira zazing'ono zimakonda. Nthawi zina samanyoza masamba, ngakhale mitengo. Zikhalidwe zina zachikondi zimakonda maluwa omwe amatha kubweretsedwera kwa amuna kapena akazi anzawo, monga anthu, koma ngati chakudya.
Zakudya zamatabwa ndizosiyanasiyana, chifukwa amakwera mitengo ndikusambira mitsinje kukapeza chakudya. Kwenikweni, amadya masamba a masamba ndi dandelion. Nthawi zina amasaka nkhono, mbozi komanso ziwala. Masika, pakakhala chakudya chochepa, amakwera mitengo ya maapulo, mapichesi, mabulosi ndikudya mphukira zazing'ono ndi makungwa. M'minda yamasamba, nandolo kapena nyemba zitha kugwidwa. Madzi amachokera kuzomera kapena potola mame m'mawa. Samakhala ndi chilichonse pachisanu.
Mwanjira zambiri, zakudya za nyamazi ndizofanana, zakudya zina zomwe zimapezeka mdera lina ndizosiyana. Ena amatha kulimbana ndi minda yamasamba ya anthu, ndipo ena amadya nyama kuchokera kwa achibale ogwidwa. Koma chomwe chimawagwirizanitsa ndi chakuti maziko a chakudyacho ndi zomera, makamaka masamba awo, mizu, maluwa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Baibaks, atatuluka kutulo, onenepa ndikuyamba kukonza maenje awo. Ntchitoyi imayamba nthawi yomweyo dzuwa likutuluka ndipo imangolowa dzuwa litangolowa. Nyamazo ndizochezera kwambiri: zimaika alonda pomwe enawo amadyetsa. Pakakhala zoopsa, amauza anzawo za zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuchitika, ndipo aliyense amabisala. Zolengedwa zamtendere kwambiri zomwe sizimamenya nkhondo kawirikawiri.
Nyama zotchedwa Grizzly ndi zolengedwa zina zomwe zimadyetsa, monga mukudziwa, pazomera. Madera awo ndi akulu kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amapitilira anthu 30. Chifukwa chake, gulu lonseli lili ndi mahekitala 13-14 ndipo limakhala ndi mtsogoleri: nyani wamkulu wamwamuna, akazi awiri kapena awiri ndi ana ang'onoang'ono mpaka zaka ziwiri. Ma burrows ndiosavuta kuposa ma bobaki ndipo amakhala ndi dzenje limodzi mita 1-2 kuya. Koma chiwerengero chawo chikuposa zana.
Woodchuck amakhala osamala kwambiri ndipo samakonda kuchoka pamayenje awo. Zogona za chilimwe zimakonzedwa m'malo owala bwino. Maenje ozizira amabisika m'nkhalango m'mphepete mwa mapiri. Mosiyana ndi anyani anyani a imvi, nkhalango zimamanga maenje ophatikizika, omwe nthawi zina amakhala ndi mabowo opitilira 10 ndi 300 kg ya nthaka yotayidwa. Amakhala moyo wosakhazikika.
Njira yamoyo imadalira gawo lomwe nyamazi zimakhala kuposa chakudya chomwe amadya. Ena amakhala ndi akazi padera wina ndi mnzake, ndipo ena amasochera m'magulu ankhondo a anthu 35. Ena amakumba maenje osavuta, pomwe ena amakonza zovuta, kuyang'anira zotuluka mwadzidzidzi ndi zimbudzi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Kumayambiriro kwa masika, nyengo yokhwima imayamba ndi ma bobaki. Kutalika kwa mimba kumangodutsa mwezi umodzi. Ana 3-6 amabadwa. Ana obadwa kumene ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso alibe chitetezo, choncho makolo awo amawasamalira ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri m'magawo oyamba amoyo. Akazi amatulutsa amuna kumabowo ena nthawi yakudya. Kumapeto kwa kasupe, tizirombo tating'onoting'ono timayamba kudyetsa udzu.
Zazikazi za anyani omwe ali ndi imvi zimabereka ana 4 mpaka 5 patadutsa pang'ono ma bobaki - chochitika ichi chimachitika kumapeto kwa kasupe kapena koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Mimba imakhalanso pafupifupi mwezi. Ana a nyani zazimvi adayamba kale ndipo sabata lachitatu atuluka kale, ali ndi ubweya ndikuyamba kudziletsa kuti adye mkaka.
Ngati zazikazi za nyani zaimvi zilola amuna kuwathandiza panthawi yapakati, ndipo zazikazi za ma bobaki zimayendetsa amuna kupita nawo kubowola kwina, ndiye kuti matabwa okhala ndi pakati amakhala ankhanza kwambiri ndipo ngakhale oimira gulu lawo amayenera kuthawa. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti amuna nthawi yomweyo amachoka pambuyo pathupi, kapena kani, amathamangitsidwa.
Mbalame zam'mapiri zimakhulupirika kwambiri kwa wina ndi mnzake ndipo zimatha kugona, kulola ngakhale oyandikana nawo kubowola. Nthawi zina sizimasokoneza zolowererana monga mbira kapena nyama zina. Zazikazi za nyama zokondazi zimabereka ana 4-5, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale 9!
Adani achilengedwe a nyamakazi
Ma marmoti sakhala oopsa kwa aliyense; nthawi zambiri, tizilombo kapena nkhono sizingakhale mwayi. Chifukwa chake, amasakidwa ndi zilombo zonse zomwe zitha kukumana nazo. Udindo wosadziwika wa anyani umakulitsidwa ndikuti alibe mawonekedwe athupi: kuthamanga, mphamvu, kusunthika, poyizoni, ndi zina zambiri. Koma nthawi zambiri amapulumutsidwa ndi luntha lamagulu ndikusamalirana.
Baibaks amatha kufa mkamwa mwa nkhandwe kapena nkhandwe, yomwe imatha kukwera dzenje. Pamwambapa, pakudyetsa, kapena kutentha padzuwa, mbalame zodya nyama zitha kuwukira: chiwombankhanga, mphamba, mphamba. Komanso, ma marmot apatchire nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama ya corsacs, badger ndi ferrets, zomwe zaka mamiliyoni zapitazo zidachokera ku nyani kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi. Woodchuck amatha kugwidwa ndi ziwombankhanga zoopsa zosiyanasiyana.
Ena awonjezedwa kwa onse omwe atchulidwa:
- zofunda;
- lynx;
- martens;
- Zimbalangondo;
- mbalame;
- njoka zazikulu.
Nyama zazing'ono zingathe kulimbana ndi ana m'mabowo. Ngakhale m'malo ambiri olima, sawopsezedwa, chifukwa anthu amawononga kapena kuthamangitsa adani awo. Koma agalu osochera amawonjezeredwa mgulu la ziwopsezo. Chifukwa chake, chiyembekezo chamadzimadzi sichowala. Kuphatikiza pa zochitika zowononga anthu, nyama zambiri zimasaka nyama zopanda vuto. Chifukwa cha izi, mitundu yambiri yazinyama, monga nkhono zam'mapiri, zimatha kuchepa kwambiri, ndipo ndi ntchito ya anthu kupewa izi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Marmot ndi mitundu yambiri yomwe yafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Amakhala munthawi zosiyanasiyana ndipo adapanga maluso osiyanasiyana olumikizirana, kulera ana, kupeza chakudya ndipo, koposa zonse, chitetezo kwa olanda nyama omwe akufuna kuwatumiza kudziko lotsatira. Zonsezi zidakhudza gawo lokhazikika kwa oimira mitunduyo komanso kuchuluka kwawo.
Baibaks si nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, ngakhale kuchuluka kwawo kudachepa kwambiri mzaka za 40-50s zapitazo. Chifukwa cha ntchito yolumikizidwa, zinali zotheka kuletsa kusowa kwa nyamazi. Ngakhale zigawo zina zili pafupi kutha. Chizindikiro cha dera la Luhansk chidaphatikizidwa mu Red Book la dera la Kharkiv ku Ukraine ndi dera la Ulyanovsk ku Russia mu 2013.
Ma marmots aku Mongolia nawonso ndi ochepa ndipo adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia. Akuyerekeza kuti pali 10 miliyoni okha omwe atsala, omwe ndi ochepa kwambiri. Ntchito zodzitchinjiriza ndi zobwezeretsa zokhudzana ndi zamoyozo ndizovuta chifukwa ndizomwe zimanyamula mliriwo.
Anthu aku North America: Nyani zazimvi ndi zaimvi zimangokulitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu pakapita nthawi. Izi ndichifukwa choti aphunzira kutengera anthu moyenera kuposa anyani ena. Kulima nthaka, zomwe zinapangitsa kuchepa kwa bobobo, kumangowonjezera nkhokwe za chakudya. Komanso, pakagwa njala, amadyetsa mbewu zomwe zakula m'minda, minda yamasamba ndi minda.
Ma marmot ena amafunika kutetezedwa mosamala kuti asawasiye, ena kuti asasokoneze, ndipo adzachira pawokha, ena aphunzira kuzolowera kuvulaza anthu, ena kupindula nawo. Chifukwa chake, kusiyanasiyana kwamphamvu kwamtunduwu kumadalira mawonekedwe oyambira komanso kuthekera koti amangenso kuzinthu zatsopano.
Zinyama ndiwo zamasamba omwe amadya masamba, mizu ndi maluwa, ngakhale ena amadya nyama atagwidwa. Ena mwa iwo amakhala ndi ziweto zambiri, pomwe ena amakonda kukhala okha. Amakhala m'makontinenti ambiri amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Koyamba, ndizofanana, koma pakuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane, ndizosiyana kwambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 25.01.2019
Idasinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 9:25
